医学英语呼吸系统

.,MedicalTerminology（3）TheRespiratorySystem呼吸系统刘帅研究生英语教研室（综合楼110）,.,IntroductionoftheRespiratorysystem,Themainfunctionoftherespiratorysystemistoprovideoxygentobodycellsforenergymetabolismandtoeliminatecarbondioxide,abyproductofmetabolism.Becausethesegasesmustbecarriedtoandfromthecellsintheblood,therespiratorysystemworkscloselywiththecardiovascularsystemtoaccomplishgasexchange.,.,TheLung:,Exchangeofgasesbetweentheatmosphereandthebloodtakesplaceinthelungs,twocone-shapedorganslocatedinthethoraciccavity.Adoublemembrane,thepleura(胸膜),coversthelungsandlinesthethoraciccavity.Theouterlayerthatisattachedtothewallofthethoraciccavityistheparietalpleura(胸膜壁层);theinnerlayerthatisattachedtothesurfaceofthelungsisthevisceralpleura(胸膜脏层).Theverythin,fluid-filledspacebetweenthetwolayersofthepleuraisthepleuralspace(胸膜腔).,.,UpperRespiratoryPassageway：,Airentersthroughthenose,whereitiswarmed,filtered,andmoistenedasitpassesoverthehair-coveredmucousmembranesofthenasalcavity.Cilia(纤毛),microscopichair-likeprojectionsfromthecellsthatlinethenose,sweepdirtandforeignmaterialtowardthethroatforelimination.Materialthatiseliminatedfromtherespiratorytractbycoughingorclearingthethroatiscalledsputum(痰).,.,Inhaledairpassesintothethroat,orpharynx(咽),whereitmixeswithairthatentersthroughthemouthandalsowithfooddestinedforthedigestivetract.Thepharynxisdividedintothreeregions:(1)anupperportion,thenasopharynx(鼻咽),behindthenasalcavity;(2)amiddleportion,theoropharynx(口咽),behindthemouth;and(3)alowerportion,thelaryngealpharynx(喉咽),behindthelarynx.Thepalatinetonsils(腭扁桃体)areoneithersideofthesoftpalate(软腭)intheoropharynx;thepharyngealtonsils,oradenoids(咽扁桃体),areinthenasopharynx.,.,LowerRespiratoryPassagewaysandLungs,Thepharynxconductsairintothetrachea,atubereinforcedwithC-shapedringsofcartilage(软骨)topreventitscollapse.Ciliaintheliningofthetracheamoveimpuritiesuptowardthethroat,wheretheycanbeeliminatedbyswallowingorbyexpectoration(咳痰).Thelarynxisshapedbyninecartilages,themostprominentofwhichisthethyroidcartilageatthefrontthatformsthe“Adamsapple.”Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsistheglottis(声门).Thesmallleaf-shapedcartilageatthetopofthelarynxiscalledtheepiglottis(会厌).Whenoneswallows,theepiglottiscoverstheopeningofthelarynxandhelpstopreventfoodfromenteringtherespiratorytract.,.,Atitslowerend,thetracheadividesintoarightandaleftmainstembronchus(支气管干)thatenterthelungs.Therightbronchusisshorterandwider;itdividesintothreesecondarybronchithatenterthethreelobes(肺叶)oftherightlung.Theleftbronchusdividesintotwobranchesthatsupplythetwolobesoftheleftlung.Thesmallestoftheconductingtubes,thebronchioles(细支气管),carryairintothemicroscopicairsacs,theaveoli(肺泡),whroughwhichgasesareexchangedbetweenthelungsandtheblood.,.,TheProcessofBreathing:,Airismovedintoandoutofthelungsbytheprocessofbreathing,technicallycalledventilation.Thisconsistsofasteadycycleofinspiration(inhalation)andexpiration(exhalation),separatedbyaperiodofrest.Thecyclebeginswhenthephrenicnerve(膈神经)stimulatesthediaphragm(隔膜)tocontractandflatten,thusenlargingthechestcavity.,.,ISuffixforRespiration,.,Exercise1:,Usethesuffix-pneatobuildawordwitheachofthefollowingmeanings:1.painfulordifficultbreathingdyspnea2.easy,normal(eu-)breathing3.lackof(a-)ofbreathing4.rapidrate(tachy-)ofbreathing,Dyspnea(呼吸困难)Eupnea(平静呼吸)Apnea(呼吸暂停)Tachypnea(呼吸急促),.,IIRootsfortheRespirationPassageways,.,IIRootsfortheRespirationPassageways,.,Exercise2:,Writeawordforeachofthefollowingdefinitions:1.nearthenoseparanasal2.inflammationofthepharynx3.pertainingtothelarynx4.endoscopicexaminationofabronchus5.inflammationofthebronchioles6.narrowing(-stenosis)ofabronchus7.plasticrepairofthelarynx8.surgicalincisionofthetrachea,Paranasal(鼻侧的)pharyngitis(咽炎)laryngealbronchoscopy(支气管镜检)bronchiolitis(毛细支气管炎)bronchostenosis(支气管狭窄)laryngoplasty(喉成形术)tracheotomy(气管切开术),.,Definethefollowingwords(notetheadjectivalendings):9.intranasalwithinthenose10.bronchiolar11.bronchiectasis12.peribronchial13.endotracheal14.nasopharyngeal,9.withinthenose10.pertainingtoabronchiole11.dilatationofthebronchi12.aroundthebronchi13.withinthetrachea14.pertainingtothenoseandpharynx,.,IIIRootsfortheLungsandBreathing,.,IIIRootsfortheLungsandBreathing,.,Exercise3：,Writeawordforeachofthefollowingdefinitions:1.between(inter)thepleura2.belowthediaphragm3.surgicalincisionofthephrenicnerve4.anydiseaseofthelungs(pneumon/o)5.recordofbreathingvolumes_6.surgicalpuncture(-centesis)ofthepleuralspace,Interpleuralsubphrenic(膈下的)phrenicotomy(膈神经切断术)pneumonopathy(肺脏疾病)spirogram(肺量图，呼吸描记图)pleurocentesis(胸腔穿刺术),.,Definethefollowingwords:1.pneum