lecture6长句的翻译

第六章长句的翻译,英语中后置定语、各种短语和复杂包孕结构（complexembedding）较多，往往形成长句结构，一句话可以表达多层意思；汉语特点是短句多，多层意思往往通过多个短句来表达。因此在英译汉时有必要采用拆句译法。使用长句结构是英语科技文章的特点之一，掌握长句翻译技巧对科技翻译尤为重要。,一、长句翻译的步骤（process）,1.理解（comprehension）(1)Findoutthetrunkthroughcondensingthewholesentence.(2)Besureofthemainandsubordinateclauses,modifiersandtheelementstheymodify.,(3)Sortoutthearrangementofideas,judgingthetrainoflogicalthinking.,（二）表达(expression),(4)Discriminatethemeaningofwords.(5)ArrangethesentenceinconformitywithChinesesyntax.(6)Polishwordsandphrases,havingeverywordcarefullyweighedinconsiderationofthestyleoftheoriginal.,二、长句翻译技巧（techniques）,1.包含(embedding)将定语前置，保留原有的长句“复杂”结构。汉语具有一定的弹性和包容性，所以并非一概不能使用长句。但这种翻译技巧不宜多用。,1)Thisisnoclasswar,butawarinwhichthewholeBritishEmpireandCommonwealthofNationsisengaged,withoutdistinctionofrace,creed,orparty.WinstonSChurchill这不是一场阶级之间的战争,而是一场不分种族、不分信仰、不分党派、整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。丘吉尔,2.切分法（cutting）,通过化整为零，将长句译成几个独立的短句，但要注意保持语义的连贯。,1)Theloadsastructureissubjectedtoaredividedintodeadloads,whichincludetheweightsofallthepartsofthestructure,andliveloads,whichareduetotheweightsofpeople,movableequipment,etc.一个结构物承受的荷载分为静载与活载两类。静载包括该结构物本部分的重量。活载则是由于人及可移动设备等的重量而引起的荷载。,2)Inanycase,whenjeanswerereadyforarisorgimentointhe1960s,theyalreadycarriedanenormousmythicsignificance.Toagenerationthatbelievedamassivemilitary-industrialcomplexwasbrutalizingtheAmericandream,jeansymbolizedareturntothefriendlier,simplervaluesofthefrontier,whereeachmanhadcontroloverhisownlife,andwherepeoplecooperatedtosurvive,总之，当牛仔裤在六十年代将成为势不可挡的风尚之时，具有一种神话般的巨大意义。在六十年代的青年看来，军工联合企业的兴盛，摧毁了美国的梦想，而牛仔裤则是回到西部开拓时期那种淳朴友善的价值观念的象征；那时，人人都能主宰自己的命运，并为生存而风雨同舟,3.变序法（reversing),译者可以打乱原句的语序，兼顾原文的逻辑和汉语的表达习惯，层层展开，突出重点。,1）Thereasonthataneutralbodyisattractedbyachargedbodyisthat,althoughtheneutralbodyisneutralwithinitself,itisnotneutralwithrespecttothechargedbody,andthetwobodiesactasifoppositelychargedwhenbroughtneareachother.虽然中性物体本身是不带电的，但对于带电体来说，它并非中性；当这两个物体彼此接近时，就会产生极性相反的电荷的作用。这就是中性物体被带电体吸引的原因。,2)IfeltatrifleshyatthethoughtofpresentingmyselftoatotalstrangerwiththeannouncementthatIwasgoingtosleepunderhisroof,eathisfoodanddrinkhiswhisky,tillanotherboatcameintotakemetotheportforwhichIwasbound.我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家，吃他的，喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来把我带到我要去的港口为止，一想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。,3)SuchisthehumannatureintheWestthatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecomingwhitecollarworkers.许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。,4)They(thepoor)arethefirsttoexperiencetechnologicalprogressasacursewhichdestroystheoldmusclepowerjobsthatpreviousgenerationsusedasameanstofighttheirwayoutofpoverty.对于以往的几代人来说,旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段,而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动。因此，首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。,5)Theconstructionofsuchasatelliteisnowbelievedtobequiterealizable,itsrealizationbeingsupportedwithalltheachievementsofcontemporaryscience,whichhavebroughtintobeingnotonlymaterialscapableofwithstandingseverestressesinvolvedandhightemperaturesdeveloped,butnewtechnologicalprocessesaswell.,当代科学的一切成就不仅提供了能够承受高温高压的材料，而且也提供了新的工艺流程。依靠这些成就，我们相信完全可以制造出这样的卫星。,6)Thegreatdifficultyofintroducingradicallynewcomputerarchitectureswhichrequirescustomerstorewritemostoftheirsoftwareexcludedthepossibilityforthesetechniquestofindtheirwaytothecommercialmarketplace.全新的计算机体系结构要求用户改写其大部分软件，因此难以付诸实施，从而使得这些技术不可能进入商品市场（从而排除了这些技术进入商品市场的可能性）。,英译汉练习,1)Thiselectionwhichhasledtoyourbeingchosentopresideoverthisassemblyaverywisechoiceindeedisatributetoyourgreatcountry,whichhascontributedtothedevelopmentofthehistoryoffreenationsatraditionofpeacethatservesasanexampleforthelegalcommunitythatweconstitute,acountrywhichhasalwayscommandedrespectandadmirationfromallcornersoftheworld.,这次选举你为本届大会的主席，实为极为明智的抉择，是对你的伟大国家的敬意。贵国对自由国家的历史发展贡献了一种和平传统，为我们构建法治社会树立了榜样。全世界一贯对贵国表示尊重和和敬佩。讨论：a.你您；b.贵国一直深受世界各国的尊重和敬佩,2.Ifshehadlosttheblue-eyed,flower-likecharm,thecoolslimpurityoffaceandform,theapple-blossomcoloringwhichhassoswiftlyandoddlyaffectedAshursttwenty-sixyearsago,shewasstillatforty-threeacomelyandafaithfulcompanion,whosecheekswerefaintlymottled,andwhosegrey-blueeyeshadacquiredacertainfullness.,。,Ifshehadlosttheblue-eyed,flower-likecharm,thecoolslimpurityoffaceandform,theapple-blossomcoloringwhichhassoswiftlyandoddlyaffectedAshursttwenty-sixyearsago,26年前，她那蓝眼睛、花儿般的魅力，脸蛋儿和身段的那种玉洁冰清的秀气，还有那苹果花似的脸色，曾经让阿修斯特一见倾心。这些虽已成了往事，,shewasstillatforty-threeacomelyandafaithfulcompanion,whosecheekswerefaintlymottled,andwhosegrey-blueeyeshadacquiredacertainfullness.,然而，43岁的她，依然是一个眉清目秀的忠实的伴侣，尽管她的双颊隐约露出了些斑点，灰蓝色的眼睛也已经有些浮肿。（有改动）,3.Theconceptthatvirusescancausediseaseswithlongincubationperiods,withnoapparentproliferationofthevirus,withanepisodicorchronicnaturemeasuredintermsofyears,withprogres