英语音标详解

EnglishPronunciation,EnglishPhonemesSyllables,StressandRhythmReadingskillsIntonationDifferencebetween“BritishEnglish”and“AmericanEnglish”,GameofTones,Readthefollowinglettersinrisingtoneandfallingtone.ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ,EnglishPhonemes,VowelsConsonants,Background,CardinalVowelsFrontCentralBackClosei：u:Close-mide:Open-midopena,:,VOWELLetters,Aa/e/Ee/i:/e/Ii/a/Yy/a/i:/Oo/Uu/ju:/,Vowels,FrontVowels,Openyourmouthalittletomakethesound,spreadyourlipswide,likeyouaresmiling,thisisalongvowel.,we,bee,sea,field,receive,police,people,FrontVowels,Firstmakethesound/i:/,thenopenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,yourlipsaremorerelaxed,thisisashortvowel.,visit,exam,minute,Monday,FrontVowels,Firstmakethesound/,thenopenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,yourlipsarerelaxed,thisisashortvowel.,end,red,many,head,friend,FrontVowels,Firstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,yourlipsarerelaxed,thisisashortvowel.,am,cat,CentralVowels,Firstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourtonguebackwardsandloweralittle,yourtongueisataroundthemiddleofthemouth.Yourlipsaretight.,term,girl,word,fur,learn,journal,CentralVowels,Firstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourtonguebackwardsandloweralittle,yourtongueisataroundthemiddleofthemouth.Yourlipsarerelaxed.,better,doctor,ago,famous,color,figure,today,open,CentralVowels,Firstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourmouthalittlemore,putyourtonguebackwardsandloweralittle,butalittlemoreforwardandupthanthesound/.yourtongueisataroundthelowermiddleofthemouth.Yourlipsarerelaxed.,son,but,couple,blood,does,BackVowels,Firstmakethesound/,thenopenyourmouthalittlemore,putyourtonguebackwardandlower.Yourlipsareroundinshape.Thisisalongvowel.,car,class,half,heart,aunt,Firstmakethesound/a:/,thencloseyourmouthalittlemore.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Thisisashortvowel.,BackVowels,dog,want,cough,knowledge,because,BackVowels,Firstmakethesound/,thenmakeyourmouthmoreclosedandmorerounded,putthebackofthetongueupalittletomakethesound.Thisisalongvowel.,war,talk,all,horse,board,before,four,door,law,fault,bought,Backvowels,Firstmakethesound/,thenraisethebackofyourtongueandputforwardalittletomakethesound.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Thisisashortvowel.,foot,could,bush,woman,Backvowels,Firstmakethesound/u/,thenraisethebackofyourtongueandpullbackwardalittletomakethesound.Yourlipsarestronglyroundinshape.Thisisashortvowel.,do,goose,soup,rude,chew,shoe,two,fruit,Listenandcheckyour/,Diphthongs,Firstmakethesound/e/,thenmakethesound/,thereisaglidefrom/e/to/.,gate,rain,day,stein,they,great,sleigh,Firstmakethesound/a/,thenmakethesound/,thereisaglidefrom/a/to/.,time,die,cry,eye,high,height,buy,Firstmakethesound/,thenmakethesound/,thereisaglidefrom/to/.,boil,boy,Firstmakethesound/a/,thenmakethesound/,thereisaglidefrom/a/to/.,blouse,cow,Firstmakethesound/,thenmakethesound/,thereisaglidefrom/to/.,boat,toe,so,low,soul,though,/tour,-Wemadeatouroftheyacht.-HetookheronatourofEurope.-Ithinkyouarenotquitesureaboutit.,/,Firstmakethesound/,thenmakethesound/,thereisaglidefrom/to/.,poor,tour,sure,during,they,cruel,usual,Firstmakethesound/,thenmakethesound/,thereisaglidefrom/to/,withthetonguemovingupfromfronttothemiddlepositioninyourmouth.,hero,here,dear,cheer,media,familiar,idea,period,Vietnam,fierce,medium,Firstmakethesound/e/,thenmakethesound/,thereisaglidefrom/e/to/,withthetonguemovingfromlowfronttothemiddlepositioninyourmouth.,bear,care,air,their,there,Consonants,ConsonantLetters,Bb/b/Dd/d/Cc/k/s/Ff/f/Gg/g/Dd/d/d/Hh/h/Kk/k/Gg/g/d/Ll/l/Mm/m/Jj/d/Nn/n/Pp/p/Qq/k/Rr/r/Ss/s/z/Tt/t/t/Vv/v/Yy/j/Ww/w/Zz/z/X/ks/gz/,Bilabial/Plosives,Firstcloseyourlipshard,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Openyourlipsfastandsuddenlyreleasetheairtomakethesound.Donotuseyourvoice.,Bilabial/Plosives,Firstcloseyourlipshard,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Openyourlipsfastandsuddenlyreleasetheairtomakethesound.Useyourvoice.,Alveolar/Plosives,Firstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguetipfromyourteethridgefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Donotuseyourvoice.,teach,Thailand,better,stopped,Alveolar/Plosives,Firstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguetipfromyourteethridgefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Useyourvoice.,day,middle,Velar/Plosives,Firsttouchthebackoftheroofofyourmouthwiththebackofyourtongue,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Donotusethevoice.,cock,cake,ask,like,taxi,school,conquer,Velar/Plosives,Firsttouchthebackoftheroofofyourmouthwiththebackofyourtongue,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Usethevoice.,go,ghost,egg,Labio-dental/Fricative,Firstputyourupperteethonyourlowerlip,andforcetheairoutbetweenyourteethandlipwithafrication.Donotusethevoice,fit,photo,off,enough,Labio-dental/Fricative,Firstputyourupperteethonyourlowerlip,andforcetheairoutbetweenyourteethandlipwithafrication.Usethevoice,Alveolar/Fricatives,Firstputyourtonguetipbehindyourupperteethtoalmosttouchtheroofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutoverthetopofyourtonguewithafrication.Donotuseyourvoice.,goose,so,cent,niece,taxi,science,pass,box,Alveolar,Firstputyourtonguetipbehindyourupperteethtoalmosttouchtheroofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutoverthetopofyourtonguewithafrication.Useyourvoice.,his,zoo,prize,those,Glottal/Fricative,Firstopenyourmouth,andforceastreamofairoutofyourmouthwithafrication.Keepyourtongueofftheroofofthemouth,anddonotuseyourvoice.,hat,who,Dental/Fricative,Putyourtonguetipbetweenyourupperteethandlowerteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Donotuseyourvoice.,Dental/Fricative,Putyourtonguetipbetweenyourupperteethandlowerteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Useyourvoice.,Palato-alveolar,Raisethefrontofyourtonguetouardsthemid-roofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutfromthetwosidesofyourtonguewithafrication.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Donotuseyourvoice.,sheet,machine,delicious,motion,sure,tension,fascist,Palato-alveolar,Raisethefrontofyourtonguetouardsthemid-roofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutfromthetwosidesofyourtonguewithafrication.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Useyourvoice.,casual,allusion,seizure,garage,regime,Alveolar/Lateral,Firstputyourtonguetipontheupperteeth-ridge.Forcetheairoutoverbothsidesofyourtongue.Useyourvoicewhenmakingthesound/l/.Whenitsbeforeavowel,itisaclear/l/-lost,late,vanilla,Alveolar/Lateral,Whenitisbeforeaconsonantorattheendoftheword,itisadark/l/,alsoas/l/,pull,pool,talk,would,Silent“l”,Post-alveolar/Approximant,Raiseyourtonguetiptowardsthebackoftheteethridgewithouttouchit.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.,read,carry,wrong,rhythm,Bilabial/Approximant,Firstmakethesound/u:/,thenmakeyourlipstightlyroundandpushtheairout.,water,quite,what,one,Palatal/Approximant,Firstmakethesound/i:/,thenraisethemiddleofyourtonguetotouchtheroofofthemouth,makingyourlipsspreadandforcetheairout.Useyourvoicetomakethissound.,yet,cue,view,Bilabial/Nasal,Firstcloseyourmouth,andsendtheairoutfromyournose.Useyourvoicetomakethissound,andthisisavoicedconsonant.,man,summer,comb,autumn,Alveolar/Nasal,Firstopenyourmouth,andputyourtonguetipagainstyourteethridge,thensendtheairoutfromyournose.Useyourvoicetomakethissound,andthisisavoicedconsonant.,name,funny,sign,know,Velar/Nasal,Firstopenyourmouth,andtouchthebackroofofyourmouthwiththebackofyourtongue,thensendtheairoutfromyournose.Useyourvoicetomakethissound,andthisisavoicedconsonant.,sing,sink,Palato-alveolar,Jointhesound/t/and/.Donotusethevoice.,chair,watch,question,nature,Palato-alveolar,Jointhesound/d/and/.Usethevoice.,jam,gem,judge,adjacent,/tr/tree,-Thetruckwasheavilyloaded.-Weplanttreesandflowersinspring.-Thisideaseemsgoodbutyouneedtotryitout.,/tr/,Jointhesound/t/and/r/.Donotusethevoice.,try,victory,secretary,/dr/dress,-Shewearsabeautifuleveningdress.-Dontdrinkanddrive.-Ihadsomeverystrangedreamslastnight.,/dr/,Jointhesound/d/and/r/.Usethevoice.,/ts/boats,/ts/,-Therearethreeboatsontheriver.Twocatsarerunningafteramouse.Theskirtsareverylovely.Theantslikeeatingapples.,Firstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Donotuseyourvoice.,/dz/woods,/dz/,-Theirfamilyoftenpicnicsinthewoods.Shefindsthestonesontheseashore.SarahandIhadagreattimewhilethekidswereaway.,Firstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Useyourvoice.,Syllables,StressandRhythm,Syllables,Asyllableisaunitoforganizationforasequenceofspeechsounds.Asyllableistypicallymadeupofasyllablenucleus(avowelorsyllabicconsonant)withoptionalinitialandfinalmargins(typically,consonants).syllabicconsonant:/r/m/n/l/aconsonantformsasyllableonitsownoristhenucleusofasyllable.animalmiddlebattlecriticismsymbolismtourismcousindozenfrozenbuttoncottonmuttonmaidensuddenwoodenMonosyllableOneSyllablewordsItreegreatpleaselightwordDisyllableTwoSyllablewordsCitytablerelystudentpupilPolysyllableMultiSyllablewordsBasketballnationalitytelephone,Stress,Thestressplacedonsyllableswithinwordsiscalledwordstressorlexicalstress.ThepositionofstressinawordisnotpredictableinEnglish.Stressisusuallytrulylexicalandmustbememorizedaspartofthepronunciationofanindividualword.Thestressmarkisplacedimmediatelybeforeastressedsyllable,andwhenthestressedsyllableisinthemiddleofaword,thestressmarkalsomarksasyllablebreak.Forexampleinthewordunderstood/ndstd/Sometimesmorethanonelevelofstress,suchasprimarystressandsecondarystress,maybeidentified.Forexampleintheword“education”GeneralRules:PrefixesunstressedSuffixesthatcauseashiftofstressintherootword:-eous,-graphy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ical,-ious,-ity,-ionPhotographphotographyphotographicNumerals:stressonthefirstsyllableCompound:stressonthefirstelementReflexives:stressonself/selves,Stress,wintersummerseasonpeoplepicnicswallowgentlerainbowbeginsuccessenjoydecideAttentionbesidegiraffealarmmagazineuniversitylemonadeunderstandconversationengineerkangarooChinesethirteenafternoonunknownsixteenseventeeneighteennineteen,重读单词-变化,一个单词重读音节的位置变化会导致单词词性发生变化。therecordn.torecordv.thepresentn.topresentv.thedesertn.todesertv.theproducen.toproducev.perfectadj.toperfectv.,句子中的重读和弱读,实词(名词、动词、形容词、副词)以及其他信息词（疑问词、指示代词、物主代词、小品词、否定缩略词）一般是重读，而功能词（冠词、代词、所有格、介词、助动词、连词）一般是弱读。Dontbelate.DobequietComeon,Idontwanttobelate.Whosinthebathroom?HiswifesItalian.Themansinthekitchen.,sentencestress,强度重要的词语（实词或信息词）制造话语节奏,Rhythm,Speakersofstressed-timedlanguagessuchasEnglishandMandarinChineseputroughlyequaltimelagsbetweenstressedsyllables,withthetimingoftheunstressedsyllablesinbetweenthembeingadjustedtoaccommodatethestresstiming.Syllable/slbl/syllableBasketball/bsktbl/basketbleTelephone/telfn/telephoneDepartment/dptmnt/departmentTelevision/telvn/televisionNecessary/nessri/necessaryRemarkable/rmkbl/remarkableEducation/eduken/educationNationality/nnlti/nationalityPhysiology/fzildi/physiologyCommunication/kmjunken/communicationExamination/zmnen/examinationCreativity/krietvti/creativity,RhythmicPatterns,在重读音节和非重读音节之间有长短不同的停顿，非重读音节越多，就读的越快。,stress-timednature,.catseatfishthecatiseatingthefishthecatstherehaveeatenthefishthecatstheremusthaveeatenthefishthecatstherecouldhavebeeneatingthefish,RhythmicPatterns,RhythmicPatterns,RhythmicPatterns,RhythmicPatterns,RhythmicPatterns,RhythmicPatterns,Consonantclusters,Word-InitialClustersblblowbladeblackblameblankblockclclassclevercloseclueclingclarityflflagflakeflameflankflapflashglgladglassglowglideglazeglanceplplayplanpleaseplantplentyplugslslaveslangslowslotslipsleep,brbreadbreakbringbrightbrownbrothercrcrackcradlecreamcreatecrycrossdrdreaddrydrilldreamdressdrivefrfromfryfrogfrontfriendfrostgrgreatgreengrowgroundgriefgrinprpraisepraypreachpracticepreparepresenttrtreetraytrytraintreattrouble,Word-InitialClusters,scscanscalescarescatterschoolscheduleskskirtskyskateskipskillskinslsleepslightsliceslyslipperslendersmsmallsmartsmellsmilesmokesmoothsnsnacksnowsnagsnailsnakesnapspspacespadesparespeakspokespoonststarstaystealstorestopstudentswsweepsweatswellswimswitchSwisssplsplitsplashsplendidsplendorsplurgesplicescrscrabblescramblescratchscreamscreensprspreadspringsprayspritesprinklesproutstrstrangestraightstressstreetstrongstrikesqusquaresquashsqueaksqueezesquealsquawk,Word-InitialClusters,thrthreethreadthrivethrowthroughthrillthwthwackthwaitethwart,Word-InitialClusters,Word-FinalClusters,voicelessconsonant+s/s/bookscapscupsvoicelessconsonant+t/t/factleftshiftvoicelessconsonant+ed/t/askedlookedworked-t+s/ts/boatscoatscatsvoicedconsonant+s/z/pigseggsfilmsvoicedconsonant+ed/d/closedturnedclimbed-d+s/dz/bedsspendsgrades-f/fe+s=ves/vz/leaveswivesknivesconsonant+y+s=ies/iz/ladiesstudiesstories/aiz/fliesspiestries,otherconsonantformation,chwatchesshwashesge+es/iz/bridgesxboxessbusest+ed/id/wanteddmended,Rhyme,HumptyDumptysatonawall.HumptyDumptyhadagreatfall.Allthekingshorses,Andallthekingsmen,CouldntputHumptytogetheragain.,Blow,Wind,Blow,Blow,wind,blow!Andgo,mill,go!Thatthemillermaygrindhiscorn;Thatthebakermaytakeit,Andintorollsmakeit,Andsendussomehotinthemorn.,Imalittleteapot,Imalittleteapot,shortandstout,Hereismyhandle,hereismyspout,WhenIgetallsteamedup,hearmeshout,Tipmeoverandpourmeout.,Readingskills,爆破音Plosives,爆破音就是发音的时候，口腔中会形成一层阻碍，必须通过阻碍，发出的声音。/b/be/p/peacap/d/bedduck/t/bettable/g/piggirl/k/pickcat,爆破音+辅音,爆破音和辅音相邻时，爆破音不发出爆破声，只保留发音动作，稍作停顿，实际上，只有后一个辅音发音。/b/jobsearch/p/keepquietstoptalkingfriendshipfirstkeepsilentstepforward,爆破音+破擦音,爆破音与/ts/dz/tr/dr/t/d/f/v/s/z/r/h/相连时，轻微爆破。/d/hardtimesathousandthanksagoodseasongoodnews/t/post-cardjustthenfirststepbrightsky,爆破音+音节辅音,爆破音与/m/n/l/相连时，轻微爆破。/g/abigzooabigtreeabigjarabigfish/k/takethistakecaretakethreeablackjacket,爆破音1+爆破音2+爆破音3,第一个爆破音为不完全爆破，形成并保持较长时间，第二个不发音，第三个正常爆破。SleptbadlylaggedbehindcollectpenniesRobbedcarspickedberriesadapttothegrowth,爆破音的送气,当爆破音/p/,/t/,/k/在重读音节中紧跟在/s/的后面时，爆破音就不送气。也就是由/b/替代/p/,/d/替代/t/，/g/替代/k/。Speaksparesportspyspring/sb/Schoolscarscorescareskirt/sg/Starstaystealstupidstock/sd/,弱化weakening,非重读单词弱化：1.元音弱化为/I/或者/be,me,he,she,the,wehis/z/he/him/m/a,an,some,the,them,us,am,are,can,do,does,had,has,have,must,shall,was,were,will,at,for,from,of,to,and,as,but,so,than,that,could,wouldhad/d/has/z/have/v/must/ms/will/l/and/n/2.有时候单词的元音消失am/m/can/kn/do/d/had/d/has/z,s/have/v/z,s/some/sm/shall/l/them/m/was/wz/for/fr/from/frm/of/v,f/and/nd,n/than/n/,StrongForms&WeakForms,StrongForms&WeakForms,StrongForms&WeakForms,StrongForms&WeakForms,StrongForms&WeakForms,commoncontractions,commoncontractions,连读Linking,前一个单词以辅音结尾，后一个单词以元音开头，两个词就发生连读：ComeinWorkoutGoodideaThinkofitReaditagainSpeakEnglishFirstofallAllofus,r/re结尾的单词+元音开头的单词/r/添音ThereisThereareOurownMoreoverFarawayRememberitLateron,连读,Glides/j/&/w/延音滑动,/j/glide:sayjitmyjowntoyjairplane/w/glide:Howwisit?bluewinkIsawwit,Assimilation,ProgressiveAssimilation顺同化前一个语音影响后一个语音studentslaughedbagsbacksmovedfishedRegressiveAssimilation逆同化后一个语音影响前一个语音Haveto/hft/hasto/hst/usedto/ju:st/horsehoe/h:u:/hisshirt/hi:t/cupboard/kbd/fivepens/fafpns/Hesinpain/m/ItrainsinMay./m/TheyreinKorea/,coalescentAssimilation融合同化两个语音互相影响，融合为一个新的音/s,t/+/j/-/issuesugarsurenationancientHescomingthisyear./z