如何撰写英文摘要ppt课件

如何撰写英文摘要,1,如何撰写和编辑英文摘要,摘要概念摘要基本类型和内容摘要特点摘要时态摘要人称和语态摘要常用句式摘要写作步骤关键词,2,科技论文的结构Thestructureofscientificpaper,题目Title作者Author作者单位和地址Affiliationandaddress摘要Abstract关键词Keywords引言Introduction材料与方法Materialsandmethods结果Results讨论Discussion致谢Acknowledgments(optional)引文References附录Appendices(optional),3,TheIMRADarticle:Introduction,Methods,ResultsAndDiscussion,AbstractIntroductionMaterialsandMethodsResultsDiscussion,4,TheIMRADarticle:Introduction,Methods,ResultsAndDiscussion,5,Whatisanabstract?,国家标准GB644786对摘要的定义为:“以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文.”,6,Whatisanabstract?,Anabstractisacondensedversionofalongerpieceofwritingthathighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesthecontentandscopeofthewriting,andreviewsthewritingscontentsinabbreviatedform,7,Whatisanabstract?,Whatistheproblem?IntroductionHowdidIsolvetheproblem?MaterialsandMethodsWhatdidIfindout?ResultsWhatdoesitmean?DiscussionWhatdidIdoinanutshell?Abstract,8,Whatisanabstract?,WhatdidIdoinanutshell?Abstract,9,Abstract:Whyisitimportant?,通常是你文章最先被阅读到的部分；如果你的摘要不好，你就无法吸引审者和读者的注意；论文审者通常仅仅根据你的摘要就对你的论文作出了初步判断；AgoodAbstractisusuallyfollowedbyagoodpaper.Abadabstractoftenindicatesabadpaper.,Beijing10/11December2008,Howtogetpublished,10,Whatisanabstract?,摘要的基本特点：通常为一段（偶多段），应统一、连贯、简明、独立；应顺序体现论文的目的、方法、结果、结论和建议等；各个部分之间联系和转换逻辑上要严谨；不添加论文涉及范围以外的新信息，但可以总结本文,11,Whatisanabstract?,摘要的基本特点：能被更加广泛的读者理解；通常用被动语态，弱化作者，强化信息;格式要规范不用非共知共用的符号和术语一般不出现插图、表格，参考文献序号一般不用数学公式和化学结构式,12,Whatisanabstract?,Aneffectiveabstracthasthefollowingqualities:usesoneormorewelldevelopedparagraphs:theseareunified,coherent,concise,andabletostandalone.usesanintroduction/body/conclusionstructurewhichpresentsthepaperspurpose,results,conclusions,videslogicalconnections(ortransitions)betweentheinformationincluded.,13,Whatisanabstract?,Aneffectiveabstracthasthefollowingqualities:addsnonewinformation,butsimplysummarizesthepaper.isunderstandabletoawideaudience.oftentimesusespassiveverbstodownplaytheauthorandemphasizetheinformation.,14,Whattypesofabstractsaretypicallyused?,报道型摘要（Informativeabstract）指示型摘要（Indicative/Descriptiveabstract）报道-指示型摘要（Informative/Descriptive-indicativeabstract）,15,Informativeabstract,报道型摘要也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要,其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常,这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文。该种摘要不但包含研究目的、方法，同时还提供给读者研究结果、结论和建议,16,Informativeabstract,communicatespecificinformationfromthepaper.includethepurpose,methods,videthepapersresults,conclusions,andrecommendations.areshort-fromaparagraphtoapageortwoallowreaderstodecidewhethertheywanttoreadthepaper.,17,Informativeabstract,报道性摘要分为传统型或非结构式（non-structured）和结构式(structured)两大类型。,报道性摘要,传统型或非结构式,结构式,半结构式,全结构式,18,Informativeabstract,非结构式摘要或传统型，上述要素以一定的逻辑关系连续写出，不分段落或以明显的标识加以区分。比较而言，段落不够分明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。,19,Informativeabstract,结构式摘要，上述要素分段或以一定的标识给予区分。段落清晰、明了，便于编辑、审稿、阅读和计算机检索。结构式摘要根据包含上述要素的多少，可分为全结构式和半结构式摘要。,20,Informativeabstract,全结构式（full-structured）摘要：1974年4月，加拿大McMaster大学医学中心的DrRBrianHaynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在DrEdwardJHuth创导下，美国AnnualsofInternalMedicine在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。,21,Informativeabstract,Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素：目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括研究的性质地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级对象（Patients,participantsorsubjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法,22,Informativeabstract,Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素5，处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法6主要测定项目（Mainoutcomemeasures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目7结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果8结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义。,23,Informativeabstract,全结构式摘要观点更明确（moreexplicitness），信息量更大（moreinformation），差错更少（fewererrors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长,而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要。,24,Informativeabstract,半结构式(semi-structured)摘要：半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：目的（objective/purpose/aim）方法（methods）结果（results）结论（conclusion）采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体要求而定。,25,Indicativeabstract,指示型摘要也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptiveabstract)或论点摘要(topicabstract),一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题,而不涉及论据和结论,多用于综述、会议报告等。该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文。该种摘要通常包含研究目的、方法，但不提供研究结果、结论和建议等，只有阅读全文才能得知具体的结果和结论。,26,Informative-indicativeabstract,报道-指示型摘要:以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分,以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。,27,PartsofanAbstract,TheabstractisaverybriefoverviewofyourENTIREstudy.Ittellsthereader：WHATyoudid,WHYyoudidit,HOWyoudidit,WHATyoufound,WHATitmeans.,28,PartsofanAbstract,Theabstractshouldbrieflystate：thepurposeoftheresearch(introduction),howtheproblemwasstudied(methods),theprincipalfindings(results),whatthefindingsmean(discussionandconclusion).Itisimportanttobedescriptivebutconcisesayonlywhatisessential,usingnomorewordsthannecessarytoconveymeaning.,29,TenseofAbstract,说法一：从理论上讲一般现在时通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结论，揭示自然界的客观规律。一般过去时在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象的规律性认识，这种认识也许有一定的局限性。现在完成时表明过程的延续性，虽某事件（或过程）发生在过去，但强调对现实所产生的影响。以一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时和现在完成时,30,TenseofAbstract,说法二：EI数据库建议：用过去时态叙述作者工作；用现在时态叙述作者结论说法三:论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。所取得的结果，无论是过去，还是现在或将来都是如此。故常用现在时表达,31,TenseofAbstract,摘要写作时所采用的时态应视情况而定,力求表达自然、妥当.写作中可大致遵循以下原则介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实,应使用现在时Agrobacteriumrhizogenescauseshairyrootdiseaseinplants.AmongplantsecondarymetabolitesterpenoidsareastructurallymostdiversegroupSyntheticgeneticapproachesoftenrevealpotentialinteractingpartnersforanygiventargetprotein,32,TenseofAbstract,介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述,则使用现在完成时Theadvancesinmolecularbiologyhavegreatlyimprovedourunderstandingofplantresponsestostresses.DNAmicroarrayshavelongbeentheestablishedtechnologyformeasuringgeneexpressionlevelsIthasbeenknownthatthetransverseorientationisessentialfornormalcellmorphogenesis,33,TenseofAbstract,介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述,则使用现在完成时4,Waterdeficit-inducedABAaccumulationisoneofthemostimportantstresssignalingpathwaysinplantcells.Redoxregulationofcellularsignalinghascurrentlyattractedparticularattention,butmuchlessisknownaboutitsrolesandmechanismsinplantsignaling.,34,TenseofAbstract,在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时,如果采用“论文导向”,多使用现在时(如:Thispaperpresents)Thisarticlesummarizesresearchonself-initiatedandprofessionallyfacilitatedchangeofaddictivebehaviors.Thepaperaimstoestablishafeasibleandmeaningfulmethodtodescribe.Thisreviewfocusesonthecontributionofelectrontechniquestoourunderstandingofcellularprocesses,35,TenseofAbstract,在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时,如果采用“研究导向”,则使用过去时(如:Thisstudyinvestigated)Thisstudyinvestigatedwhethercaptoprilcouldreducemorbidityandmortalityinpatients.OuraimwastoexploretherelationshipbetweentheresponseofantioxidantenzymesandtemperatureinthetwoinvasiveweedsThepresentstudyinvestigatedwhetherNOactivityisinvolvedinthesignalingofdrought-inducedprotectiveresponses,36,TenseofAbstract,概述实验程序、方法时,通常用现在时Wedescribeanewmolecularapproachtoanalyzing.WepresentananalysisofatmosphericneutrinodatafromadetectorWereportherethatimmaturethymocyteslacking.,37,TenseofAbstract,概述实验程序、方法时,通常用现在时,但描述的是具体已经发生的行为和动作时,用过去时Toinvestigatethemechanismscontrollingfloweringtime,wescreenedforArabidopsismutantswithlate-floweringphenotypes.Onemutantwasidentifiedwithdelayedfloweringtime.Aplantthatishighlysusceptibletothisfunguswasanalyzed.,38,TenseofAbstract,概述主要结果时,通常用现在时Ourresultsindicatethatp21maybeauniversalinhibitorofcyclinkinases.Theresultsweobtaineddemonstratethatthistechnique.WepresenttheresultsoftwoanalysesofDNAsequencesfrom.,39,TenseofAbstract,概述主要结果时,但是也有相当的刊物用过去时Theresultsshowedthatchildrensmaterialneedsandbasicrequirements.Multivariateanalysesrevealedveryhighgeneticcorrelationsamongthevariables.,40,TenseofAbstract,叙述结论或建议时,可使用现在时、臆测动词或may,should,could等助动词Wesuggestthatclimateinstabilityintheearlypartofthelastinterglacialmayhavedelayedthemetingof.OurdatasuggestthatoverexpressionoftheHbNHX1genecouldimprovethetoleranceoftransgenictobaccostosalt,41,摘要的人称和语态,有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为，科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明，科技论文中被动语态的使用在19201970年曾经比较流行，但由于主动语态的表达更为准确，且更易阅读，因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态，国际知名科技期刊Nature、Cell等尤其如此，其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。,42,摘要的常用句式,引言部分回顾研究背景,常用词汇有:review,summarize,present,outline,describe等Wereviewevidenceforthisviewof.Thispaperoutlinessomeofthebasicmethodsanddiscussesrelatedtheoreticalandpracticalissues.Wesummarizesearchesforhypotheticalparticlessuchas.Wepresentestimatorsforseveral.Wedescribetheconceptualbackgroundanddevelopmentof.,43,摘要的常用句式,引言部分阐明写作或研究目的,常用词汇有:purpose,attempt,aim等;另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达Weattempttorecoverafunctionofunknownsmoothnessfromnoisysampleddata.ToinvestigatethemechanismofBcl-2seffect,weexaminedwhetherBcl-2interactedwithotherproteins.Forcomparisonpurposeswepresentsome.Withtheaimtoprovideobservationalconstraintsontheevolutionofthegalacticdisk,wehavederived.,44,摘要的常用句式,引言部分介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围,常用的词汇有:study,present,include,focus,emphasize,emphasis,attention等ThispaperpresentsbasicmethodologyofMCMC,emphasizingtherelationshipwith.Thispaperfocusesonthepromiseofartificialneuralnetworks.Weemphasizethefollowingpoints.Thepaperlaysparticularemphasisonthecalculationof.Wedrawattentiontotwoproblemsassociatedwith.,45,摘要的常用句式,方法部分介绍研究或试验过程,常用词汇有:test,study,investigate,examine,experiment,discuss,consider,analyze,analysis等WetestedthishypothesisinvarioushumanTcells.Thispaperexamineshowthemolecularshapesof.Thispaperdiscussesaclassofmodelsfor.Thisarticleconsiderstheroleofthehippocampusinmemoryfunction.,46,摘要的常用句式,方法部分说明研究或试验方法,常用词汇有:measure,estimate,calculate等Thisstudypresentsestimatesoflifetime.Weassumeastandardreddeninglawandusethecolorsofellipticalgalaxiestomeasurethereddeningperunitfluxdensityof100memission.Weprovideaanalyticproceduretocalculatetheequilibriumprofiles,47,摘要的常用句式,方法部分介绍应用、用途,常用词汇有:use,apply,application等Ourprogramusesamaximumlikelihoodapproach.Asanapplication,weimplementacompactimagecodingalgorithm.Weapplythenetworktothesourceseparationproblem.,48,摘要的常用句式,结果部分展示研究结果,常用词汇有:show,result,present,demonstrate等Weshowthiscelldeathtobedependentuponexpressionof.Ourresultsshowthatp53exertsasignificantin.Theresultsweobtaineddemonstratethatthistechniquewillcontributeto.,49,摘要的常用句式,结果部分介绍结论,常用词汇有:summary,introduce,conclude等Weintroduceaprocedurethatsuppressesnoise.WeconcludethatPQLisofpracticalvaluefor.Wegiveasummaryofthemainphysicscomponentof.,50,摘要的常用句式,讨论部分陈述论文的论点和作者的观点,常用词汇有:suggest,report,present,explain,expect,describe等Theresultssuggestthatabnormalitiesinmalesexdevelopment.Inthisstudy,wedescribedapsychobiologicalmodelof.Wepresentthederivationofanewmolecularmechanicalforcefieldfor.Excitingnewresearchhaselaboratedseveralimportantfindingsthat.Weexpecttheuncertaintiesintherelativeagestobeabout25%,althoughtheabsoluteerrorsmaybelarger.,51,摘要的常用句式,讨论部分阐明论证.常用词汇有:support,provide,indicate,identify,find,demonstrate,confirm,clarify等Weshowedthatitispossibletoidentifyconstituentswhichrepresent.Theseresultsdemonstratethatp53isrequiredforradiation-inducedcelldeathin.Ourconclusionsaresupportedbyastatisticalanalysisof.Hereweprovideevidencefromdirectexperimentofdiversityby.,52,摘要的常用句式,讨论部分推荐和建议,常用词汇有:suggest,suggestion,recommend,recommendation,propose,necessity,necessary,expect等Theauthorssuggestthatthemostpromisingroutetoeffectivestrategiesfor.Wesuggestthatinformationmaximizationprovidesaunifyingframeworkfor.Forthegene,werecommendthattheitalicizedrootsymbolCYPforhuman.Weproposethattheformationofthesematerialstakesplacebymeansof.,53,TheAbstractisalwaysthelastsectionwritten.Thisisbecauseyouwontknowwhattoincludeuntilyouhavecompletedafullversionofthepaper.,Stepsforwritingabstracts,在准备一篇论文时，什么时候着手写摘要？,54,Stepsforwritingabstracts,在准备一篇论文时，通常是全文基本撰写完之后才着手准备摘要。撰写摘要应按照下列步骤完成：Rereadthepaperwiththegoalofabstractinginmind.Afteryouvefinishedrereadingthepaper,writearoughdraftwithoutlookingbackatwhatyoureabstracting.Reviseyourroughdrafttocorrectweaknessesinorganization.Printyourfinalcopyandreaditagaintocatchanyglitchesthatyoufind.,55,Stepsforwritingabstracts,Rereadthepaperwiththegoalofabstractinginmind.Lookspecificallyforthesemainpartsofthepaper:purpose,methods,scope,results,conclusions,andrecommendation.Usetheheadings,outlineheads,andtableofcontentsasaguidetowritingyourabstract.,56,Stepsforwritingabstracts,Afteryouvefinishedrereadingthepaper,writearoughdraftwithoutlookingbackatwhatyoureabstracting.Dontmerelycopykeysentencesfromthepaper，youllputintoomuchortoolittleinformation.Dontrelyonthewaymaterialwasphrasedinthepaper,summarizeinformationinanewway.,57,Stepsforwritingabstracts,Useoneortwoconcisesentencestosummarizethemostimportantaspectsofyourprojectforeachsectionlistedbelow.ProjectTitle(thesameasthetitleofyourscientificpaper)Introduction(Whatisthisprojectabout?Whyisthisprojectinterestingorimportant?)Hypothesis(Whatdidyouthinkyouwouldfind?Why?),58,Stepsforwritingabstracts,Methods(Brieflyexplainyourprocedure.)Results(Whatdidyoufindwhenyouperformedyourexperiment?)Discussion(Areyourresultsconsistentwithyourinitialhypothesis?Whyorwhynot?)Conclusion(Whatisyourinterpretationofwhattheseresultsmean?Whyshouldanyonebecomeexcitedaboutorinterestedinyourfindings?),59,Stepsforwritingabstracts,Motivation:Whydowecareabouttheproblemandtheresults?Iftheproblemisntobviouslyinteresting“,itmightbebettertoputmotivationfirstButifyourworkiswidelyrecognizedasimportant,thenitisprobablybettertoputtheproblemstatementfirsttoindicatewhichpieceofthelargerproblemyouarebreakingofftoworkon.Thissectionshouldincludetheimportanceofyourwork,thedifficultyofthearea,andtheimpactitmighthaveifsuccessful.,60,Stepsforwritingabstracts,Problemstatement:Whatproblemareyoutryingtosolve?Whatisthescopeofyourwork(ageneralizedapproach,orforaspecificsituation)?Becarefulnottousetoomuchjargon.,61,Stepsforwritingabstracts,Approach:Howdidyougoaboutsolvingormakingprogressontheproblem?Didyouusesimulation,analyticmodels,prototypeconstruction,oranalysisoffielddataforanactualproduct?Whatwastheextentofyourwork？Whatimportantvariablesdidyoucontrol,ignore,ormeasure?,62,Stepsforwritingabstracts,Reviseyourroughdrafttocorrectweaknessesinorganization.Improvetransitionsfrompointtopoint.dropunnecessaryinformation.addimportantinformationyouleftout.eliminatewordiness.fixerrorsingrammar,spelling,andpunctuation.,63,Stepsforwritingabstracts,OtherConsiderationsAnabstractmustbeafullyself-contained,capsuledescriptionofthepaper.Itmustmakesenseallbyitself.Somepointstoconsiderinclude:MeetthewordcountlimitationAvoidusingweasel-wordssuchasmight,could,may,andseemThinkofahalf-dozensearchphrasesandkeywordsthatpeoplelookingforyourworkmightuse,64,Stepsforwritingabstracts,TheAbstractSHOULDNOTcontainlengthybackgroundinformationreferencestootherliteratureellipticalorincompletesentences(i.e.,endingwith.)abbreviationsortermsthatmaybeconfusingtoreadersanysortofillustration,figure,ortable,orreferencestothem,65,摘要中常见错误,从总体结构上缺少研究目的结果部分深浅详略参差不齐添加不必要的自我评价,66,摘要中常见错误,从各个主要元素间的联系上对“论文主导”和“研究主导”不明确语气不连贯,67,摘要中常见错误,其他方面不定式或Inorderto表示目的时Toexaminehow,LinearregressionwasusedtoInordertoassesswhether,themethodwasappliedto3036%30%36%From30%36%From30%to36%8612mm(8612)mm,68,数字,英文数字和阿拉伯数字的用法句子开头用英文数字而不能用阿拉伯数字；单位是符号时一律用阿拉伯数字；3g;6m;8yr;18s等文字叙述中小于等于10的数一般用英文，大于10的数用阿拉伯数字，两者同时有的时候都用阿拉伯数字；,69,数字,英文数字和阿拉伯数字的用法m=5kg；m=5kilograms;m=fivekg;m=fivekilograms;a25-kilogramsphere；a25kgsphere;a25-kgsphere;,70,Keywords,WhatisakeywordAsearchtermforpeopletouseandthatwillhelpthemtofindyourpaperTheyalertthereadertoelementsinapaperthatmightnotappearintheabstractKeywordsdonthavetoappearinthetitleTheyhelpthepapertoreachatargetaudienceHowused?Whatfor?Howtochoose?Whatmakesareallygoodkeyword?,Beijing10/11December2008,Howtogetpublished,71,keywords,关键词是为了满足文献标引或检索工作的需要而从论文中选取出的词或词组；应能反映论文的主题内容；一般38个；主题词含盖的范围和深浅得当；要使用规范的术语。,72,Factorsinfluencingthereadabilityofatext,ReadabilityisreflectedbytheeasewithwhichREADERScanunderstandtheintendedmeaningofthetext.ContentcomplexityParagraphstructureSentencestructureWordchoice,73,ThreeMAJORstrategiestoimprovereadability,Putsubjectintopicposition.“SallykissedJohn”Useactiveverbswhenpossible.“JohnwaskissedbySally”(passive)“SallykissedJohn”(active)Avoidnounsthatstartasverbs(nominalizations)“Therewillbeanevaluationoftheprogrambyus.”evaluationevaluateWewillevaluatetheprogram.,74,ThreeMAJORstrategiestoimprovereadability,Inthisresearchthebedfrictioneffectisestimatedofariverestuarybyuseofhydrodynamicanalysis.Theon-sitesampleddataoftheWuRiverestuaryisappliedtotheanalysis.Thereare