语言学 超音段特征

,welcometoourclass,2.5Suprasegmentals,Suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.,语音单位在语流中有前后的顺序,它们的组合呈线形的,称线性组合。,据线性组合的先后顺序切分出来的语音单位,各占一定的时间段落,所以也称音段。,语流中最小的音段是音位,因此音位也称音段音位(segmentalphonemes),即元音(vowels)和辅音(consonants)。,但是在实际语流中,语音成素还有一种非线性的共时组合。当音位前后连缀组合成较大的音段时,往往具有原来所没有的某种语音成素作为它的特征及组成部分。这种较大音段所具有的语音成素超越了原来的较小音段的线性组合,因而具有超音段的性质。因此我们在这里要研究超音段特征。,Forexampleinstinctinstikt(本能)televisionteli,vin（电视）,2.5.1TheSyllableStructure,monosyllable:withonesyllable,likecatanddogPolysyllable:withmorethanonesyllable,liketransplantorfestival,Asyllablemusthaveanucleusorpeak,Usually,avowelplaysthepartofanucleus,Sometimes,aconsonantplaysthepartofanucleus,Tableteibl/tei/bl/,m,nbottombtmcottonktn,Syllable(cracked),O(nset),R(hyme),N(ucleus),Co(da),k,r,k,t,Syllablestructure,AsyllablethathasnocodaiscalledanopensyllableAsyllablewithcodaisaclosedsyllable,Opensyllableandclosedsyllable,InEnglish,theonsetpositionmaybeemptyorfilledbyaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants,whilethecodapositionmaybefilledbyasmanyasfourconsonants.aimeimspreadspredsixthssikss,English(C)C)C)V(C)C)C)C),Chinese(C)v(C),Maximalonsetprinciple,Whenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.,Nationalnnl,2.5.2stress,Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.Intranscription,araisedverticalline()isoftenusedbeforethesyllableitrelatesto.,Stressrelativenotion,stressedsyllablesvsunstressedsyllablesAtthewordlevelAtthesentencelevel,Atthewordlevel,itonlyappliestothewordswithatleasttwosyllables.Forlongwords,thereareoftentwostressedsyllablesprimarystressedandsecondarystressedsyllables.,municationk,mju:nikeinepiphenomenal,epifnminl,Atthesentencelevel,Ingeneralsituation,notionalwordsarenormallystressedwhilestructuralwordsareunstressed.eg.Iwasthinkingofyouallthetime.Inprinciple,stressmayfallonanywordoranysyllabletoexpressemphasis,surpriseect.eg.Johnboughtaredbicycle.,Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.Johnboughtaredbicycle.,2.5.3Intonation,*Intonationreferstothetotalpatternofpitchchanges,i.e.,therisingandfallingofthevoicewhenapersonisspeaking,withinanutterance.Typesofintonationpatterns:rising,fallingandfalling-rising,Therisingtoneattheendisoftenusedforaskingyes-noquestionsandshowingpolitenessorsurprise.,e.g.Areyousure?Excuseme?,Thefallingtoneisoftenusedforcompletesentence.,Iamverypleasedwithit.(陈述句)Whatareyoureading?（特殊疑问句）Handsup,please.（祈使句）Doyouwantacupofcoffeeortea?（选择疑问句）Butthefallingtonesometimesleadstorudenessandabruptness.,Thefall-risetoneinEnglishtypicallyinvolvesthemeaningofacontrastwithinalimitedsetofitemsstatedexplicitlyorimplicitly.,e.g.Sheisbeautiful.-isnthernameMary?-No,Jenny.,2.5.4Tone,C