Abstract-writing--英文摘要写作方法.ppt

AbstractWriting,DefinitionandcomponentsofanabstractSamplesofabstractwriting,Anabstractshouldbeviewedasaminiatureversionofthepaper.TheAbstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,ResultsandDiscussion.AsHoughton(1975)putit,Anabstractcanbedefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocument.,WhatIsAbstract,Awell-preparedabstractenablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentquicklyandaccurately,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterests,andthustodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadthedocumentinitsentirety(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,1979b).,TheAbstractshouldnotexceed250wordsandshouldbedesignedtodefineclearlywhatisdealtwithinthepaper.TheAbstractshouldbetypedasasingleparagraph.,TheAbstractshould(1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeoftheinvestigation；(2)describethemethodsemployed；(3)summarizetheresults；(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.,WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.MostoftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract(exceptinrareinstances,suchasmodificationofapreviouslypublishedmethod).Likewise,theAbstractshouldnotincludeorrefertotablesandfigures.,TypesofAbstracts,Informativeabstract(moredetailed,andmayincludequantitativedetails)信息性/报道性/资料性摘要Indicative/descriptiveabstract(briefandqualitative,indicatingwhatkindofresearchhasbeendone)指示性/说明性/描述性摘要Informative-indicativeabstract报道-指示性摘要,2.1Informativeabstract,Aninformativeabstractisdesignedtocondensethepaper.Itcanandshouldbrieflystatetheproblem,themethodusedtostudytheproblem,andtheprincipaldataandconclusions.Often,theabstractsupplantstheneedforreadingthefullpaper;withoutsuchabstracts,scientistswouldnotbeabletokeepupinactiveareasofresearch.Thisisthetypeofabstractthatisusedasa“heading”inmostjournalstoday.,2.2Indicativeabstract(1),Anothercommontypeofabstractistheindicativeabstract(sometimescalledadescriptiveabstract).Thistypeofabstractisdesignedtoindicatethesubjectsdealtwithinapaper,makingiteasyforpotentialreaderstodecidewhethertoreadthepaper.However,becauseofitsdescriptiveratherthansubstantivenature,itcanseldomserveasasubstituteforthefullpaper.,2.2Indicativeabstract(2),Thus,indicativeabstractsshouldnotbeusedas“heading”abstractsinresearchpapers,buttheymaybeusedinothertypesofpublications(reviewpapers,conferencereports,thegovernmentreportliterature,etc.);suchindicativeabstractsareoftenofgreatvaluetoreferencelibrarians.,2.3Informative-indicativeabstract,Aninformative-indicativeabstractisacombinedformthatbearsaspecificinformationabouttheprincipalfindingsandresultsandgeneralinformationabouttherestofthedocument.Thistypeofabstractoffersfewerdetails,instead,givingemphasistotheauthorschiefcontribution.,TheFormalizedStructureofAbstract,Anabstractusuallyconsistsofthefollowingthreemajorparts:topicsentence,supportingsentencesandconcludingsentences.,3.1.TopicSentence,Thefirstsentenceinanabstractisusuallycalledthe“topicsentence”.Byansweringthequestionof“what”,thetopicsentencealwaysgoesstraightforwardlytothesubjectortheproblemandindicatetheprimaryobjectivesofthepaper.,3.1Examples(1),ThepurposeofthispaperisTheprimarygoalofthisresearchisTheintentionofthispaperistosurveyTheoverallobjectiveofthisstudyisInthispaper,weaimatOurgoalhasbeentoprovideThechiefaimofthepresentworkistoinvestigatethefeaturesof,3.1.Examples(2),TheauthorsarenowinitiatingsomeexperimentalinvestigationtoestablishTheworkpresentedinthispaperfocusesonseveralaspectsofthefollowingTheproblemwehaveoutlineddealslargelywiththestudyofWithhismanyyearsresearch,theauthorsendeavoristoexplainwhy,3.1.Examples(3),TheprimaryobjectofthisfundamentalresearchwillbetorevealthecauseofThemainobjectiveofourinvestigationhasbeentoobtainsomeknowledgeofWithrecentresearch,theauthorintendstooutlinetheframeworkofTheauthorattemptedthesetofexperimentswithaviewtodemonstratingcertainphenomena,3.1.Examples(4),TheexperimentbeingmadebyourresearchgroupisaimedatobtainingtheresultofThemainobjectiveofourinvestigationhasbeentoobtainsomeknowledgeofExperimentsonweremadeinordertomeasuretheamountofTheemphasisofthisstudyliesin,3.2Supportingsentences,Thetopicsentenceisusuallyfollowedbymorethanonesupportingsentenceswhichfurtherspecifythesubjecttobepresented.Researchmethods,experiments,procedures,investigations,calculations,analyses,results,andothersignificantinformationitemwillbeprovidedinthispart.,3.2Examples(1),ThemethodusedinourstudyisknownasThetechniqueweappliedisreferredtoTheproceduretheyfollowedcanbebrieflydescribedasTheapproachadoptedextensivelyiscalledDetailedinformationhasbeenacquiredbytheauthorsusing,3.2Examples(2),Theresearchhasrecordedvaluabledatausingthenewly-developedmethodThisisaworkingtheorywhichisbasedontheideathatThefundamentalfeatureofthistheoryisasfollowsThetheoryischaracterizedbyTheexperimentconsistedofthreesteps,whicharedescribedin,3.3Concludingsentences,Astheendingpartofanabstract,concludingsentencesusuallyanalyzetheresults,explaintheapplication,andpointoutthesignificanceoftheresearch.,3.3Examples(1),Inconclusion,westatethatTosumupitmaybestatedthatItisconcludedthatTheresultsoftheexperimentindicatethatThestudieswehaveperformedshowedthatThepioneerstudiesthattheauthorsattemptedhaveindicatedinWecarriedoutseveralstudieswhichhavedemonstratedthat.,3.3Examples(2),TheresearchwehavedonesuggeststhatTheinvestigationcarriedoutbyhasrevealedthatLaboratorystudiesofdidnotfurnishanyinformationaboutAllourpreliminaryresultsthrowlightonthenatureof,ExpressionsforAbstractWriting,report,show,demonstrate,model,indicate,suggest,propose,imply,reveal,present,discuss,describe,examine,measure,i