《庄子》二则《北冥有鱼》《庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上》pptx课件（27页）

21.庄子二则,儒家：孔子孟子法家：韩非子兵家：孙子道家：老子庄子,百家争鸣,战国时期哲学家，道家学派代表人物。与惠施（惠子）为友，曾做过漆园小吏。后来厌恶政治，脱离仕途，靠编草鞋糊口，过着隐居生活。其作品庄子是庄子和他的学生所作。文章具有浓厚的浪漫色彩。,庄周（庄子）,昔者庄周梦为蝴蝶，栩栩然蝴蝶也，自喻适志欤！不知周也。俄然觉，则蘧蘧（q）然周也。不知周之梦为蝴蝶欤，蝴蝶之梦为周欤？,庄周梦蝶,庄周梦蝶：比喻人生如梦似幻，难以辨别。,比喻办事反复无常，经常变卦。,庄子钓于濮水，楚王使大夫二人往先焉，曰：“愿以境内累矣！”庄子持竿不顾，曰：“吾闻楚有神龟，死已三千岁矣，王巾笥而藏之庙堂之上。此龟者，宁其死为留骨而贵，宁其生而曳尾涂中乎？”二大夫余曰：“宁生而曳尾涂中。”庄子曰：“往矣！吾将曳尾于涂中。”,曳尾泥涂：,比喻在污浊的环境里苟且偷生。,北冥有鱼,北冥（mng）/有鱼，其名/为鲲（kn）。鲲之大，不知/其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名/为鹏。鹏之背，不知/其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼/若垂天之云。是鸟也，海运/则将徙于南冥。南冥者，天池也。齐谐者，志怪者也。谐之言/曰：“鹏之/徙于南冥也，水击/三千里，抟（tun）扶摇而上者/九万里，去/以六月息者也。”野马也，尘埃也，生物之/以息相吹也。天之苍苍，其/正色邪？其/远而无所至极邪（y）？其视下也，亦若是则已矣。,北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。,冥：怒：垂天之云：,同“溟”，海,振奋，这里指用力鼓动翅膀,悬挂在天空的云,鹏有哪些特点？庄子采用了哪些手法来表现它的特点？,是鸟也，海运则将徙于南冥。南冥者，天池也。齐谐者，志怪者也。谐之言曰：“鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也。”野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也。,海运：天池：志怪：水击：抟：扶摇：息：野马：,海水运动。,天然形成的水池。,记载怪异的事物。,击水，拍打水面。,仰视鲲鹏飞南冥,盘旋飞翔。,旋风。,山野中的雾气，奔腾如野马。,气息，这里指风。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？其视下也，亦若是则已矣。,苍苍：正色：邪：极：其：代词，代指大鹏下：是：,湛蓝,疑问语气词,吗,真正的颜色,尽,向下,想象高空俯视情景,这样,庄子写这篇文章的目的是什么？,逍遥：在本文中，庄子借大鹏乘风翱翔，雾气、尘埃等漂浮的现象，说明任何生命都不能享受绝对的“逍遥”，表达了庄子对精神自由的追求。,无依无靠，无所羁绊，悠然自得，自由自在。,北冥有鱼节选自逍遥游,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上。庄子曰：“鯈鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”惠子曰：“我非子，固不知子矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知鱼之乐全矣！”,桥,这,怎么,固然,本来,完全，确定是,庄子曰：“请循其本。子曰：汝安知鱼乐云者，既已知吾知之而问我，我知之濠上也。”,顺着,你,如此如此,已经,庄子与惠子在濠水的桥上游玩。庄子说：“鯈鱼在河水中游得悠闲自得，这是鱼的快乐啊。”惠子说：“你不是鱼，怎么知道鱼的快乐呢？”庄子说：“你不是我，怎么知道我不知道鱼的快乐呢？”惠子说：“我不是你，固然不知道你；你本来就不是鱼，你不知道鱼的快乐，是可以肯定的！”庄子说：“请从我们最初的话题说起。你说你哪儿知道鱼快乐的话，说明你已经知道我知道鱼快乐而在问我。我是在濠水的桥上知道的。”,安,一、庄子为什么认为鱼是快乐的?,【答案】庄子追求“天地与我并生，而万物与我为一”，认为鱼“乐”，其实是他愉悦心境的投射与外化。,问题探究,1.从故事本身来看，庄子借“偷换概念”占了上风。所谓偷换概念，指他把惠子说的“安”，惠子的本意“哪里、如何、怎样知道”，而庄子故意理解为“从哪个地方知道”。,二、本场辩论中，庄子和惠子谁是胜者？,2.从逻辑上看，惠子是胜者。庄子是靠故意曲解惠子的意思，才把惠子说得哑口无言的，这只是诡辩，并不是真正的胜利。所以说，惠子才是胜者。,庄子思想虽有消极虚无的一面，但其根本目标却在于使人的生活和精神达到不受外物束缚的绝对自由、独立的境界。多少年来，庄子思想曾给乱世中饱经沧桑的心灵以莫大的安慰。,“南方有鸟，其名为鹓鶵，子知之乎？夫鹓鶵发于南海，而飞于北海；非梧桐不止，非练实不食，非醴泉不饮。”,惠子相梁,庄子以乌龟自喻，宁愿在荒泽草野间过自由自在的生活。（曳尾泥涂）清高自守，视功名利禄如“腐鼠”，避之惟恐不及。（惠子相梁）,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,上李邕（李白）大鹏一日同风起，扶摇直上九万里。假令风歇时下来，犹能簸却沧溟水。世人见我恒殊调，见余大言皆冷笑。宣父犹能畏后生，丈夫未可轻年少。,P118.,大鹏总有一天会和风飞起，凭借风力直上九霄云外。即使待到风停下来，它的力量犹能簸却沧溟之水。时人见我好发奇谈怪论，听了我的豪言壮语皆冷笑不已。孔圣人还说后生可畏，大丈夫可不能轻视少年人啊！,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状