全新版大学英语第二册Uni.ppt

,BR_main,ListeningandAnsweringtheQuestions,HistoryofEnglish,WinstonChurchill,JuliusCaesar,Viking,Norman,WilliamCaxton,OttoJespersen,Renaissance,BR_HistoryofEnglish,HistoryofEnglish,TherootofEnglish,ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish,20thCenturyEnglish,BR_WinstonChurchill,WinstonChurchill,ABriefintroductiontoWinstonChurchill,ChronologyofWinstonChurchill,AVideoClipaboutWinstonChurchill,Yes.Forexample,themeaningof“yourhouseburnsup”isthesameasthatof“yourhouseburnsdown”,or“youfillinaform”isthesameas“youfilloutaform”.,BR_ListenandAnswertheQuestions1,1.Whatisthepassageabout?,ListenandAnswertheQuestions,Directions:Listentotherecordingtwoorthreetimesandthenthinkoverthefollowingquestions.,Englishisagreatlanguage,butitisalsoacrazylanguage.,2.CanyougiveoneortwoexamplestoillustratethemessinessoftheEnglishlanguage?,3.Areyousureofalltheidiomaticusagesmentionedintherecordedpassage?,Someofthemoreconfusingusagesareexplainedhere:,1)shipbytruck/sendcargobyship:,shipcanbeeitheraverboranoun.,Thefirst“ship”means“send”,thesecondone“alargeboat”.,2)nosesthatrun/feetthatsmells:,BR_ListenandAnswertheQuestions2,Thisreferstowhatpeopleusuallysay“havearunningnose”(流鼻涕),“havesmellyfeet”(臭脚).,3)aslim/fatchance:,aremotepossibility,4)awiseguy:,apersonwhopretendstobemuchwiserthanhe/shereallyis;aderogatoryterm,awiseman:,areallywiseperson;acommendatoryterm,5)overlook:,failtoseeornotice,paynoattentionto,oversee:,control(work,workmen),BR_ListenandAnswertheQuestions3,6)hot/coldashell:,extremelyhot/cold,7)burnup:,catchfireandflareup,burndown:,bedestroyedbyfire,8)fillinaform/filloutaform:,synonymous,9)gooff:,startanaction,usuallyaccompaniedbyagreatnoise,goon:,continuedoingsomething,BR_ListenandAnswertheQuestions4,10)whenstarsareout:,whenstarsappearinthesky,whenlightsareout:,whenlightsareturnedoff,11)windupawatch:,tightenthespringofawatch,windupaspeech:,endaspeech,BR_ListenandAnswertheQuestions5,BR_TherootofEnglish1,TherootofEnglish,EnglishbeganasawestGermaniclanguagewhichwasbroughttoEnglandbytheSaxonsaround400A.D.OldEnglishwasthespokenandwrittenlanguageofEnglandbetween400and1100A.D.ManywordsusedtodaycomefromOldEnglish,includingman,woman,king,mother,etc.ButOldEnglishwasverydifferentfrommodernEnglishandonlyafewwordscanbeeasilyrecognized.Inthe9thand10thcenturies,whenVikingsinvadedEngland,OldNorsewords,e.g.sky,takeandgetandmanyplacenames,enteredthelanguage.,FromtheNormanConquest(1066)untilthelate12th.centuryEnglishwasreplacedastheofficiallanguagebyNormanFrench,thoughEnglishwasstillusedbythelowerclasses.Englishfromabout1300to1500isknownasMiddleEnglish.ItwasinfluencedbyFrenchandalsoLatininvocabularyandpronunciation.Frenchbroughtmanywordsconnectedwithgovernment,e.g.sovereign,royal,court,legalandgovernmentitself.LatinwasthelanguageofreligionandlearningandgavetoEnglishwordssuchasminister,angel,master,schoolandgrammar.LiteraturebeganagaintobewritteninEnglishduringthisperiod.OneofthemostfamousMiddleEnglishworksisChaucersTheCanterburyTales,BR_TherootofEnglish2,ModernEnglishdevelopedfromtheMiddleEnglishdialectoftheEastMidlandsandwasinfluencedbytheEnglishusedinLondon,whereaprintingpresswassetupbyWilliamCaxtonin1476.Englishchangedagreatdealfromthistimeuntiltheendofthe18thcentury.DuringtheRenaissance,manywordswereintroducedfromGreekandLatintoexpressnewideas,especiallyinscience,medicineandphilosophy.Theyincludedphysics,species,architecture,encyclopediaandhypothesis.Inthe16thcenturyseveralversionsoftheBiblehelpedbringwrittenEnglishtoordinarypeople.TheElizabethanperiodisalsofamousforitsdrama,andShakespearesplayswereseenbymanypeople.,ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish,BR_ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish1,Thedevelopmentofprintinghelpedestablishstandardsofspellingandgrammar,butthereremainedalotofvariation.SamuelJohnsonsADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755)wasthefirstauthoritativetreatmentofEnglish.Itdefinedabout40,000wordsandgaveexamplesoftheiruse.Bythe18thcenturyAmericanEnglishwasestablishedanddevelopingindependentlyfromBritishEnglish.AftercolonistsarrivedintheUSnewwordsbegantobeaddedfromNativeAmericanlanguages,andfromFrenchandSpanish.In1783,soonafterJohnsonsdictionarywaspublished,NoahWebstersTheElementarySpellingBook,BR_ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish2,waspublishedintheUS.AtfirstitusedJohnsonsspellings,butlatereditionscontainedmanyofwhathavecometobeknownasAmericanspellings,e.g.harborandfavorite.,BR_ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish3,Duringthe19thandearly20thcenturiesmanydictionariesandbooksaboutlanguagewerepublished.NewwordsarestillbeingaddedtoEnglishfromotherlanguages,includingChinese(fengshui)andJapanese(karaoke).Existingwordsgainnewsenses,andnewexpressionsspreadquicklythroughtelevisionandtheInternet.Englishisnowaninternationallanguageandisusedasameansofcommunicationbetweenpeoplefrommanycountries.AsaresulttheinfluencesontheEnglishlanguagearewiderthaneveranditispossiblethatWorldEnglishwillmoveawayfromusingaBritishorAmericanstandardandestablishitsowninternationalidentity.,20thCenturyEnglish,BR_20thCenturyEnglish,Asapolitician,WinstonChurchillisrememberedasoneofBritainsgreateststatesmen.HewasthesonoftheConservativepoliticianLordRandolphChurchillandhisAmericanwifeJennie.AsayoungmanheservedasasoldierinIndiaandEgypt,andasajournalistinSouthAfrica,beforeenteringpolitics.ChurchillbecamePrimeMinisterandMinisterofDefencein1940.HisradiospeechesduringWorldWarIIgavetheBritishpeopleastrongdeterminationtowinthewar,especiallyattimesofgreatcrisis.ExamplesofChurchillsphrasesstilloftenquotedtodayare“Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat”,and“Thiswastheirfinesthour”.,ABriefintroductiontoWinstonChurchill,BR_ABriefintroductiontoWinstonChurchill1,TheConservativePartyledbyChurchilllosttheelectionof1945,buthebecamePrimeMinisteragainfrom1951to1955whenheretired,aged80.WhenhediedinJan1965hewasgivenastatefuneral.,BR_ABriefintroductiontoWinstonChurchill2,ChronologyofWinstonChurchill,November30,1874,October1,1911,April30,1915,November6,1924,BornWinstonLeonardSpencerChurchillatBlenheimPalace,Woodstock,nearOxford.,AppointedFirstLordoftheAdmiraltyinLiberalgovernment.,FailureoftheDardanellesExpedition,inWorldWarI,ledtohisresignationasFirstLordoftheAdmiralty.,BaldwinnamedhimChancelloroftheExchequer.,BR_ChronologyofWinstonChurchill1,May10,1940,July1945,April24,1953,December10,1953,January24,1965,Appointedtoheadwartimecoalitiongovernment.,Lostgeneralelection.,KnightedbyQueenElizabethII.,AwardedNobelprizeforliteratureinrecognitionof“historicalworksandbiographiesaswellashisbrilliantspeeches.”,DiedinLondon;givenastatefuneral;buriedinthechurchyardatBladon,nearBlenheim.,BR_ChronologyofWinstonChurchill2,Directions:Watchthisvideoclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.,AVideoClipaboutWinstonChurchill,1.Whatdoyoulearnfromtheclip?,2.WhatdoyouthinkofWinstonChurchill?,BR_AVideoClip1,BR_AVideoClip2,JuliusCaesar(100-44BC),JuliusCaesarwasthebest-knownofalltheancientRomanleaders,andthefirstonetolandinBritainwithanarmy.Hedidthistwice,in55and54BC,althoughBritaindidnotbecomepartoftheRomanEmpireuntilnearlyahundredyearslater.,BR_JuliusCaesar,easternEngland,andtheDanishkingCanuteruledEnglandfrom1016.TheVikingswerefearedasviolentandcruel,buttheywerealsonotedfortheirskillinbuildingshipsandassailors.TheyhadanimportantinfluenceonEnglish,Viking,VikingwasamemberofapeoplefromScandinaviawhoattackedpartsofnorthernandwesternEurope,includingBritainandIreland,inthe8thto11thcenturies.InBritaintheywerealsoknownasNorsemen.TheysettledontheScottishislandsandinareasof,cultureandtheEnglishlanguage.,BR_Viking,Norman,NormanreferstoanyofthepeoplefromNormandyinnorthernFrancewhosettledinEnglandaftertheirleaderWilliamdefeatedtheEnglishkingattheBattleofHastingsin1066.TheNormanstookcontrolofthecountry,aprocessknownastheNormanConquest.Theyusedmanyofthe,BR_Norman1,existingAnglo-Saxonmethodsofgovernmentofthestateandthechurch,butaddedimportantaspectsoftheirownandmadegovernmentmuchmoreeffective.ThelanguageofgovernmentbecamefirstLatin,andthenNormanFrench,andthiscausedmanynewwordstobeaddedtotheexistingEnglishlanguage.,BR_Norman2,WilliamCaxton(c.14221491),WilliamCaxtonwasthemanwhosetupthefirstprintingfirminBritain.Heprintedhisfirstbookin1474.ByprintingbooksinEnglish,Caxtonhadastronginfluenceonthespellinganddevelopmentofthelanguage.wereFrenchstorieswhichhetranslatedhimself.,BR_WilliamCaxton,OttoJespersen(18601943),BR_OttoJespersen,OttoJespersenwasaDanishphilologist,grammarian,andeducationist.Hepromotedtheuseofthe“directmethod”inlanguageteachingwiththepublicationofhistheoreticalworkHowtoTeachaForeignLanguage(1904).Otherbooksincludehisseven-volumeModernEnglishGrammar(19091949).,Renaissance,BR_Renaissance1,BR_Renaissance2,TheRenaissanceemergedinnorthernItalyinthe1300swhen,notcontentwiththeabstractandhighlysubjectivethinkingoftheMiddleAges,scholarsturnedforinspirationtotheancientGreeksandRomanswiththeirloveofearthlylife.ItalianarchitectsrediscoveredancientconstructiontechniquesandincorporatedGreekandRomancolumns,arches,anddomesintotheirpublicbuildings.Insteadoftheflat,stifffiguresoftheMiddleAges,Renaissanceartistsportrayedrounded,flesh-and-bloodpeople,peoplefilledwithemotions.Todepicttheworldtheylivedinrealistically,Renaissanceartistsdevelopedlinearperspective,whichcreatesona,flatsurfacetheillusionofdepth.Renaissancescholarsexploredtheirworldthroughmathematics,science,andengineering.ProbablythemostfamouspeopleoftheRenaissancetimesareLeonardodaVinciandMichelangelo.Bythe1500stheRenaissancehadspreadtoSpainandthecountriesofnorthernEurope,wherepeoplesoughttoblendtheintenseinterestinhumanaffairswithspiritualideals.,BR_Renaissance3,GR_main,PartDivisionoftheText,FurtherUnderstanding,GR_FurtherUnderstanding,PairDiscussion,EnglishtheSeaofLanguage,QuestionsandAnswers,FurtherUnderstanding,GR_PartDivisionoftheText1,PartDivisionoftheText,Parts,Para(s).,MainIdeas,1,13,2,416,MassiveborrowingfromotherlanguagesisamajorfeatureoftheEnglishlanguage.,TellsaboutthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagefromtheIndo-EuropeanparentlanguagetomodernEnglish.,GR_PartDivisionoftheText2,Parts,MainIdeas,3,1719,Tolerance,loveoffreedom,andrespectfortherightsofothersthesequalitiesintheEnglish-speakingpeopleexplaintherichnessoftheirlanguage.,Para(s).,PairDiscussion,Directions:Lookatthepicturebelow.Answerthesequestionswithapartner.,WhataredifferencesbetweenEnglishandFrenchinborrowingforeignwords?,EnglishhasavocabularyofaboutonemillionwordswhileFrenchhasonlyabout75,000words.,EnglishhasborrowedalotofwordsfromotherlanguageswhileFrenchhasnt.AndtheFrenchgovernmenteventriestobanwordsfromEnglish.,GR_PairDiscussion1,2.WhatcanweinferfromtheinventionofaFrenchword“balladeer”?,Inborrowingforeignwords,Englishpeopleareopen-mindedwhileFrenchpeopleareconservative.,GR_PairDiscussion2,WeknowthereasonwhyEnglishhasbecomethefirsttrulygloballanguage.,3.Howdidtheword“Walkman”comeintobeing?,TheJapaneseputtwosimpleEnglishwordstogethertonametheirproduct.,EnglishtheSeaofLanguage,eye,angel,sky,royal,kingly,capsule,water,thermometer,habitual,mahjong,OldEnglish,Vikings,French,Chinese,Latin,Christianity,Greek,GR_EnglishtheSeaofLanguage,QuestionsandAnswers,1.WhoisOttoJespersen?,HeisaDanishscholar.,2.AccordingtoOttoJespersen,whatisthecauseforEnglishtobecomewhatitis?,Itstheresultofthegreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividual.,3.WhatisEnglishlanguageintheauthorsopinion?,Englishisthetongueofcommonman.,GR_QuestionsandAnswers,ThestoryofourEnglishlanguageistypicallyoneofmassivestealingfromotherlanguages.ThatiswhyEnglishtodayhasanestimatedvocabularyofoveronemillionwords,whileothermajorlanguageshavefarfewer.French,forexample,hasonlyabout75,000words,andthatincludesEnglishexpressionslikesnackbarandhitparade.TheFrench,however,donotlikeborrowingforeignwordsbecausetheythinkitcorruptstheirlanguage.ThegovernmenttriestobanwordsfromEnglishanddeclaresthatWalkmanisnotdesirable;sotheyinventaword,balladeur,whichFrenchkidsaresupposedtosayinsteadbuttheydont.,DR_Text1,THEGLORIOUSMESSINESSOFENGLISH,WalkmanisfascinatingbecauseitisntevenEnglish.Strictlyspeaking,itwasinventedbytheJapanesemanufacturerswhoputtwosimpleEnglishwordstogethertonametheirproduct.Thatdoesntbotherus,but,itdoesbothertheFrench.SuchisthegloriousmessinessofEnglish.Thathappytolerance,thatwillingnesstoacceptwordsfromanywhere,explainstherichnessofEnglishandwhyithasbecome,toaveryrealextent,thefirsttrulygloballanguage.,DR_Text2,HowdidthelanguageofasmallislandoffthecoastofEuropebecomethelanguageoftheplanetmorewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherhaseverbeen?ThehistoryofEnglishispresentinthefirstwordsachildlearnsaboutidentity(I,me,you);possession(mine,yours);thebody(eye,nose,mouth);size(tall,short);andnecessities(food,water).ThesewordsallcomefromOldEnglishorAnglo-SaxonEnglish,thecoreofourlanguage.,Usuallyshortanddirect,thesearewordswestillusetodayforthethingsthatreallymattertous.,GreatspeakersoftenuseOldEnglishtoarouseouremotions.,VirtuallyeveryoneofthosewordscamefromOldEnglish,exceptthelastsurrender,whichcamefromNormanFrench.Churchillcouldhavesaid,“Weshallnevergivein,”butitisoneofthelovelyandpowerfulopportunitiesofEnglishthatawritercanmix,foreffect,differentwordsfromdifferentbackgrounds.Yetthereissomethingdirecttotheheartthatspeakstousfromtheearliestwordsinourlanguage.,Forexample,duringWorldWarII,WinstonChurchillmadethisspeech,stirringthecourageofhispeopleagainstHitlersarmiespositionedtocrosstheEnglishChannel:“Weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills.Weshallneversurrender.”,TwocenturiesagoanEnglishjudgeinIndianoticedthatseveralwordsinSanskritcloselyresembledsomewordsinGreekandLatin.Asystematicstudyrevealedthatmanymodernlanguagesdescendedfromacommonparentlanguage,losttousbecausenothingwaswrittendown.,WhenJuliusCaesarinvadedBritainin55B.C.,Englishdidnotexist.TheCelts,whoinhabitedtheland,spokelanguagesthatsurvivetodaymainlyasWelsh.Wherethoselanguagescamefromisstillamystery,butthereisatheory.,Identifyingsimilarwords,linguistshavecomeupwithwhattheycallanIndo-Europeanparentlanguage,spokenuntil3500to2000B.C.Thesepeoplehadcommonwordsforsnow,beeandwolfbutnowordforsea.Sosomescholarsassumetheylivedsomewhereinnorth-centralEurope,whereitwascold.Travelingeast,someestablishedthelanguagesofIndiaandPakistan,andothersdriftedwesttowardthegentlerclimatesofEurope.SomewhomadetheearliestmovewestwardbecameknownastheCelts,whomCaesarsarmiesfoundinBritain.NewwordscamewiththeGermanictribestheAngles,theSaxons,etc.thatslippedacrosstheNorthSeatosettleinBritaininthe5thcentury.TogethertheyformedwhatwecallAnglo-Saxonsociety.,TheAnglo-Saxonspassedontoustheirfarmingvocabulary,includingsheep,ox,earth,wood,fieldandwork.Theymusthavealsoenjoyedthemselvesbecausetheygaveusthewordlaughter.,ThenextbiginfluenceonEnglishwasChristianity.ItenrichedtheAnglo-Saxonvocabularywithsome400to500wordsfromGreekandLatin,includingangel,discipleandmartyr.,ThenintothisrelativelypeacefullandcametheVikingsfromScandinavia.TheyalsobroughttoEnglishmanywordsthatbeginwithsk,likeskyandskirt.ButOldNorseandEnglishbothsurvived,andsoyoucanrearachild(English)orraiseachild(Norse).Othersuchpairssurvive:wishandwant,craftandskill,hideandskin.EachsuchadditiongaveEnglishmorerichness,morevariety.,Anotherfloodofnewvocabularyoccurredin1066,whentheNormansconqueredEngland.Thecountrynowhadthreelanguages:Frenchforthenobles,LatinforthechurchesandEnglishforthecommonpeople.,Withthreelanguagescompeting,thereweresometimesdifferenttermsforthesamething.Forexample,Anglo-Saxonshadthewordkingly,butaftertheNormans,royalandsovereignenteredthelanguageasalternatives.TheextraordinarythingwasthatFrenchdidnotreplaceEnglish.OverthreecenturiesEnglishgraduallyswallowedFrench,andbytheendofthe15thcenturywhathaddevelopedwasamodified,greatlyenrichedlanguageMiddleEnglishwithabout10,000“borrowed”Frenchwords.,Around1476WilliamCaxtonsetupaprintingpressinEnglandandstartedacommunicationsrevolution.PrintingbroughtintoEnglishthewealthofnewthinkingthatsprangfromtheEuropeanRenaissance.Translations,TranslationsofGreekandRomanclassicswerepouredontotheprintedpage,andwiththemthousandsofLatinwordslikecapsuleandhabitual,andGreekwordslikecatastropheandthermometer.TodaywestillborrowfromLatinandGreektonamenewinventions,likevideo,televisionandcyberspace.,AssettlerslandedinNorthAmericaandestablishedtheUnitedStates,EnglishfounditselfwithtwosourcesAmericanandBritish.ScholarsinBritainworriedthatthelanguagewasoutofcontrol,andsomewantedtosetupanacademytodecidewhichwordswereproperandwhichwerenot.Fortunatelytheirideahasneverbeenputintopractice.,Thattoleranceforchangealsorepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom.DanishscholarOttoJespersenwrotein1905,“TheEnglishlanguagewouldnothavebeenwhatitisiftheEnglishhadnotbeenforcenturiesgreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividualandifeverybodyhadnotbeenfreetostrikeoutnewpathsforhimself.”Ilikethatidea.ConsiderthatthesameculturalsoilproducingtheEnglishlanguagealsonourishedthegreatprinciplesoffreedomandrightsofmaninthemodernworld.ThefirstshootssprangupinEngland,andtheygrewstrongerinAmerica.TheEnglish-speakingpeopleshavedefeatedalleffortstobuildfencesaroundtheirlanguage.,Indeed,theEnglishlanguageisnotthespecialpreserveofgrammarians,languagepolice,teachers,writersortheintellectualelite.Englishis,andalwayshasbeen,thetongueofthecommonman.,DR_SentenceTHEGLORIOUS1,英语中绚丽多彩的杂乱无章现象。,THEGLORIOUSMESSINESSOFENGLISH,TranslatethetitleintoChinese.,DR_SentenceTHEGLORIOUS2,Therhetoricaldeviceusedhereiscalledoxymoron(矛盾修饰法).Anoxymoronputstwocontradictorytermstogethertopuzzlethereader,luringhim/hertopauseandexplorewhy.Here“Glorious”isacommendatory(褒义的)term,while“Messiness”isderogatory(贬义的).Asthereaderreadson,he/shewillknowthatEnglishismessy,butthemessinessreflectssomecommendablequalitiesofEnglish,suchastolerance,theloveoffreedom,andtherespectforothersrights.Atthispointthereadercannotbutadmiretheauthorsingenuity.,Whatkindofrhetoricaldeviceisusedinthetitle?,DR_Sentence2which,Paraphrasethesentence.,Frenchchildrenareexpectedtosaytheword“balladeer”insteadof“Walkman”buttheydontsayit.,whichFrenchkidsaresupposedtosayinsteadbuttheydont.,DR_Sentence3Suchis,WhatcanweknowabouttheauthorsattitudetowardsEnglishfromthissentence?,Hethink