Unit 7 Letter to A B Student

LettertoaBStudent,Introduction,GradeinschoolHowdoyoulookatthegrade?Howshouldweassessastudentbesideshis/hergrade?,Introduction,GradeandGPAstandardizedmeasuresofvaryinglevelsofcomprehensionwithinasubjectarea.ABCD;FGradePointAverage4.01.0metricbyemployersandfurtherpost-secondaryinstitutionstoassessandcomparestudents.CGPA=CumulativeGradePointAveragemeanGPAfromallacademictermswithinagivenacademicyear,Introduction,GradeandGPA,Introduction,GradeandGPA,CriteriaforCollegeGPAinhighschoolExtracurricularactivitiesresearchpapers,Introduction,Introduction,DiversifiedAssessmentCollegeEducationanyotherbeyondacademiccriteria?,Introduction,DiversifiedAssessmentCollegeEducationspecifictalentssportsmanshipleadershipcreativitysocialpracticespecialexperiencepersonality,DiversifiedAssessmentAnexample:MITEE/CS:ThemissionoftheElectricalEngineeringandComputerScienceDepartmentistoproducegraduateswhoarecapableoftakingaleadershippositioninthebroadaspectsofelectricalengineeringandcomputerscience.Ourgraduates:Understandthebasicprinciplesthatunderliemodernelectrical,electronicandcomputationaltechnology;Areabletoapplycreativelytheirunderstandingofscienceandengineeringprinciplestothesolutionofproblemsarisinginwhatevercareerpaththeychoose;,Introduction,DiversifiedAssessmentAnexample:Aresensitivetotheenvironmental,social,safetyandeconomiccontextinwhichtheirworkisdone,andpossessastrongcommitmenttoethicalpracticewithinthatcontext;Areabletocommunicatetheirideasandpositionsclearlyandconcisely,bothorallyandinwriting;Areawareoftherequirementforandpossesstheabilitytoengageinlifelonglearningwhichwillbenecessaryforcontinuinghighperformanceinwhatevercareerpaththeychoose.,Introduction,DiversifiedAssessmentkeywords/favorabletreats“leadership”“creatively”“context”“ethicalpractice”“ideasandpositions”“lifelonglearning”“highperformance”,Introduction,DiversifiedAssessmentspecialexperienceThestoryofWangThecounselorsrecommendedthatyoubeadmittedinpartafterreadingaboutyourenthusiasmforRamennoodles.ThecommitteeandIareconfidentyouwillbothstandoutandgrowstrongeraspartoftheRochesterfamily.,Introduction,Introduction,AssessmentsystemsDifferencesineducationliberaleducationvs.specializededucationrigidcriteriavs.flexiblecriteriaSAT/GREvs.“Gaokao”,Introduction,Assessmentsystemseducationsincommonpressurefromgradespeerpressurenarrowvisionfromsuperiors,Introduction,AssessmentsystemsAvideoWhatdoyouthinkoftheboythattheteachersweretalkingabout?Whatattitudesdidtheteachershavetowardstheboy?Whatdoesthelastsentenceofthemanteacherimply?Howsspelling?,Globalreading,LettertoaBStudentThepurposeofwriting:A.TocheerupthedisappointedBstudentB.TotellthestudentwhatagradereallymeansandwhatitdoesntC.Toshowwithhispersonalexperiencesthatgradesaremisleading,Globalreading,LettertoaBStudentgeneralstructure:findingsubtitlesinthepassage-Disappointment(para.25)Thestudentasperformer;thestudentashumanbeing(para.68)Perspective(para.910),Vocabulary,respectablenormshifteligibilityreputeessenceoffsetperspectiveproficiencyconventionalretainindicate,fuzzygeartocoerciveresenthamperswapinadequacy,Vocabulary,Themewordsacademycurriculumproficiencycompulsoryeducationfreshman;sophomore;junior;seniorcredittuition;scholarship;diploma,Vocabulary,Para1:Anintroductionrespectablesuperiortonormshifteligibility,Vocabulary,1)someonewhoisrespectablebehavesinawaythatisconsideredsociallyacceptable:可接受的Putatieon-itllmakeyoulookmorerespectable.2)goodorsatisfactory(=decent)他来自一个非常体面的中产阶级家庭。Hecamefromaperfectlyrespectablemiddle-classfamily.Herexamresultswererespectableenough.Respectfulfeeling/showingrespectrespectiveWeallwentbacktoourrespectivehomestowaitfornews.,Respectable,farsuperiorto:betterinqualitythan1)better,morepowerful,moreeffectiveetcthanasimilarpersonorthing,especiallyonethatyouarecompetingagainstHelovesmakingfunofwomen.Itmakeshimfeelsuperior.2)thinkingthatyouarebetterthanotherpeople-usedtoshowdisapprovalShehadthatsuperiortoneofvoice.3)havingahigherpositionorrankthansomeoneelseDontyouusuallysaluteasuperiorofficer?,farsuperiorto:betterinqualitythansuperiorn.上级superiorityn.优越，高傲inferiorsuperiority/inferioritycomplex优越情节/自卑情节asuperiorcourt上级法院;thesupremecourt最高法院这种新材料无论在耐用性还是生产成本都比传统材料更胜一酬。Thenewmaterialissuperiortotraditionalonesinbothdurabilityandcostofproduction.一旦遇到了问题，不要和上级顶撞，而要和他沟通。Oncethereisaproblem,donteveroffendyoursuperior.Instead,trytocommunicatewithhimorher.她常常带着傲慢的态度说话。Sheoftenspeakswithasuperiorair.,1)anacceptedstandardorawayofbehavingordoingthingsthatmostpeopleagreewith标准plural,e.g.,Youmustabidebythenormsofthesocietyyoulivein.,Derivation:,normala.;normallyad.;normalizev.;normalizationn.,2)thenorm=asituationortypeofbehaviorthatisexpectedandconsideredtobetypical,e.g.,Criminalbehaviorseemstobethenorminthisneighborhood.,normn.,在社会中生活就要遵循社会行为准则。,犯罪行为似乎是这一带的正常现象。,shiftvt.gobrokeshrugaway,Vocabulary,inadequacyn.1)beingtoolowinqualityortoosmallinamount,e.g.,Theinadequacyofwatersupplyforcitypeoplehasalreadybeenaproblemnogovernmentcantakelightly.,2)faultorfailing;weakness,e.g.,IalwayssufferfromfeelingsofinadequacywhenImwithhim.,Derivation:,inadequatea.inadequatelyad.,Antonym:,adequacy,adequate:(a.),satisfactoryinquantityorquality;sufficient足够的，充分的adequateto/forsomethingadequacy(n.)adequately(adv.)e.g.Havewegotadequatefoodtotwentyguests?如果我有充分时间做准备的话，我肯定能有出色的表现。IfIhaveadequatetimetoprepare,ImsureIlldoaverygoodjob.充分的公共医疗保健对社会稳定是不可或缺的。Theadequacyofpublichealthcareisessentialtothestabilityofasociety.,Compare:sufficienttobeoverwhelmed,e.g.,Hisbusinesswentunderbecauseofcompetitionfromthelargecorporations.,go/bebroketobecomepenniless;togobankrupt,e.g.,经济不景气时期，很多小公司都倒闭了。,Thebusinesskeptlosingmoneyandfinallywentbroke.IcantaffordtogoonholidaythisyearImbroke.,Alotofsmallbusinesseswentbrokeduringtherecession.,PoorDonaldsonhadnoheadforbusiness,anditwasnotlongbeforehewentunder.,Vocabulary,salvation:(n.religion),savingofapersonssoulfromsinanditsconsequences;wayofavoidloss,disaster,etc你必须设法自救，现在其他人都帮不了你。e.g.Youmustworkoutyourownsalvation;nooneelsecanhelpyounow.他经历了那么多痛苦之后，酗酒似乎成了他唯一的救世主。Drinkingseemedtobehisonlysalvationafterallthesufferings.无法挽回的婚姻amarriagebeyondsalvation,Shrugway1)treatsth.asunimportant=shrugsomethingoff我真受不了她漠不关心的态度，好像可以什么都置之不理。Icantstandherindifference.Sheseemstobeabletoshrugoffanything.一个父亲不能漠视对自己孩子的责任。Afathercannotsimplyshrugoffhisresponsibilityforhischildren.2)tonotkeep,togetridof离开，摆脱Ihopetoshrugoffmycoldbeforetheexam.希望在考试前我的感冒能好。,Text,Disappointment(para.25)Theessenceofsuccess:theresneverenoughofittogoroundinazero-sumgamewhereonepersonswinningmustbeoffsetbyanotherslosing,onepersonsjoyoffsetbyanothersdisappointment.,Text,Disappointment(para.25)Theessenceofsuccess:theresneverenoughofittogoroundinazero-sumgamewhereonepersonswinningmustbeoffsetbyanotherslosing,onepersonsjoyoffsetbyanothersdisappointment.Youvegrownupinasocietywherewinningisnotthemostimportantthingitstheonlything.-abnormalnegation,Text,Disappointment(para.25)para.35whatyourgrademeansanddoesntmeanperspectivetakeatfacevalueproficiencyconventionalcorrespondtoretain,awayofregardingsituations,facts,etc.,e.g.,Thenoveliswrittenfromtheperspectiveofachild.,Thebackgroundofthispictureisalloutofperspective.,Collocation:,in/outofperspective,e.g.,Heseesthingsintheirrightperspective.,e.g.,Vocabulary,perspectiven.,Hisfathersdeathgavehimawholenewperspectiveonlife.,她的研究给这个问题带来了全新的视角。,Herresearchlendsafreshperspectivetothesubject.,Collocation:,put/see/viewsth.inperspectivetocomparesomethingtootherthingssothatitcanbeaccuratelyandfairlyjudged正确地看待事物,Youmustkeepthingsinperspectivetheoverallsituationisntreallythatbad.,e.g.,Vocabulary,Tobeabletoviewthewholesituationinitsproperperspectiveisusuallythekeytosuccess.,能恰当地观察全局往往是成功的关键。,get/keepsth.inperspectivetothinkaboutasituationorprobleminawiseandreasonableway,toacceptsomethingforwhatitappearstobe,e.g.,Shetookhisstoriesatfacevalueanddidnotknowhewasjoking.,Vocabulary,如果你把他的话都信以为真，那你八成会被误导了。,Ifyoutakehisremarksonlyattheirfacevalue,youwillprobablybemisled.,takeatfacevalue,Translation:,1.如果这一生中我学会了一件事的话，那就是绝不要听什么就相信什么。2.我们不应只看到失败的表面，而要从失败中得出经验教训。,IfthereisonethingIhavelearnedinlife,itisnevertotakeanythingyouaretoldatfacevalue.,Weshouldnttakefailuresatfacevalue.Instead,weshouldlearnfromourfailures.,Vocabulary,Text,Dealingwithdisappointment(35)ThetopicsentenceMypurposeinwritingyouistoputyourdisappointmentinperspectivebyconsideringexactlywhatyourgrademeansanddoesntmean.grade,takenatfacevalue,isapttobedangerouslymisleading,skill;ability,e.g.,Itsaidinthejobadthattheywantedproficiencyinatleasttwolanguages.,Derivation:,ficientlyad.,Collocation:,proficiency(insth./doingsth.),Vocabulary,YouhavetotakeatestofproficiencyinEnglishbeforeyoucanapplyforthejob.,aChinese/anEnglishproficiencytest,proficiencyn.,traditionalandordinary,e.g.,conventionalbehavior/attitudes/clothes/method,Derivation:,conventionn.conventionallyad.conventionalizev.conventionalityn.,Antonym:,unconventional,Vocabulary,Ifindhisartratherdullandconventional.,conventionala.,correspondtotomatch;tobesimilarorequalto,e.g.,Thewingofabirdcorrespondstothearmofaman.,Vocabulary,TheAmericanCongresscorrespondstotheBritishParliament.,retain:(esp.formal文雅语),keepsomethinginonespossessionoruse;continuetohave,notlose保持，保留retention(n.slightlyformal):thecontinueduse,existenceorpossessionofsomethingorsomeoneretentive(a.):Ifyouhavearetentivememoryorbrain,youcanrememberthingseasily.那家商店内部依然保持着19世纪的格调,Theinterioroftheshopstillretainsa19thcenturyatmosphere.,water/heatretention保水/保温性,retain:(esp.formal文雅语),keepsomethinginonespossessionoruse;continuetohave,notlose保持，保留retention(n.slightlyformal):thecontinueduse,existenceorpossessionofsomethingorsomeoneretentive(a.):Ifyouhavearetentivememoryorbrain,youcanrememberthingseasily.原来的主人对这套二手房保养得相当好，所以我们可以保留大多数原来的装修。,e.g.Thesecond-handapartmentisverywellmaintainedbyitsformerowner,sowecanretainmostofitsdecorations.,assumptionn.whatisthoughttobetrueorwillhappen,withoutanyrealproof,e.g.,Thesecalculationsarebasedontheassumptionthatpriceswillcontinuetorise.,Collocation:,assumptionofsth.,Vocabulary,Translation:,1.这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。2.看见不明飞行物时，有些人就设想在其他行星上有生命。,Thetheoryisbasedonaseriesofwrongassumptions.,SomepeopleassumethatthereislifeonotherplanetswhentheyseeUFOs.,Throughthisfailure,herealizedhispersonal_.2.The_ofhisspeechisthatthisaccidentwillbringgreatimpactonthefactorysproduction.3.Hegavehiswifealuxuriouscarto_herhardworkinbringingupchildren.,Fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthefollowingwordsorexpressions.,inadequacyassumptioncorrespondtoessenceoffsetconventionalgounderperspectiveproficiencybeaptto,inadequacyassumptioncorrespondtoessenceoffsetconventionalgounderperspectiveproficiencybeaptto,4.Agreatmanycompaniesinthefiercefinancialrisk.5.Everyoneseesthingsfromhisorherown_.6.Sheliveinthecountry,butherhusbandwantedtoliveinthecity.7.Tomsasaprofessoriswellknown.,inadequacyassumptioncorrespondtoessenceoffsetconventionalgounderperspectiveproficiencybeaptto,8.Englishisalwaysthoughttobeanation.9.Theworkingofthismachinethatofthehumanbrain.10.Theoftheirsonscomingbackafterthewarprovedtobewrong.,Text,Para.34WhatgrademeansandwhatitdoesntmeanasymbolofcollegetranscriptcompleteaspecificcourseofstudyatacertainlevelofproficiencyconventionaltasksYouveactuallygottenmuchmoreoutofthecoursethanyourgradeindicatesorless.Concl:fuzzysymbol;questionablejudgmentofyourmasteryofthesubject,Asasymbolonyourcollegetranscript,yourgradesimplymeansthatyouhavesuccessfullycompletedaspecificcourseofstudy,doingsoatacertainlevelofproficiency.Thelevelofyourproficiencyhasbeendeterminedbyyourperformanceofratherconventionaltasks:takingtests,writingpapersandreports,andsoforth.Yourperformanceisgenerallyassumedtocorrespondtotheknowledgeyouhaveacquiredandwillretain.Butthisassumption,aswebothknow,isquestionable;itmaywellbethatyouveactuallygottenmuchmoreoutofthecoursethanyourgradeindicatesorless.Lackingmoreprecisemeasurementtools,wemustinterpretyourBasaratherfuzzysymbolatbest,representingaquestionablejudgmentofyourmasteryofthesubject.,Text,Para.34Whatgrademeansandwhatitdoesntmeannotrepresent:yourbasicabilityorofyourcharactercourage,kindness,wisdom,goodhumor-theyarealwaysinshortsupplyYourBisapricetagonagarmentthatisquiteseparatefromtheliving,breathinghumanbeingunderneath.,Text,Para.34Whatgrademeansandwhatitdoesntmeannotrepresent:yourbasicabilityorofyourcharactercourage,kindness,wisdom,goodhumor-theyarealwaysinshortsupplyYourBisapricetagonagarmentthatisquiteseparatefromtheliving,breathinghumanbeingunderneath.metaphoryourvalueasahumanbeingcannotbeestimatedbyameregrade,Text,FurtherdiscussionTheso-called“standards”workingperformanceawardstitlesclasses-man-madesegregationofhumansocietyrealityprocedureregularlyritualistic(a.)ritualistically(adv.)e.g.茶道仪式theritualofteaceremony一大杯牛奶和现烤的面包是她早上固定的早餐。Alargeglassofmilkandfreshlybakedbreadishermorningritual.,swap:(informal),givesomethinginexchangeforsomethingelse交换（非正式）AforB:拿A换Be.g.IllswapmyMozartCDsforyourChopin.Whatdoyouthink?我们和度假时遇到的人交换了地址。Weswappedaddresseswiththepeoplewemetonholiday.当他开始在银行工作，就得把牛仔裤和T恤换成西服。Whenhegotajobinabank,hehadtoswaphisjeansandT-shirtforasuit.,toalwaysdosomethingortotakeparticularcaretodosth.特别注意/小心地（做某事）；重视；强调,e.g.,Hemakesapointofjoggingforanhoureverymorning,rainorshine.,研究人员仔细地向公众解释了做这些试验的目的。,Researchersmakeapointofexplainingthepurposeoftheseexperimentstothepublic,makeapointof,Topreventlossofdata,IalwaysmakeapointofmakingacopyonafloppydiskofwhatIhavedoneduringtheday.,1.作为未来的英语教师，我们认为掌握好英语语法是很有必要的。2.她注意保存所有的购物小票。,Aswould-beEnglishteachers,wemakeapointofhavingagoodknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.,Shemakesapointofkeepingallhershoppingreceipts.,flunkvt.1)tofailanexaminationorcourseofstudy,e.g.,Iflunkedmysecondyearexamsandwasluckynottobethrownoutofcollege.,e.g.,Ifheisnogood,flunkhim.,2)giveafailingmarktosb.,Collocation:,flunkout因成绩不及格而被学校除名,e.g.,Danwontbeincollegenextyearhesbeenflunkedout.,1)differentfromwhatisnormalorexpected,especiallyinawaythatyoudisapproveoforcannotunderstande.g.Whatshedidwasunforgivable,buttheoddthingwashedidntseemtomind.他已认识你的家人，多么不寻常的巧合。Whatanoddcoincidencethatheshouldhaveknownyourfamily.theoddccasion/day/moment/drinkthathappenatvarioustimesbutnotoftenandnotregularly奇数；奇数的,Odd,Odd,peculiar,queerOdd-beyondthenorm:Thebookisanoddcombinationofaudacityandintenseconservatism.Peculiardistinctfromothers;unique:Heisverypeculiarinhisbehavior.queerabnormal;suspiciousorfunny|homosexual:Ihadaqueersensationasifawormwascreepingdownmyspine.,Odd,WordCollection:strange,extraordinarybizarreweirdpeculiarqueereccentricwackywack,Odd,resentvt.tofeelangrybecauseyouhavebeenforcedtoacceptsomeoneorsomethingthatyoudonotlike,e.g.,Herfatherseemstoresenthernewboyfriendforhehasnojob.,Derivation:,resentmentn.resentfula.resentfulnessn.,Herroommateseemstoresentmybeingintheirdorm.,resent(somebody)doingsomething,Theymightresentyoukeepingittoyourself.,1)themachineryinavehiclethatturnspowerfromtheengineintomovement,e.g.,Dontturnofftheenginewhileyourestillingear.,e.g.,Thelandinggearofaplanehasjammed.,2)apieceofmachinerythatperformsaparticularjob,e.g.,Wereonlygoingfortwodays;youdontneedtobringsomuchgear.,3)asetofequipmentortoolsyouneedforaparticularactivity,Collocation:,change/shiftgear换档,gearn.,-indicatingthesuddenchangeoftheinstructorsattitude,Nordidtheyresenthimforshiftingsuddenlyfromafriendlygeartoacoerciveone.,Collocation:,change/shiftgear换档,gearn.,equipment;apparatusormachineryforaparticularpurpose设备，装备，仪器gearsomethingto/towardssomething(v.)begearedto/towardsn/v-ing:beadjustedtoThecoursecurriculumisgearedtospanthreeyears.政府正在使公共场所适应残疾人的需要e.g.Thegovernmentisgearingpublicplacestotheneedsofthedisabled.,gearn.,gear(sb/sth)up:toprepareforsomethingthatyouhavetodo,ortopreparesomeoneelseforsomething准备e.g.Politiciansarealreadygearingupfortheelection.我正努力为明天的考试做准备。Imtryingtogearmyselfupfortomorrowsexam.,gearn.,usingforcetopersuadepeopletodowhattheyareunwillingtodo,e.g.,coercivemethods/measures,Derivation:,coercev.coercionn.,coercivea.,Thepresidentreliedonthecoercivepowersofthemilitary.,e.g.,TheChamberofCommercewasmakingeffortstocoercethestrikersintocompliance.,Collocation:,osth./doingsth.,商会正在努力迫使罢工者妥协。,Youcantcoerceherintoobedience.,Somearmyranksplatoonsergeant副排长bomberpilot轰炸机驾驶员corporal下士captain上尉lieutenant中尉commander指挥官major少校lieutenantcolonel中校-menwhohadbutrecentlyputawaytheiruniformsandidentities,SometermsWhenIgotoutoftheserviceandwentbacktocollegegetoutofthearmyservice=thearmedforcesthearmy,navy,airforce,SometermsWhenIgotoutoftheserviceandwentbacktocollegegetoutofthearmyservice=thearmedforcesthearmy,navy,airforceGI-Bill=ServicemensReadjustmentActof1944军人安置法案providingfreeaccesstocollegeeducationortechnicalschool,andone-yearunemploymentcompensationGI-Billstudent退伍接受再教育的研习生,Text,Studentsasperformer/humanbeingexample:distinctionbetweenthesetwoinahurrytogetdegreesandmoveon,impatientwiththetestsandritualsofacademiclifeTheinstructorlargercoordinatesoflife-generalqualities;commonconcerns,Text,Perspective(910)inachievementterms:BlabelBachievementacademicworkneatlydefinedhighwaycomparedtotheunmappedrollingcountryyouwillencounterafteryouleaveschoolWhatyoulearnedhelpyoufindyourwayaboutlocatinggoalsandopportunitiesinthesamefogthathampersusallaswemovetowardthefuture,Theuseofmetaphorhumanbeingsarehewnfromthesamemateriallargercoordinatesoflifeacademicworkisanarrow,hesamefogthathampersusallaswemovetowardthefuture.,Summary,LettertoaBStudentDisappointmentreasonsuccess-orientedsocietymeansproficiencyknowledgeandabilitydoesnotmeanbasicabilityBachievement,IWenttotheWoods,HenryDavidThoreauIwenttothewoodsbecauseIwantedtolivedeliberatelyIwantedtolivedeepandsuckoutallmarrowoflife!Toputtoroutallthatwasnotlifeandnot,whenIcametodie,discoverthatIhadnotlived.,我会采更多的雏菊,如果我能够从头活过，我会试着犯更多的错。我会放松一点。我会灵活一点。我会比这一趟过的傻。很少有什么事能让我当真。我会疯狂一点。我会少讲究些卫生。我会冒更多的险。我会更经常地旅行。我会爬更多的山，游更多的河，看更多的日落。我会多吃冰激凌，少吃豆子。我会惹更多的麻烦，可是不在想象中担忧。你看，我小心翼翼地稳健地理智地活着，一个又一个小时，一天又一天。,噢，我有过难忘的时刻，如果我能够重来