科技文体的特点

科技文体特点与翻译,科技文体的范畴,科技文体可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术的书面语和口语，其中包括：1.科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；2.各类科技情报和文字资料；3.科技实用手册和操作规程；4.有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语；5.有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词，等等。,科技英语文体总貌,着重叙事逻辑上的联贯(Coherence)及表达上的明晰(Clarity)与畅达(Fluency)；避免行文晦涩，作者避免表露个人感情，避免论证上的主观随意性。科技英语结构力求平易(Plainness)和精确(Preciseness)，忌用夸张、借喻、讥讽、反诘、双关及押韵等修辞手段。,科技文体的一般特征,(1)无人称（Impersonal)(2)语气正式,概念准确,名词多(3)文体质朴,少修辞(Unadornedinstylistics)(4)逻辑性强，连词多(StrictinLogic)(5)专业术语多，表达各专业不同(ConcentratedinTechnicalTerms),1，无人称,It句型大量使用Readingisaveryimportantlanguageskillforforeignlanguagelearners.Thesignificanceoflanguagelearningstrategiesinreadingcomprehensionisself-evident.,2，语气正式,概念准确,名词多,1)Althoughthemajorityoftunnelconstructionprojectshavebeencompletedsafely,therehavebeenseveralincidentsinvarioustunnelingprojectsthathaveresultedindelays,costoverruns,andinafewcasesmoresignificantconsequencessuchasinjuryandlossoflife.2)TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthatfineparticulateairpollution(PM2.5)causesabout3%ofmortalityfromcardiopulmonarydisease,about5%ofmortalityfromcancerofthetrachea,bronchus,andlung,andabout1%ofmortalityfromacuterespiratoryinfectionsinchildrenunder5yr,worldwide.”,3，文体质朴,少修辞,1)Likeanormaldiode,theLEDconsistsofachipofsemiconductingmaterialdopedwithimpuritiestocreateap-njunction.2)TheCompleradoseisonetablettakenbymouthonceaday.Itshouldbetakenwithameal(e.g.,breakfastordinner).,4，逻辑性强，连词、分词多,1)Whendischarging,lithiumisforcedoutoftheanode(+)andintothecathode(-),andduringchargingthereverseoccurs.2）Itisgenerallythoughtthatseismicaccelerationvaluesundergroundarelessthanatthesurface,andthattherigidityofthesurroundingrockishighenoughtopreservetheshapeoftunnels.,5，各专业义的术语多,JointExpansionjoint伸缩缝Phalangealjoint指关节Rockjoint岩石节理Jointchamber电缆交接箱Lowerlinkjoint下拉杆铰链BedRoadbed路基Saltbed盐层Railbed钢轨底座Shakerbed分离筛Riverbed河床,科技文章的句法特征,（）在人称的使用上，强调文章的客观性，汉语中常使用“笔者”、“我们”、“本文”而不使用“我”来充当得出某一结论的主语；英语中则常使用Theauthorthinksthat/Theauthorshaveinvestigated/Thispaperillustrates等句式。（2）英语科技文章名词化结构用得多。（3）时态变化不明显：汉语里的动词无时态变化。英语中叙述客观事实几乎千篇一律使用现在时。（4）在语态方面，汉语中主动语态使用较多，而英语中，被动语态使用较多。（5）汉语和英语的科技文章中，句子结构都较为复杂。,科技汉译英的方法,1)名词化结构2)被动语态的应用3)运用特殊句型和长句,1)名词化(Nominalization),广泛使用能表示动作或状态的抽象名词“Scientificwritingdiffersgreatlyfromtheotherstylesinhavingahighlyproportionofnounphraseswithcomplexity”(Quirk)阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。Archimedisfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies.比较：Archimedisfirstdiscoveredtheprinciplethatsolidbodiescoulddisplacewater.,合同双方令人满意地履行合同义务是拓展业务和扩大合作的前提。A)ThatbothpartiesfulfilledtheContractsatisfactorilywillbethebasisforthedevelopmentofbusinessandfurthercooperation.B)ThesatisfactoryfulfillmentoftheContractbybothpartieswillbethebasisforthedevelopmentofbusinessandfurthercooperation.,名词连用（“扩展的名词前置修饰语”ExpandedNounPremodifiers）,可以有效地简化语言结构。Illuminationintensitydetermination=determinationoftheintensityofillumination照明强度测定Powertransmissionrelaysystem=arelaysystemforpowertransmission送电中继体系,2)广泛使用被动语句,根据英国利兹大学JohnSwales的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。,科技英语常用句型及翻译定式,1,Itissupposedthat2,Itisreportedthat3,Itcanbeclearlyseenthat4,Itshouldbenotedthat5,Itmaybesafelysaidthat6,Itmustbestressedthat7,Ithasbeenprovedthat8,Itwasestimatedthat9,Itwillbeseenfromthisthat10,Itisgenerallyconsideredthat,本文简要定性地讨论了一些基本概念。Abriefqualitativediscussionofsomebasicconceptsispresentedinthispaper.cf.Thispapergives/presentsabriefqualitativediscussionofsomebasicconcepts.,回指释义策略在英语阅读理解中解释功能的研究,【Abstract】ThiscasestudyaimedtoexploretheuseofanaphoraresolutionstrategyinEnglishreadingcomprehension.Threeresearchquestionswereaddressedasfollows:(1)WhatobstaclesdoreadersmeetinEnglishreadingcomprehension?(2)WhatistherelationshipbetweenanaphoraresolutionandEnglishreadingcomprehension?(3)HowdoesanaphoraresolutionstrategytrainingpromotereadersEnglishreadingcomprehension?,3)运用特殊句型和长句科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。1)Itthat句型；2)其他固定结构：定义，比较,分类显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。Itisevidentthatawelllubricatedbearingturnsmoreeasilythanadryone.,和古庙正好隔河相对的那座宝塔据说是明代的建筑。A.ThepagodathatstandsfacingtheancienttempleandisseparatedfromeachotherbytheriverissaidtohavebeenbuiltintheMingDynasty.B.ItissaidthatthepagodajustacrosstheriverfromtheancienttemplewasbuiltintheMingDynasty.,It作宾语,电子设备有着巨大威力和多种用途而被广泛应用，因而使理工科学生必须熟悉电子学的实用知识。Thegreatpowerandversatilityofelectronicdevicesand,consequently,theirwidespreadapplicationmakeitimperativethatscienceandengineeringstudentsobtainaworkingfamiliaritywithelectronics.,2)其他固定结构：定义，比较,分类计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。Computersmaybeclassifiedintoanaloganddigital.不锈钢是能抗腐蚀的合金。Stainlesssteelisdefinedasanalloywhichresistscorrosion.大型变压器的效率可以高达99%.Largetransformerscanachieveefficienciesofasmuchas99%.,长句为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八十个词，以下即是一例。,Theeffortsthathavebeenmadetoexplainopticalphenomenabymeansofthehypothesisofamediumhavingthesamephysicalcharacterasanelasticsolidbodyled,inthefirstinstance,totheunderstandingofaconcreteexampleofamediumwhichcantransmittransversevibrations,andatalaterstagetothedefiniteconclusionthatthereisnoluminiferousmediumhavingthephysicalcharacterassumedinthehypothesis.为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种尝试的结果，最初曾使人们以为有一种能传输横向振动的具体介质,后来人们得出结论认为所假设的那种物理性质的发光介质并不存在。,不言而喻，本保函自开立之日起生效，开标之日起60天后失效。如果投标方及你方都同意延期，则在通知担保人的前提下，本保函在延长的有效期内依然有效，除非你方提