如何阅读案例PPT课件.ppt

.,1,CaseReading,.,2,CaseReadingSkills,“PreviewDoReview”isyourbasiclearningstrategy.Aftercreatingapositivelearningenvironment,youarereadytoreadcases.Previeweachcase.Insteadofplungingintoacase,previewit.Getafeelforthecasewithoutboggingdowninspecifics.Trythesethreestrategiesforgettingapreviewandusetheonethatworksbestforyou.(1)Firstandlastparagraphs:Readthebeginningandendofthecase,justenoughtogetatastefortheparties,thedispute,andtheholding.(2)Firstsentenceofeachparagraph:Readthefirstparagraph,firstsentenceofeachsucceedingparagraph,andthelastparagraph.Inadditiontogettingthebasicplot,youwillbeintroducedtothecourtsreasoning.(3)Storylinereading:Skimthecasequicklyforthebasicstoryline.Connectthestorytothesubjectyouarestudying.,.,3,Askquestions.Basedonyourpreview,askyourselfquestions.Whatisthiscaseabout?Whydidthewinningpartyprevail?Whatwerethekeyfacts?Howdoesthecaserelatetothecasebooktopic?Readeachcase.Afteryourpreview,readthroughthecasecarefullyandactively,trytoanswerthequestionsthatyouposedtoyourself.Takenotesinthemarginsifthishelpsyou.,.,4,Review.Youwillhavetwostagesofreview.1)Briefingthecase.Whatarethefactsthecourtfoundmostimportantinreachingtheirdecision?Whatruleoflawshouldyouunderstandfromthecase?Whattypesoflegalreasoningdidthecourtrelyonincomingtoadecision?2)Reviewingafterbriefing.Afteryoubriefallyourcases,spendtwominutesthinkingabouthoweachcaseyoureadrelatestothesubjectmatteroftheclass.Doesonecaseillustrateamajorityandtheotheraminorityrule?Traditionalruleandmodernrule?Ruleandexception?Thisreviewwillhelpyourememberthecasesandalsoactsasapreviewfortheclass.,.,5,案例的组成部分,1、CaseName(案例名称)eg:Smithv.John,v.isshortforversus.(诉)2、Courtrenderingtheopinion(判决法院)eg:NewJerseySupremeCourt(新泽西最高法院)3、Citation(卷宗号、案号)eg:93N.J.324,461A.2d138(1983)，这说明该案出自新西汇编第93卷，第324页，以及大西洋汇编第二辑第138页，该案件判决于1983年。像这种指明两个或两个以上出处的卷宗号叫做parallelcitation(anadditionalreferencetoacasethathasbeenreportedinmorethanmorereporter平行卷宗号),.,6,Citation,Citationisareferencetoalegalauthority布莱克法律词典中的定义：Areferencetoalegalprecedentorauthority,suchasacase,statute,ortreaties,thateithersubstantiatesorcontradictsagivenposition.,.,7,案例之中的卷宗号通常包括以下几个部分：,A)thenamesofthepartiesinvolvedinthelawsuitB)thevolumenumberofthereportercontainingthefulltextofthecaseC)theabbreviatednameofthatcasereporterD)thepagenumberonwhichthecasebeginsE)theyearthecasewasdecidedF)thenameofthecourtdecidingthecase,.,8,案例之中的卷宗号通常包括以下几个部分：,A)thenamesofthepartiesinvolvedinthelawsuit（案件双方当事人姓名）B)thevolumenumberofthereportercontainingthefulltextofthecase（案件全文的汇编卷号）C)theabbreviatednameofthatcasereporter（案例汇编的缩写名称）D)thepagenumberonwhichthecasebegins（案例开始的页码数）E)theyearthecasewasdecided（案例判决年份）F)thenameofthecourtdecidingthecase（案例判决法院）,.,9,卷宗号之中的缩略码,A.AtlanticReporter大西洋汇编A.2d.AtlanticReporter,2ndSeries大西洋汇编第二辑Cal.Rep.CaliforniaReporter加利福尼亚州汇编F.FederalReporter联邦汇编F.2d.FederalReporter,2ndSeries联邦汇编第二辑F.3d.FederalReporter,3rdSeries联邦汇编第三辑F.Supp.FederalSupplement联邦补充案例L.Ed.U.S.U.S.SupremeCourtDecisions,LawyersEdition美国最高法院案例汇编，律师版L.Ed.2d.U.S.U.S.SupremeCourtDecisions,LawyersEdition,2ndSeries美国最高法院案例汇编，律师版第二辑N.E.NortheasternReporter东北汇编N.E.2d.NortheasternRepoter,2ndSeries东北汇编第二辑,.,10,卷宗号之中的缩略码,N.W.NorthwesternReporter西北汇编N.W.2dNorthwesternReporter,2ndSeries西北汇编第二辑N.Y.S.NewYorkSupplement纽约补充案例N.Y.S.2dNewYorkSupplement,2ndSeries纽约补充案例第二辑S.Ct.SupremeCourtReporter最高法院案例汇编S.E.SoutheasternReporter东南汇编S.E.2dSoutheasternReporter,2ndSeries东南汇编第二辑So.SouthernReporter南方汇编So.2d.SouthernReporter,2ndSeries南方汇编第二辑S.W.SouthwesternReporter西南汇编S.W.2d.SouthwesternReporter,2ndSeries西南汇编第二辑U.S.UnitedStatesReports美国案例汇编,.,11,案例的组成部分,4、Justicewrotetheopinion(主审法官姓名)5、Opinion(statingtheissueraised,describingthepartiesandfacts,discussingtherelevantlaw,andrenderingjudgment判决书)判决书是整个案例的主体部分，其中包括法律争议（Issue）、双方当事人情况、事实经过、判决采用的相关法律以及判决结果。注意：在阅读判决书的过程中，要注意的几点有(1)时态方面：主审法官的意见用现在时态，前审法院的意见用过去时态。(2)主审法官的意见是法院意见。(3)除了法院外还有两种意见，它们被称为dissentingopinionordissent(反对意见是指opinionofferedbyajudgedisagreeingwiththemajoritypanelofjudgesconclusion)和concurringopinion(配合意见是指opinionwrittenbyajudgeagreeingwiththemajoritysconclusionbutnotitsreasoning)。,.,12,TheStructureofaJudicialOpinion,(1)Headnote(2)Caption(3)Citation(4)AuthorofOpinion(5)Facts(6)Issues(7)ProceduralHistory(8)LegalReasoning(9)Holding/Decision(10)Concurrence/Dissent,.,13,Headnote,Headnoteisasummaryofthekeylegalpointsdeterminedbyacourt,whichappearsjustaboveeachdecisioninthepublishedreportsofcases.,.,14,Caption,Captionisthetitleofthecase,whichtellsyouwhowasinvolvedinthecaseandreflectsthelastnamesofthetwosidestothedispute.Thesetwosidesareoftenreferedtoasthepartiesorasthelitigants.Eg:Smithv.Jones(Mr.SmithsuesMr.Jones),.,15,Citation,略,.,16,Authorofopinion,Theauthorofopinionisthenameofthejudgewhowrotetheopinion.Thenametellsyouwhichjudgewrotethatparticularopinion.Inmostcases,theopinionoftensimplystatesalastnamefollowedbytheinitial“J”.“J”standsfor“Judge”or“Justice”,dependingonthecourt(eg:Holmes,J.isJudgeHolmesorJusticeHolmes).Somecourtscalltheirjudge“Chancellors”,sotheinitialwillbea“C”insteadofa“J”,somevariationsinclude“C.J.”forChiefJudge,“V.C.”forViceChancellor.,.,17,Facts,Thefactsofthecaseareprobablythemostimportantaspectsofalegalcase,becauselawisoftenfactsensitive.Factscantellyouthejudgesunderstandingofthecaseandwhatthejudgethoughwasanimportantaspectofthecasethathelpthejudgereachthedecision,.,18,Issues,Issueisthematterofdisputeinalegalcontroversyorlawsuit.Theissueofacaseisusuallyfairlyeasytospot.Sometimesthejudgewritingtheopinionwillrefertothe“issuepresented”,“questionpresented”or“thefactualissues”bythecase.Thereisalwaysatleastoneissueinacase.Theissueofacaseshouldalwaysbephrasedintheformofaquestion.Anexampleofanissuewouldbe:Mayapoliceofficerenterahometosearchwhenhehearssomeoneyellingforhelp?,.,19,Proceduralhistory,Moststatesystemsandfederalsystemhavethreedifferentcourts.Thelowestcourtisthetrialcourt.TheintermediatecourtsarecalledtheCourtofAppeal.Theproceduralhistoryusuallyconsistsofvarioushearings,trials,andproceedingsthatwentoninthecasebeforethecourt.StateTrialCourtCourtofAppealStateSupremeCourtU.S.SupremeCourt,.,20,LegalReasoning,Tounderstandthereasoningofanopinion,youshouldfirstidentifythesourceofthelawthejudgeapplied.SomeopinionsinterprettheConstitution,thefoundingcharterofthegovernment.Othercasesinterpret“statutes,”whichisafancynameforwrittenlawspassedbylegislativebodiessuchasCongress.Afteryouhaveidentifiedthesourceoflaw,youshouldnextidentifythemethodofreasoningthatthecourtusedtojustifyitsdecision.Whenacaseisgovernedbyastatute,thecourtusuallywillsimplyfollowwhatthestatutesays.Thecourtsroleisnarrowinsuchsettingsbecausethelegislaturehassettledthelaw.Similarly,whenpastcourtshavealreadyansweredsimilarquestionsbefore,acourtmayconcludethatitisrequiredtoreachaparticularresultbecauseitisboundbythepastprecedents.Thisisanapplicationofthejudicialpracticeofstaredecisis.,.,21,Holding/Decision,Theholdingisthecorelegalprinciplethatthecaserepresents.Itistheconclusionthatthecasestandsfor,thecourtsresolutionofthekeylegaldisputethatitfaced.Itusuallyappearsattheendofthemainopinion,andtellsyouwhatactionthecourtistakingwiththecase.,.,22,Concurrence/Dissent,Whenagroupofjudgesgettogethertodecideacase,theyvoteonwhichsideshouldwinandalsotrytoagreeonalegalrationaletoexplainwhythatsidehasw