大学英语四六级写作PPT课件.ppt

.,1,Youaresuretosucceedwithfour“P”:1)perspiration2)passion3)preparation4)perseverance,.,2,议论文,.,3,评分标准:（一）内容和语言标准,1.短文写作部分满分为15分。2.阅卷标准共分五等：14分、11分、8分、5分、及2分。3.阅卷时根据五个方面的具体标准,即内容切题、表达清楚、文字连贯、句式有变化和语言规范.阅卷人员根据阅卷标准,对照参照卷评分,若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分)；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分),.,4,评分标准:给分档的标准,14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。,.,5,评分标准:（二）字数和段数要求,目前的四级考试写作要求至少120字.字数不足要酌情扣分,一般扣分标准如下白卷,作文与题目无关,或仅有几个孤立的词而未表达思想,判为0分.(2)非常优秀的作文可评满分.(3)对规定三段的作文,只写一段者:0-4分;只写两段者:0-9分.(4)题目中已给出的主题句、起始句、结束句,均不得记入所写数字.(5)字数不足者酌情扣分:,.,6,作文的性价比,千疮百孔，令人发指6分以下Justsoso9眼睛一亮，感觉不错12拍案叫绝1415,.,7,小强版,Shouldweexpectarewardwhendoingagooddeed?Differentpeoplehavedifferentanswers.Somesaythatthereshouldbearewardforagooddeed.Theythinkthatifthereisnoreward,itwillbedifficultforpeopletodogooddeeds.Forexample,inordertohelppeopleinneed,theyoftenhavetogivesomemoneytothesepeople,andtheywillliveapoorlifethemselves.,Only,.,8,老牛版,Whenaskedaboutwhetherornotoneshouldexpectarewardwhendoingagooddeed,differentpeopleholddifferentviews.Somearguethatthereshouldbearewardforagooddeed.Theyexplainthatwithoutproperandproportionatereward,thosewhohavedonegooddeedsmaysometimesfindthemselvesinvariousdilemmas.Forexample,inordertohelptheneeded,theyoftenhavetosacrificealargepartoftheirownincomeandlivetherestofthedaysinpoverty.,Only,.,9,作文存在的障碍和问题,.,10,TheStudyofEnglish,Therearevariouskindsofbooks.Historybookstellpeopleaboutthehistoryofhumansociety.Scientificandtechnologicalbooksmakepeopleunderstandtheunknownworldandmakethesocietyprogress.Booksaboutartandliteraturehelpusenjoynatureandpeople.,a.翻译式作文。例:,.,11,TheFirstDayICametoCollege,IalwaysrememberthedayIcometocollege.ItwasasunnydayandIwasveryexcited.Ihavearrivedatthecollegeintheafternoon.Everythinghadseemedfreshtome.Thecampuswasbeautiful.ThecollegewaslocatedatthefootofaMountainandwassurroundwithtrees.Totheeastofitwecanseeablueriver.Therearesomanyteachingbuildings.ItwasherethatIwouldstudyforfouryears.IthoughtthatImuststudyhardinordertoliveuptotheexpectationsofmyparentsandfriends.Itistruethattherearemanychallenges,butIwillprovemyselfaworthycollegestudent.,b.时态混杂。例:,.,12,Computer,Nowadayscomputersarewidelyusedinoursociety.Wecanseecomputerseverywhere.Manypeopleusecomputersinschoolsandcolleges.Wealsousecomputersinoffices,libraries,banksandathome.,c.没啥可写。例:,.,13,Doyouliketravelling?Probablyyouwillsay“Yes,Ilikeitverymuch!”Thatsright.,Traveling,Ithinktravellingisreallygoodtoeveryoneofus.Doyouagreewithme,mydearfriend?,d.套用中文模式。例:,.,14,.AsIwasalittletiredfromthejourneytothecollege,Iwenttobedearly.Atmidnight,Isuddenlywokeup.Ifoundthattherewasnogateinthecollege.,TheFirstDayICametoCollege,e.主题模糊。例:,.,15,(2)作文与词语,ImastudentofHunanUniversity.ImstudyinginTumuDepartment.Ilikemymajorverymuch.,要能正确和恰当地用词语表达意思，首先必须意识到英语词语和汉语词语并非是一一对应的。例如，汉语的“觉得”可用英语的feel、find、think等词语来表达，但具体怎么用，还须依句意而定：,.,16,1.他一点儿也不觉得累。,2.我觉得有必要先跟他商量。,3.你觉得这个计划怎么样？,Whatdoyouthinkoftheplan?,4.他觉得有人在注视着他们。,Hedidntfeeltiredatall.,Ithinkweshouldconsulthimfirst.,Howdoyouliketheplan?,Hebecameawarethatsomeonewaswatchinghim.,.,17,5.他觉得有责任帮助同学。Hedeemsithisdutytohelphisfellowclassmates.,6.我觉得他不会同意。Ihaveasensethathewontagree.,7.你觉得这样做合算吗？Doyoufinditpays?,.,18,9.很多次我觉得自己是胜利者。AndformanytimesIfigurethatImthewinner.,8.我觉得我们会取胜。Ihaveafeelingthatwewillwin.,.,19,只有通过反复实践，不断体会词语的含意和用法，掌握有关英语词语运用的一些基本要求，才能减少失误，并逐步提高表达能力。,.,20,金圣华桥畔译谈,记得有一次在电视上看到这么一幕(外国电视剧)情景，母亲头发凌乱，儿子见状，叫母亲梳理一下，屏幕上打出的中文是：“可否请你略理云鬓？”,词语的运用主要强凋“得体”。试借用一个英译汉例子来说明什么是得体：,.,21,词汇量与作文:,水浒传第二十三回“景阳冈武松打虎”中有这么一段描述：,武松在路上行了几日，来到阳谷县地面。此去离县治还远。当日晌午时分，走得肚中饥渴，望见前面有个酒店，挑着一面招旗在门前，上头写着五个字道：“三碗不过冈。”,.,22,一个“挑”字，使酒店前挂的旗子活活有了生命。英语中也不乏简单词语用得很生动的例子。大学英语精读课本第二册有一篇题为“MyFirstJob”的课文。主人公去一学校应聘，辗转半天终于找到了学校：,.,23,文中的struggle和survive都是常用词，但用得非常生动，很值得学习。,Theschoolwasaredbrickhousewithbigwindows.Thefrontgardenwasagravelsquare;fourevergreenshrubsstoodateachcorner,wheretheystruggledtosurvivethedustandfumesfromabusymainroad.,.,24,没能cantfailto/unableto/notbeinapositionto/,很多alotofvarious/plentiful/numerous/countless/abundant/quiteafew,必须mustbesupposedto/beobligedto/havenoalternative,希望hopefeellike/wouldlike/expect/bedyingto/cantwaitto,.,25,努力workhardhardworking/diligent/industrious/dedicated,得到getobtain/acquire/achieve/gain/win/earn,有趣interestingfascinating/attractive/entertaining/pleasant/enjoyable,增进increaseexpand/addto/enhance/enlarge/broaden/develop/improve,.,26,Toperfectyourwriting,youneedto把山东大饼变成毕胜客PIZZA!,.,27,怎么变?,帅英俊潇洒，气宇轩昂goodwonderfulincrediblefantasticfascinatingBreath-takingEye-catchingcanttakemyeyesoff,.,28,常常想不起想用的一个词的英语说法，该如何解决？,这是考试时任何一个人都会碰到的问题，即使他的词汇量很大。其实就算一个人的词汇量再大，大到掌握所有英文单词，也还是会碰到一些无法用已有单词表达的情况。因为世界在变化，每时每刻总会有新的事物出现。碰到不会表达的思想可以用以下几招：第一，模糊化即用上义词表达。如不会说“手提电脑”，可以用它的上义词“machine”,“gadget”,“invention”,“instrument”等。第二，可以解释说明。如我们可以把手提电脑写作“thekindofcomputerthatyoucancarrywhereveryougoandthatyoucanputonyourlap”。第三，可以把一些解释不清的东西略去不写。写作是一个主动的创造过程，可以并且应该发挥自己的主观能动性。写那些自己会写的，避开那些自己不会写的。这才是写作的乐趣所在。否再和前面的单项选择题有什么区别。,.,29,文章中长句越多越好，复合句越多越好，这样的想法对吗？,考试作文和平时写作不完全相同。平时写作不同作者有自己不同的风格有些作者长于简约；有些作者喜欢繁复。但考试作文是检验一个考生写作水平的工具，命题人的目标之一就是要通过一篇文章考察考生是否掌握了复杂句。因此，在所有写作考试中都有一条不成文的规定：没有复杂句不能得高分。但是在写复杂句的同时，我们还要注意不能写太多这样的句子。全是复杂句，文章读起来会很累很烦很不自然。因此考试作文的句子要长短结合。一些基础不好的同学最好少些甚至不写复杂句，因为如果复杂句写错了会影响得分，而简单句只要不错分数反而不会低到哪里去。,.,30,不知从何处着手复习写作，提起笔来不知道怎么写，怎么办？,作文是现存考试中为数不多的考查英语主观应用能力的考试类型，他在大多数权威的语言考试中都有出现。从理论上讲，就是考查第二语言或外语学习者的“输出”能力。另外，我们应该避免误入用“大词用长句”才算写作的误区，因为，好的文章或大作家往往是用“小词”表达复杂思想。简单无误是第一原则。在考试中，考生对作文的思维应该是：1、审题；2、思考简单的分支观点；考虑可以采用的成熟的句型或“万能句”。其中，前两步比较关键。一、对于审题，应该看到，近年四级或六级题目大多是给出提纲，那么可以直接把提纲变为中心句，这些中心句就是每段的开头句。后面接入标志逻辑的词汇，如first.；second.；third.；等分支观点。也就是说，审题就是考虑文章的合理结构是什么，中心句是什么。,.,31,背历年范文有用吗？背范文要全文一字不落地背下来吗？,当然，背诵越多约好，这是语言学习的基础。能一字不漏的背当然牛了，毫无疑问。但，关键在于，对于应试，特别是在时间不多的情况下，广大考生是否真能背诵所有例文？背诵的现实性是有待考查的。建议是考生自己把近三年的范文看看，主要看结构，然后自己写写，让同学或老师修改，再写一遍。这样做可以，一、熟悉英文写作的结构；二、熟悉适合自己的固定句型，即“万能句”。,.,32,最近作文的题型越来越活，能指点一下应该多注意哪些类型的文章呢？,无论怎么出题，外语考试的作文大可以分为：1、正反论证；2、原因现象描述类；3、图表；4、名言谚语所谓的写信，无非就是在这四类的基础上，套用信件的格式而已。另外，大致讲来，英文考试的结构大多可以套用：中心句1、2、3的模式。中心句即每段第一句，中心句可由所给题纲变来，1、2、3就是每段里的分支观点或分述。,.,33,观点对比类,题目是AorB.题目是一般疑问句？第一段：1）引出话题2）一种观点3）原因第二段：1）另一种观点2）原因第三段1）我的观点2）原因3）决心,.,34,二、观点论证型,题目特征是格言或谚语第一段1）引出话题2）我的观点第二段1）承上启下2）原因+举例，或举例+原因第三段1）总结2）决心,.,35,三、问题解决型,题目是社会问题，指坏的方面第一段1)引出话题2）我的观点第二段1）承上启下2）原因+举例3）趋势句第三段解决段,.,36,四、现象阐述型,题目是社会问题，指好的方面第一段1）引话题2）我的观点第二段1）承上启下2）原因+举例3）趋势句第三段1）总结2）决心,.,37,引出话题板块,（一）报道法AswasreportedonthechinadailyonJune,18th,2007,.,38,（二）科学举例法,1）Accordingtotherecentsurveyconductedbyacertainnewsagency,2）TheheadlineofthechinadailyonJune,17th,2007，presentedathought-provokingdatatousthat3）Asisrevealedbythestatisticsfrequentlyappearedonnewspapersrecently,4）Areportconductedbyacertainnewsagencycametousrecentlythat,.,39,（空）里的句子thenumberof-hasincreased/decreasedbyx%from-to-thelosscausedby-hasamountedto-dollarsbytheJuneofthisyear.X%ofpeopledosth,.,40,(三)句型法,1）Pepoleinincreasingnumberstarttocastlightontheissuethat-2)Peopleinamountingnumberstarttorealizedthat-3)Thedatareportedonchinadailyrecentlyoffersusanotherwayoflookingattheissuethat-,.,41,(四)名言引用法,1)As_,anItalianwriter,putsit.2)“_,likeanoldfriend,alwaysstopbywhenyouarebusydoingsomethingelse.”astheoldsayinggoes.,.,42,观点表达,一种观点：1）Somepeoplefrownattheideathat-2)Hearingoftheidea/phenomenonthat-,somepeoplebecomefurious.3）Somepeopletakethenegative/oppositeviewtowardstheidea/phenomenonthat.4)Somepeopleobject/opposetotheidea/phenomenonthat.,.,43,另一种观点：,1）However,otherstaketheoppositestandthat2)However,otheropinionscanalsobeheardfromallwalksoflife.Theyinsistthat.3)Tastesdiffer.Othersassumethat.,.,44,我的观点,观点对比类1）Weighingtheprosandcons，Iaminclinedtoagreethat2)Frommypointofview,3)AsfarasIamconcerned,4)Formyownpart,5)Inmyopinion,.,45,承上启下,1、Severalfactorscanaccountforthisidea/phenomenon.2、Whydoesittakeplace?3、Themainreasonswhysuchaphenomenontakesplaceareasfollows.,.,46,原因表达,First-Initially,Tostartwith,Tobeginwith,Firstandforemost,Second-Third-Furthermore,Moreover,.Inaddition,Besides,Whatismore,最后一点Finally.Eventually,.,47,原因1Anumberoffactorsareaccountableforthissituation.Anumberoffactorsmightcontributeto(leadto)(accountfor)thephenomenon(problem).2.Theanswertothisprobleminvolvesmanyfactors.3.Thephenomenonmainlystemsfromthefactthat.4.Thefactorsthatcontributetothissituationinclude.5.Thechangein.largelyresultsfromthefactthat.6.Wemayblame.,buttherealcausesare.7.Partoftheexplanationsforitisthat.8.Oneofthemostcommonfactors(causes)isthat.9.Anothercontributingfactor(cause)is.10.Perhapstheprimaryfactoristhat11.Butthefundamentalcauseisthat.,.,48,后果1.Itmaygiverisetoahostofproblems.2.Theimmediateresultitproducesis.3.Itwillexerciseaprofoundinfluenceupon.4.Itsconsequencecanbesogreatthat.,.,49,开阔思路,1、经济2、安全3、便利4、心理或交流5、站在一个受教育的角度来考虑6.国家,.,50,EconomySocietyTourismscienceandtechnologyInternetMediaEntertainmentEducationSocialwelfare,.,51,举例部分,Forinstance,Onecaseinpointis_Anothercaseinpointis_,.,52,举例1.Agoodcaseinpointis.2.Asanillustration,wemaytake.3.Suchexamplesmightbegiveneasily.4.isoftencitedasanexample.,.,53,总结部分,1、Afteranalyzingallthefactors,Irealizethat_2、Allthefactorsstatedaboveleadustotheconclusionthat_3、Aftermeditatingonallthefactors,Irealizethat_.4、Inconclusion,_.,.,54,趋势段,1、Werethesituationtocontinue,Oursocietywouldbeboundtosufferahugelossinallaspects/benefitalotinallaspects.2、Ifweletthesituationgoasitis,Itwouldcertainlyexertanegative/positiveeffectonoursociety.,.,55,决心部分,Whatsoever/Trytheutmosttodo/Sparenoefforttodo/Tryonesbesttodo，Idetermineto/Idecideto/Imakeupmymindto_.,.,56,解决段,Confrontingthesituation,itisimperativeforustotakedrasticmeasuretotackleit.Ontheonehand,strictlawsshouldbemadetopunishthosewho(dosth).Onetheotherhand,thepublicshouldbeeducated(not)to_.Onlyinthiswaycanwewitnesstheidealsceneinwhichallthepeoplecanenjoytheirlifetotheutmost.,.,57,图表类作文,.,58,一、引出话题改为描述图表barchartlinecharttablePiechart,.,59,句型,1）thenumberof_hasincreased/decreasedby_from_to_,asisreflectedinthe_.2）Thepast_yearsfrom_to_haswitnessedanincrease/adeclineof_inthenumberof_.,.,60,4.图表作文,图表作文一般都附有简要说明,一般要求考生对图表进行说明,并以图表信息为依据,进行归纳总结,得出一般性结论.作文的内容一定要与图表信息一致,同时所采用的信息应能有效地突出主题.例如:2002年6月作文,StudentUseofComputersyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelow:1.上图所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间:1990年(2hours)、1995年(4hours)、2002年(14hours)，请描述其变化；2.请说明发生这些变化的原因(可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明)；3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。,Hours,Year,.,61,图表作文例文范文:CET-4,1987年6月StudentUseofComputers,Since1990,therehasbeentremendousgrowthintheuseofcomputersbystudents.Whilein1990,theaveragenumberofhoursastudentspentonthecomputerwasaboutonehourperweek,thisnumbergrewnearlyfourshoursperweekby1995,andapproximately20hoursperweekbytheyear2000.,.,62,图表作文例文范文:CET-4,1987年6月StudentUseofComputers,Thesignificantgrowthintheuseofcomputersbystudentsinthe1990scanbeattributedtoseveralfactors,includingwidespreadusage,lowerprices,andtechnologicalandsocialdevelopments.Nowadays,computersarewidelyusedbystudentsforwordprocessing,bookkeeping,multimediapresentations,andaccesstotheInternetforbothresearchandcommunications.Additionally,since1990,duetocompetitionandtechnologicaladvances,computerhardwareandsoftwareprices,aswellasInternetchargeshavedroppedsignificantly.Finally,technologicaldevelopmentsandchangesinsocialhabitsinthe1990shaveplayedamajorroleinthistremendousgrowthintheuseofcomputers.Todayssocietyreliesheavilyoncomputersforimmediateaccesstothenewsandentertainment,includinglisteningtomusic,watchingmoviesandsports3vents,andplayingcomputergames,.,63,图表作文例文范文:CET-4,1987年6月StudentUseofComputers,Whilecomputersareofgreatassistancetothestudents,andtherefore,areindispensabletools,theyalsoposesomechallenges.Thebiggestchallengethatmanystudentsfaceisdisciplineintheuseofthispowerfuldevice.Parentsareconcernedabouttheirkidsbeingaddictedtocomputergamesandignoretheirstudies.UndesirablematerialandstrangersontheInternetmaymisleadthestudents.Itisurgentthatstudentsusethispowerfultoolwithgreatwisdom.,.,64,分项目的总结第一段：The*(某种图，比如barchart,piechart或是curvegraph)show*(简单写写情况，比如“妇女受教育程度”，“美国能源利用”，这些一般可以在图下面的说明文字中找到),Fromthe*(某种土)wecanhaveaunderstandingof*(又是什么情况)第二段：说明段，Fromthe*/*illustrate*+一些内容，主要写以下几个方面：极点(极大，极小)，趋势，特别点(交点，转折点，相同点和一些在特定图上有意义的点)第三段:Fromthechart,wemayhaveabasicunderstandingofthesituationof凑字数用的！一些表达：,.,65,柱形图(barchart)increaserisegoup/dropdecreasedecline,饼图(piechart)*isdividedsintos*parts*consumethelargestprtion*accountingfor*(百分比)of*is*playaveryimportantrolein*,线形图(diagram)FromthispointDrop/increasedramaticlyamodest/rapidincrease,1.以时间为比较基础的应抓住“变化”：上升，下降，或是波动，题中对两个或两个以上的变量进行描述时应在此基础上进行比较，如变量多于两个应进行分类或有侧重的比较，2.不以时间为比较基础的应注意对极点的描述,.,66,GraphCompositionPattern(I),Fromthegraph,weknowthestatisticsof(1)_and(2)_.Itcanbeseeneasilythat(3)_.Therearemanyreasonsresponsibleforthisinstance,andthefollowingarethetypicalones.Foronething,(4)_.inaddition,(5)_.Themainreasonisthat(6)_.However,thisgraphmaynotpredicttheentiresituationinthefuture.Ibelieve(7)_.,阐述图表概况,理由一,理由二,理由三,阐述图表概况,剖析图表所揭示的含义,前景预测,.,67,GraphCompositionPattern(II),Thegraphsshowus(1)_.Therearemanyreasonsexplainingthissituation.Asforme,Iconsiderthefollowingstheimportantones.Firstly,(2)_.Secondly,(3)_.Inaddition,(4)_.Aboveall,wenowknowabouttheproblemandweshouldtrytofindsomewaystosolveit.,说明图表概况,理由一,理由二,理由三,.,68,GraphCompositionPattern(III),Thefirstgraphtellsusthat(1)_.Thesecondgraphshowsthat(2)_.Thereasonstoexplainthissituationcanbelistedasfollows：Foronething,(3)_.Foranotherthing,(4)_.Inaddition,(5)_.Intheopinionofmine,themoreweunderstandthesituation,thebetterwecandotoimproveitinthefuture.,说明图表概况,说明理由一,理由二,理由三,说明图表概况,.,69,图表作文表达,上升：increaseriseascendcoresurgegoupclimbmountlevelup下降:decreasefalldropdescenddeclinereducelessenleveldown平稳:stablesteadyremain/maintain/keep/bethesameas/similarto波动:fluctuatefluctuationriseandfallsupanddown占:occupytakeupaccountforgain而:whilehoweverwhereasontheotherhandactually/infact相比:bycontractonthecontrarylikewisecomparedwith最高点:thehighestthetopthesummitthepeakthemost最低点:bottom