Abstract-writing.ppt

Abstractwriting英文摘要撰写,Competencytobegainedfromthislecture从本节内容应该能学到,Writeanabstractforaconferenceoramanuscript为向科学会议投稿或者为文章撰写摘要EIS(Epidemiologyintelligenceservice)conference-internationalnightICEID(Internationalconferenceonemerginginfectiousdisease)conferenceTEPHINET(Trainingprograminepidemiologyandpublichealthinterventionnetwork)globalconferenceTEPHINETbiregionalscientificconference,Keyareas,Abstractsandtheiruse摘要及其用途Stepsinabstractpreparation准备摘要的步骤,Abstracts,What?什么是摘要Asuccinct,accuratesummaryofthepaper对文章简洁、准确的总结Summarizeinformationofapaper总结文章的信息,Abstractsandtheiruse,Why?为什么,Istheonlypartofthepaperthatmanypeopleread可能是很多人对文章阅读的唯一部分Helpsreadersbrowseanddecidewhethertoreadtherestofthepaper帮助读者浏览和决定是否阅读文章的剩余部分Requesttopresentataconference要求在会议上展示Isfree免费,Theabstractpreparedforaconference为会议准备摘要-凡事预则立，不预则废,Objective目的Gainacceptancetopresentataconference获得在大会展示（口头报告或海报）的机会Circumstances情形Writtenbeforethecompletionoffinalreport在完成最终报告前撰写摘要Maybebaseduponpreliminaryanalysis可以在初步分析的基础上撰写Remainsintheproceedings正在现场处理中Maybequoted可以被引用,Abstractsandtheiruse,Theabstractofamanuscript,ObjectiveSummarizethekeyelementsofamanuscriptCircumstancesFinalizeafterthecompletionofthemanuscriptBaseduponfinalanalysisIncludedinseveralabstractingservices(includingPubMed)Maybetheonlythingthatwillbereadofyourwork,Abstractsandtheiruse,EvaluationCriteria（EIS）投其所好,Backgroundandrationaleforthestudy（0-2）Istheproblemclearlydescribedandofhighpublichealthimportance?,Methods（0-8）,Areepidemiologiccomparisonsclearlystated?Arecriticaldefinitionsclearlystatedandobvious(forexample,case,principalexposure)Dotheselectedmethodscorrespondwiththenatureofthestudyandstudyquestions?,Isaclearandeasy-to-followsequenceofmethodspresented?Areessentialmethodsdescribedwithprecisionandavoidundefinedtermorjargon?Overallmethods:weretheyappropriateandadequatelydescribed?,Dataanalysis/statistics:weretheyappropriateandadequatelydescribed?(P-values,confidenceinterval)Originality:wasthestudy/investigationcuttingedge/novelapproach?,Results（0-2）Aretheresultsrelevanttotheproblemandreportedinsufficientdetail?Recommendations（0-2）Aretherecommendationsclear,feasibleandsupportedbytheresults?,Impact（0-4）,Willthisstudy/investigationproduceachangeinpracticeandpolicy?Wasaneffectonthehealthofthepopulationatriskdemonstratedorreported?,OverallImpression（0-6）,Isthewritingclearandbrief?Istherealogicalsequenceandcohesivenessamongallabstractsections?Areproperandsimpletermsusedtodescribemethodsanddiscussfindings?,Basicrulesofanabstract,AsummaryofthesourcereportThesameorderofsourcereportInformationonlyfromsourcereportFullyunderstoodonitsownDoesnotrefertosourcereport,Abstractsandtheiruse,Stepsinpreparinganabstract,ChosetopicReviewdata/reportReviewrulesofconferenceorjournalExtractideasanddatafromreportOrganizeextractedmaterialwithinoutlineWriteandrevise,Preparinganabstracts,Thepresentationshouldfocusononemainpoint,Afieldinvestigationcanhave1importantfindingA10minutepresentationcaneffectivelydeveloponly1mainfindingSelectoneonlyfortheabstractYoucanwrite1abstract,Checklisttochooseatopicforanabstracttobesubmittedtoaconference,InvestigationcompletedAnalysiscompletedDatatablesreadyKeygraphsdrawnMainconclusionandrecommendationsclearResultsdiscussedwithteam:Locally(Administrativeclearance)Supervisors(Academicclearance),Thingstoavoidwhenchoosingatopictopresentataconference,InvestigationalreadypresentedInvestigationalreadypublishedIncompleteanalysisUncertaintyonkeyinterpretationNoagreementtomaketheresultspublic,Reviewrulesofconferenceorjournal,Format(outlineorarrangement)WordorcharacterlimitTitle,authorsandaffiliationsAuthorapprovalsSpecialrulesforsubmittingDeadlineforsubmitting,UseFontstyleandsizeprescribedbyconference,TimesNewRomanfontsize=11point,Doublespacingofabstracttext,Leftaligned(donotjustify),Reviewingdataandreport,Ifwrittenreportisavailable:ReviewreportIfwrittenreportnotcomplete:ReviewprotocolAnalyzedataArrangeintext,tables,graphsandchartsIdentifykeypiecesofevidenceDrawmainconclusionProposeessentialrecommendations,Reviewrulesofconferenceorjournal,StructureImposed(Introduction,methods,resultsandconclusions)None(unstructured)Commonwordlimits250-275structured100unstructuredWritestructuredabstractandedit,Structuredabstract,BackgroundLittleinformationisavailableontheknowledgeaboutscientificwritingamongmedicalteachersMethodsWeadministereda10-pointquestionnairetotestknowledgeaboutscientificwritingamongmedicalteachersparticipantsattendingawritingworkshop.Results32medicalteachersparticipated.Ofthese,only20(63%)achievedascoreof50%orabove.Theyoungerparticipants(agedlessthan30years)scoredworsethantheolderparticipants(aged=30years),theaveragescoresinthetwogroupsbeing4.5+1.7and6.5+1.5,respectively(t-test;p30years),theaveragescoresinthetwogroupsbeing6.5+1.5and4.5+1.7,respectively(t-test;p70rashillnessesinauniversity,Avoidgeneral,non-specificstatementsofimportance,WorldwidetuberculosisremainsaleadinginfectiouscauseofmortalityCampylobacterisanimportantcauseofdiarrheainChinaLittleisknownabouttheimpactofadvancedHIVdiseaseonrenaldysfunction,Theobjectiveshouldlogicallyfollow,TheeffectofuniversalscreeningforEOGBSonracialdifferencesindiseasearenotknownWeinvestigatedthisoutbreaktodeterminethesourceoftherashillnessandpreventfutureoutbreaks,Methodsparagraphofanabstract,StudydesignDefinitionsParticipantsAnyinterventions,treatmentsDatacollectionAnalysisAdditionalinvestigations:LaboratorymethodsEnvironmentalassessment,Examplecasedefinitions,Wedefinedamumpscaseasparotitislasting2daysororchitisinamalewithonsetfromJanuarytoMarch2007inastudentofcollegeACaseswereinfants1000)91%(45)ofECO157:H7case-patientsatefreshspinachcomparedto52%(50)ofcontrol-persons(matchedoddsratioMOR=57;95%confidenceintervalCI=9.5-1000),Showkeyratesinadditiontoriskratiosandoddsratios,PoorPersonswhoatefreshspinachweremorelikelytodevelopECO157:H7infection(RR=23;95%confidenceinterval=5.7-91)Good69%of82personswhoatefreshspinachdevelopedECO157:H7infectioncomparedto3%of78personswhodidnot(RR=23;95%CI=5.7-93),Letthedataexplaindonotstateconclusionsintheresults,Thehigherrate57%ofrashinstudentsexposedtomeatballscomparedto16%inunexposedstudentsindicatesthatmeatballscausedtherash57%ofstudents(255)exposedtomeatballsdevelopedrashcomparedto16%ofunexposedstudents(225),Use2significantfigures,Poor59.44%ofcasepatientsatemeatballscomparedto16.77%ofcontrol-person(OR=7.03;95%CI=3.48-14.34)Good59%ofcasepatientsatemeatballscomparedto17%ofcontrol-persons(OR=7.0;95%CI=3.5-14),Exampleofresultssection,AmongtheXXXoftheXXXguestsinterviewed(XX%)Response,themedianagewasXXyears,XX(XX%)werefemale,CharacteristicsofsubjectsandXXXweresick(XX%).IndicatorsTheattackratewashigheramongthosewhoatethefriedfishcomparedtothosewhodidnot(relativerisk:XX,95%confidenceinterval:XX-XX,attributablefraction:XX%).StatisticsStaphylococcustoxinwasidentifiedinthefoodleftovers.AdditionalinvestigationsThefishegg-basedbatterhasbeenleftatroomtemperature5hoursbeforecookingbyafoodhandlerwithchronicstaphylococcusinfection.Additionalinvestigations,RevisedExampleofresultssection,WeinterviewedXX%(XXX)oftheXXXguests.Response,TheirmedianagewasXXyears,XX%werefemale,CharacteristicsofsubjectsandXX%weresick.IndicatorsAmongXXguestswhoatefriedfishtheattackratewasXX%comparedtoYY%amongYYguestswhodidnot(relativerisk:XX,95%confidenceinterval:XX-XX,attributablefraction:XX%).StatisticsStaphylococcustoxinwasidentifiedinthefoodleftovers.AdditionalinvestigationsThefishegg-basedbatterhasbeenleftatroomtemperature5hoursbeforecookingbyafoodhandlerwithchronicstaphylococcusinfection.Additionalinvestigations,Conclusionparagraphofanabstract,KeyconclusionIntegratemultiplelinesofsupportingevidence(ifnecessary)KeyrecommendationoractionMentionactualorpotentialeffectoftheaction(Ifpossible)LimittoissuesdirectlysupportedbydataRemaingeneralandrobustifdetailsneedsfurtherdiscussions,Principleforrecommendation,EvidencebasedSpecificFeasibleCost-effectiveAcceptableEthical,Theconclusionanswersthequestionposedintheobjective.,Problem,Analyticepidemiology,Confirmatorystudy,Conclusion,Recommendations,Objective,Methods,Descriptiveepidemiology,Therecommendationsaddresstheproblem,Problem,Analyticepidemiology,Confirmatorystudy,Conclusion,Recommendations,Objective,Methods,Descriptiveepidemiology,Typicalconclusionandaction,FailuretocomplywithrespiratoryinfectioncontrolrecommendationscontributedtotheseAcinetobacterinfections.Bothhospitalshaveimprovedinfection-controlpractices,particularlyintheICUsetting.,Theconclusionshouldanswertheobjective.,Objective:WeinvestigatedthisoutbreaktodeterminethesourceoftherashillnessandpreventfutureoutbreaksConclusions/recommendations:Thestrongassociationanddose-responseindicatethatLymantracaterpillarswereresponsibleforofthisoutbreak.WerecommendedmeasuresforLymantracontrolduringfutureseasonalincreases,Keepresultsoutoftheconclusion,Conclusions:WeisolatedECO157:H7fromBrandAspinachtofurthersubstantiateourconclusionthatspinachcausedtheoutbreak.,Avoidrepeatingresultsintheconclusionavoidredundancy,Results:78%ofrespondentsknewaboutinfluenzavaccinewhile10%ofeligiblerespondentshadreceivedinfluenzavaccine.Conclusions:Morethan75%hadknowledgeaboutinfluenzavaccinebutonly10%hadreceivedinfluenzavaccine.,Avoidrepeatingresultsintheconclusionavoidredundancy,Results:78%ofrespondentsknewaboutinfluenzavaccinewhile10%ofeligiblerespondentshadreceivedinfluenzavaccine.Conclusions:Theknowledgeaboutinfluenzavaccinewasverygoodbutthepracticewaspoor.,Exampleofconclusionsection,Thisstaphylococcusfood-borneoutbreakwascausedbyaninfectedfoodhandlerwithpoorfoodhygienepractices.KeyconclusionPublichealthauthoritiesshouldworkwithfoodhandlerstoimprovefoodsafetyduringfestivalsandlargegatherings.Keyrecommendation,Keywordsaftertheconclusion,SelectthemostimportantissuescoveredinyourabstractGotoPubMed/sites/entrez,Under“Search”select“MeSH”,Addthetermthatyouwanttouse,Ifphrasenotfound,tryanother.,Doawordorcharactercount,Writingtheabstract,MakekeylinkagesbetweenideasAddwordsorphrasestoextractedmaterialReviewandrearrangeorderofideasanddataProceedintwosteps:StartbywritingallwhatneedstobestatedIdentifyandremoveunnecessaryelementsRewriteRevise,Rule#1:Theprimacyofdata,DonotbeginwithoutdataMaximizespacedevotedtodataMinimizespaceforwordsthatdonotprovidedataorinformation:“Additionaldatawillbeshown”“Theseresultswillbediscussed”“Havenotyetbeenestablished”,Beingspecific,Avoidvague,unclearorobviousstatementsStrongverbsmakestrongsentences:“Adescriptivestudywasdone”“Weperformedamatchedcasecontrolstudy”SpecifymethodsofmeasurementGiverateswheneverpossiblePresentdatainsteadofnames“Apointsourcewasnoted”“CasecountsrosefromJuly7,peakedonJuly10anddecreasedtobaselinelevelsbyJuly14”,Moretactics,QuantifyAvoidrepetitionorredundancyDonotaddmaterialnotfoundinreportLetthedataexplainAvoidexplanationsAvoiddistortingtheelementarymessages,Avoid“Thereis”and“Itis”,Therewere215personsinthevillage.215personslivedinthevillage.Thevillagehad215persons.Itisclearthatcontaminatedmeatballscausedtheoutbreak.Contaminatedmeatballscausedtheoutbreak.,Removeadverbstheyareusuallyinexactsubstitutesfordata,Many,most,just,only,slightly,greatly,Adverbsindicatedegree,numberetc.AdverbscomparewithoutdataAdverbsindicatequality(orlackof),Revising,AllowplentyoftimeWriteRe-writeSharewithco-authorsSharewithsupervisorsRevise,revise,reviseConductfinalradicalwordectomyCheckwitheditorSeekclearance,Takehomemessages,ItishardertobeshortthantobelongSystematicpreparationanditerativerewritingarekeytosuccess,Example,Investigationonameaslesoutbreakinlowvaccinecoveragechildrenin*town,*province,2010,OriginalBackground,OnJuly6,2010,theparentsofaconfirmedmeaslespatientreportedseveralsuspectedmeaslespatientswithfeverandrashintheirvillage.Aninvestigationwasconductedtoverifyandunderstandthecauseoftheoutbreak.,ImprovedBackground,Improvingvaccinationcoverageamongchildrenofmigrantworkers(MW)isanimportantpartofChinesegoalofmeasleseliminationby2012.OnJuly6,2010,theparentsofaconfirmedmeaslespatientreportedseveralsimilarpatientsintheirvillage.Weconductedaninvestigationtoverifyandunderstandthecauseoftheoutbreak.,OriginalMethods,AsuspectedcasewasonsetoffeverandrashamongaresidentofthisvillageandotherneighboringvillagesduringJune1toAugust3,2010.Aconfirmedcasewasasuspectedcasewithmeasles-specificIgMidentifiedintheserum.Weconducteddoor-to-doorvisitsandsearchedtheChinaInformationSystemForDiseaseControlandPreventiontofindcases.Aretrospectivecohortstudyamongmigrantchildrenaged8months-14yearswasconductedtoidentifyriskfactorsformeaslesinfection.,ImprovedMethods,WedefinedasuspectedcaseasonsetoffeverandrashamongaresidentofthisvillageandotherneighboringvillagesduringJune1toAugust3,2010.Aconfirmedcasewasasuspectedcasewithmeasles-specificIgMidentifiedintheserum.Weconducteddoor-to-doorvisitsandsearchedmeaslessurveillancerecordstofindcases.AretrospectivecohortstudyamongchildrenofMWchildrenaged8months-14yearswasconductedtoidentifyriskfactorsformeaslesinfection.,OriginalResults,Weidentified19measlescases(17confirmedcase,2suspectedcases)inthevillage,allamongthemigrantpopulation.Childrenaged1-2yearshadthehighestattackrate(13%).Theprimarycase-patienthadonsetonthedayshearrivedinthisvillage(June4,2010).Anunlicensedprivateclinicserv