致用英语第四册Unit

TheAgeofTime,Unit3,万事日久自明。时间是治愈一切创伤的良药。时代在变，人也在变。光阴一去不复返。光阴似箭，一去不复返。时间是锉刀，磨损静悄悄。,7.时间比金钱更宝贵。你能获取更多的金钱，但无法拥有更多的时间。8.对于等待的人，时间太慢；对于害怕的人，时间太快；对于悲伤的人，时间太长；对于喜悦的人，时间太短；但对于心中有爱的人，时间就是永恒。,ListeningandSpeaking,A.Listentothefirstpartofamonologueabouttheinventionoftheclock.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Whendidpeoplebegintomakeclocks?2.Wheredidthecivilisationofmakingclocksbegin?3.Whatroledidclocksplayatthattime?4.Whatisthedifferencebetweentheclockandtheseasonsandthephasesofmoonintermsofmeasuringtime?5.Wheredoestheword“clock”comefromandwhatdoesitmeanoriginally?6.Whenwasthefirstmechanicalalarmclockinvented?,Approximately5,000to6,000yearsago.,IntheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.,Clocksincreasedtheeffectivenessofpeoplescalendars,andhelpedthemorganisetheirtimemoreefficiently.,Astheseasonsandthephasesofthemooncanbeusedtomeasurethepassageoflongerperiodsoftime,theclockisusedtomeasureshorterprocessesintermsofhoursandminutes.,Theword“clock”comesfromtheFrenchword“cloche”meaningbell.,Thefirstmechanicalalarmclockwasinventedin1787.,5,000to6,000yearsEnhancecandlesburndownthepassageoftime,sundialsandhourglasseselectronicsnoclockworkpartsbatterieswinding,Notuntilsomewhatrecentlyintermsofhumanhistorydidpeoplefindaneedforknowingthetimeofday.Asbestweknow,5,000to6,000yearsagogreatcivilisationsintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricabegantomakeclockstoincreasetheeffectivenessoftheircalendars.Withtheirsocietalactivities,formalreligions,andotherdailyissues,theseculturesapparentlyfoundaneedtoorganisetheirtimemoreefficiently.Theclockisoneoftheoldesthumaninventionstoenableustojudgehowlongaprocesshasrun.Astheseasonsandthephasesofthemooncanbeusedtomeasurethepassageoflongerperiodsoftime,shorterprocesseshadtobeusedtomeasureoffhoursandminutes.Theword“clock”comesfromtheFrenchword“cloche”meaningbell.TheLatinwordforbellis“glocio”,theSaxonis“clugga”andtheGermanis“glocke”.ThefirstmechanicalalarmclockwasinventedbyLeviHutchinsofConcord,NewHampshire,in1787.,PartOne,BACK,Historicalrecordsrevealthatapproximately5,000to6,000yearsagogreatcivilisationsintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricabegantomakeclockstoenhancetheircalendars.Theseculturesfoundthattheyneededtoorganisetheirtimemoreefficiently.Originallycandlesandsticksofincensethatburndownatapproximatelypredictablespeedswereusedtoestimatethepassageoftime.Othermethodsweresundialsandhourglasses.Thedevelopmentofelectronicsinthetwentiethcenturyledtoclockswithnoclockworkpartsatall.Nowmechanicalclockshavesincecometobelargelypoweredbybatteries,removingtheneedforwinding.,PartTwo,BACK,Timeindicatedbynumbers(bytheclock),watch,minutehand,hourhand;60minutes,24hours,7daysaweek;timekeepers,calendars,schedules,clocks;fiscalyear,academicyears,weekdays,weekends,deadlines;artificialtiming,Timeindicatedbynature(bytheseasons),blueberry,raspberry,blackberryseason;lobstersthatshedoldshellsandthenhardennewones;lowtide;mussels;hightide;mackerels;naturalrhythms,Themainidea,THispassageprovidesadifferentperspectivetothinkabouttheconceptoftime:escapefromtheartificialtimesandfollowthenaturalrhythms.,Wordssothereisnopointinsheddingtears.你现在改变主意已经太迟了，所以为此而伤心落泪是毫无用处的。Whereisthetoolshed?工具棚在哪？,losetrackof失去.的线索Marylosttrackofherfriendsatcampaftersummerwasover.夏天过后，玛丽就和她一起宿营的朋友失去了联系。,Thefarmerhassomanychickens,hecanoftenlosetrackofthemall.这农民有许许多多小鸡，弄得他常常自己也数不清。,slipv.togosomewherewithoutattractingotherpeoplesattention悄悄地移动e.g.(1)Theshipslippedintotheharbouratnight.(2)Youarenotgoingtoletawonderfulchancelikethatslipthroughyourfingers,areyou?,BACK,Idonotseehowyoucanslipoutofwriteareportaboutthat.我看你躲不了要写一份有关这事的报告。slipoutofonesgrasp控制不住,hardenv.tobecomefirmorstiff,ortomakesomethingfirmorstiff变硬e.g.(1)Hotsteelisquenchedtohardenit.(2)Lifeinthecamphadhardenedhimconsiderably.,BACK,Thebayisnotastorewithopeninghourssetbyitsowner.海湾可不是个由店主来决定营业时间的商店。,artificialadj.anartificialsituationorqualityexistsbecausesomeonehasmadeitexist,andnotbecauseitisreallynecessary人工的，人为的e.g.(1)Artificialheatinghastensthegrowthofplants.(2)Thisorangedrinkcontainsnoartificialflavourings.,BACK,fiscalyearthe12monthperiodoverwhichacompanycalculatesitsprofitsorlosses财政年度e.g.Ourplantcontrollermadeourcompanyabudgetplanforthenextfiscalyear.,BACK,fastenv.toattachsomethingfirmlytoanotherobjectorsurface系牢e.g.(1)Weshallbelanding(atGairport)shortlypleasefastenyourseat-belts.(2)Shefastenedthenoticetotheboard.,BACK,Wearesoremovedfromnaturalrhythmsthatwerarelyrealisehow“unnatural”thisis.Howunnaturaltofastenourselvestotime.我们距离自然的节奏那么遥远，以至于感觉不到我们生活得有多么“不自然”，不能意识到把自己牢牢地绑在时间上是多么地不自然！,Theschedulethatcontrolonourliveswastheinventionofmonkswhoseearlypassionfororganisingandfillingeveryminuteofthedaygrewfromthewarningthat“idlenessistheenemyofthesoul.”那些控制我们生活的日程安排，最初是僧侣为了警示世人“怠惰是灵魂的敌人”，才想出来的让人们时时刻刻都有事可做的办法。,rivalv.tobeasgoodorimportantassomeoneorsomethingelse试图匹敌或越过e.g.Shipscantrivalaircraftforspeed.,BACK,sporadicadj.happeningfairlyoften,butnotregularly无时间顺序或固定模式e.g.Therewerereportsofsporadicfightinginthestreets.,BACK,aboveallAdverb1.aboveandbeyondallotherconsideration;aboveall,youmustbeindependent(synonym)mostimportantly,mostespecially2.takingeverythingtogether;shewasfirstandlastascientist(synonym)firstandlast,eventuallyadv.afteralongtime,orafteralotofthingshavehappened最终e.g.Sheeventuallymarriedthemostpersistentoneofheradmirers.,BACK,Medievaltimewasstillsporadic,leisurely,unpredictableandabovealltiedtoexperiencesratherthanabstractnumbers.中世纪的时间还是随意、悠闲、不可预测的，时间与人们的生活经验紧密相连，而不是由抽象的数字来决定的。,Itwasthemerchantsandfactoryownerswhoeventually,andwithgreatdifficulty,trainedworkersthosewhohadpreviouslylivedaccordingtochangesoftheseasonstobecomeasregularasclockwork.是那些商家和厂主，处心积虑地把最初根据季节变化而劳作的工人，最终训练成了像钟表一样机械工作的人。,equatev.toconsiderthattwothingsaresimilarorconnected把(一事物)和(另一事物)等同看待e.g.Nowadays,manypeopleequatepassingexaminationswithbeingeducated.,BACK,Isitanywonderthat.Eg,WithallthepossibilitiesofeatinginstantlyandconstantlyandwiththeabundanceoffoodinAmerica,isitanywonderthatAmericanstendtobeoverweight?面对花样繁多的快速食品，人人可以便捷地、随时随地享用，许多美国人超重还值得奇怪吗？,stretchv.tomakesomethingbiggerorlooserbypullingorbecomebiggerorlooserasaresultofbeingpulled被拉长e.g.Aspiderswebcanstretchconsiderablywithoutweakening.,BACK,Thedesertstretchedawayintothedistance.沙漠一直延伸到远方。Igotoutofthebedandhadagoodstretch.我起床后舒服地伸了个懒腰。,habitatn.thenaturalhomeofaplantoranimal栖息地e.g.ThepolarbearshabitatistheicywatersoftheArctic.,BACK,imprintn.amarkleftbyanobjectbeingpressedintoorontosomething印记e.g.Theuntoldsufferinginthechildhoodleftanindelibleimprintonhistendermind.,BACK,KeystoP44A,2.Toleavequietly3.Tomovetowards4.Typesofediblefruits5.Typesofedibleseacreatures6.Holdingtightly7.Measuringtimebysomeman-madedevices8.Amaekleftintoorontosomething,SentenceFragments,Asimplecompletesentenceconsistsofasubjectandapredicate.Afragmentsentenceisanincompletesentence,whichlacksapredicate,asubject,orbothasubjectandapredicate.Itisasectionofasentenceandhasnomeaningwhenstandingalone;forexample,asubordinateordependentclause.,1.MissingsubjectExample:(a)WenttoParislastweek.Correction:(a)HewenttoParislastweek.2.MissingpredicateExample:(a)Thatyoungman.(b)Johnhitbyabus.(ParticiplePhraseFragment)Correction:(a)Thatyoungmanisjumpingoffthebridge.(b)Johnwashitbyabus./John,hitbyabus,didnotsurvive./John,whowashitbyabus,didnotsurvive.,3.Missingsubjectandpredicate:Example:(a)Unbelievablyheavy.(b)TravelingtoParis.Tomwasabletofindpeaceinhislife.(ParticiplePhraseFragment)Correction:(a)Itisunbelievablyheavytocarryabagofsand.(b)TravelingtoParis,Tomwasabletofindpeaceinhislife.,4.Asubordinateordependentclause:Example:(a)Hedidnotgotowork.Becauseheissick.(SubordinateClauseFragment)(b)Althoughheissuchatalentedplayer.(c)Toprepareforhisspeech.(InfinitivePhraseFragment)(d)Yesterday,IsawJohn.Myhighschoolclassmate.(AppositiveFragment)Correction:(a)Hedidnotgotowork,becauseheissick.(b)Althoughheissuchatalentedplayer,helacksthepatiencetofinishagame.(c)Toprepareforhisspeech,hehasgonethroughs