从《美国学者》看传统与创新

.从美国学者看传统与创新摘要本文以爱默生的超验主义中的自然观、自由观和独立意识为理论基础，从对传统的分析以及对爱默生在美国文化中的定位入手，重点解析了爱默生的作品美国学者中体现出的创新及此种创新与传统的关系。爱默生式创新的产生源于其对自己所处时代及社会中存在某些欧洲传统的枷锁的批判，如普遍存在的拜金主义及文坛中盛行的教条主义、形式主义等。美国学者一文中，创新主要体现在超验主义的自由观、学者的自信、灵魂的回归自然和学者的社会文化责任四个方面。这些都是当时欧洲传统中所没有的，是具有美国特色的创新，对于美国的独立及其民族精神的树立具有特殊的意义和深远的影响。本文最后通过对传统与创新关系的辩证分析，结合爱默生式创新所体现出的时代特色和社会价值，得出结论：每个时代和每个国家因其发展需要对传统与创新关系的处理会做出不同的要求，传统与创新的关系始终是基于时代及国家背景的调和。关键词：爱默生；美国学者；传统；创新ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INNOVATION AND TRADITION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOLARABSTRACTBased on Ralph Waldo Emersons transcendental theories of nature, freedom and self-reliance and with the beginning of the analysis of tradition and the position occupied by Emerson in the American culture, this thesis explores the innovation presented in Emersons famous speech The American Scholar and discusses the relationship between tradition and innovation at the point of Emerson. Emersons anti-tradition relates to his repudiation of the European spiritual yoke such as Mamonism, Dogmatism and Formalism which overflowed the era and society he lived in. The innovation embodied in The American Scholar can be departed into the following aspects: transcending freedom of spirit, self-reliance, souls back to nature and social and cultural responsibilities of American scholars. Such innovation is of American characteristic and profoundly influences the independence of the country and its national spirit. Combining with the value of Emersons innovation to the era and society he lived in, this paper finally gives a dialectical analysis of the relationship between tradition and innovation and reaches the conclusion: different eras and nations would give different demands to the relationship between tradition and innovation according to their developments. The relationship between tradition and innovation is actually the harmony under the era and social backgrounds.Key words: Ralph Waldo Emerson; The American Scholar; tradition; innovationContentsIntroduction11 Tradition and Emerson in American Culture3 1.1 Connotation of Tradition3 1.1.1 Definition of Tradition3 1.1.2 Formation of Tradition4 1.1.3 Features of Tradition5 1.2 Emerson in American Culture6 1.2.1 Background of Emersons Thoughts7 1.2.2 Influence of Emersons Style92 Innovation Presented in The American Scholar12 2.1 Transcending Freedom of the Spirit12 2.1.1 Emersons Idea of Freedom12 2.1.2 Spiritual Liberation in The American Scholar13 2.2 Self-Reliance14 2.2.1 Connotation of Self-Reliance14 2.2.2 Self-Reliance in The American Scholar15 2.3 Souls Back to Nature15 2.3.1 Theoretical Basis Romanticism and Transcendentalism15 2.3.2 American scholars relationship to nature16 2.4 Social and Cultural Responsibilities of the Scholar17 2.4.1 Investigation and Reflection of the Truth18 2.4.2 Interaction with the World183 The Relationship between Innovation and Tradition in the Vicissitude of Times20 3.1 Con