罗马条例1中英双文

EC CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS (Rome 1980) 欧盟关于合同债权法律适用的公约 （1980罗马第一条例）Title I - Scope of the Convention第一篇 公约的适用范围Article 1 - Scope of the Convention第条 公约的适用范围Article 2 - Application of law of non-contracting States第条 非缔约国法律的适用Title II - Uniform Rules第二篇 统一规则Article 3 - Freedom of choice第条 选择的自由Article 4 - Applicable law in the absence of choice第条 无选择情况下的适用法律Article 5 - Certain consumer contracts第条 某些消费者合同Article 6 - Individual employment contracts第条 雇佣合同Article 7 - Mandatory rules第条 强制性规则Article 8 - Material validity第条 实质上的效力Article 9 - Formal validity第条 形式上的效力Article 10 - Scope of the applicable law第条 适用法律的范围Article 11 - Incapacity第条 无行为能力Article 12 - Voluntary assignment第条 自愿转让Article 13 - Subrogation第条 代位求偿权Article 14 - Burden of proof, etc. 第条 举证责任等Article 15 - Exclusion of renvoi第条 反致的排除Article 16 - Ordre public第条 “公共政策”Article 17 - No retrospective effect第条 无追溯效力Article 18 - Uniform interpretation第条 统一解释Article 19 - States with more than one legal system第条 具有一个以上法律制度的国家Article 20 - Precedence of Community law第条 共同体法律的优先适用Article 21- Relationship with other conventions第条 与其他公约的关系Article 22 - Reservations第条 保留TITLE III FINAL PROVISIONS 第三篇 最后条款Article 23 至Article 33 PREAMBLE序言THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community,ANXIOUS to continue in the field of private international law the work of unification of law which has already been done within the Community, in particular in the field of jurisdiction and enforcement of judgments, WISHING to establish uniform rules concerning the law applicable to contractual obligations, HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:欧洲经济共同体条约的各缔约国，渴望在国际私法领域中继续开展已经在共同体内进行的法律统一工作，特别是在管辖权和执行判决方面已进行的统一，希望就合同债务的适用法律订立统一规则，兹同意如下： TITLE I SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION 第一篇 公约的适用范围Article 1 Scope of the Convention 第条 公约的适用范围1. The rules of this Convention shall apply to contractual obligations in any situation involving a choice between the laws of different countries.本公约的规则适用于任何情形下涉及需在不同国家的法律之间进行选择的合同债务。 2. They shall not apply to: 本公约的规则不适用于： (a) questions involving the status or legal capacity of natural persons, without prejudice to Article 11;涉及自然人的地位或法律行为能力问题，但不得妨碍本公约第条的适用； (b) contractual obligations relating to: 关于下列诸项的合同债务：- wills and succession, 遗嘱和继承；- rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship,- rights and duties arising out of a family relationship, parentage, marriage or affinity, including maintenance obligations in respect of children who are not legitimate;由婚姻关系而产生的财产权；由家庭关系、亲子关系、婚姻或姻亲关系而产生的权利和义务，包括对非婚生子女的扶养义务； (c) obligations arising under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instruments to the extent that the obligations under such other negotiable instruments arise out of their negotiable character;由汇票、支票、本票以及由于票据的可转让性而产生债务的其他流通票据所产生的债务； (d) arbitration agreements and agreements on the choice of court; 仲裁协议和选择法院协议； (e) questions governed by the law of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, internal organization or winding up of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate and the personal liability of officers and members as such for the obligations of the company or body;公司法和其他法人或非法人组织法所管辖的问题，例如，公司和其他法人组织或非法人组织通过登记或其他方式的设立，其法律行为能力、内部组织或结业清理，以及作为公司和其他法人组织或非法人组织的高级职员和成员对公司和法人或非法人组织债务的个人责任；仲裁协议和选择法院协议； (f) the question whether an agent is able to bind a principal, or an organ to bind a company or body corporate or unincorporate, to a third party;(g) the constitution of trusts and the relationship between settlors, trustees and beneficiaries;(h) evidence and procedure, without prejudice to Article 14.（）关于代理对第三人的行为是否能约束其委托人，或者一个机构对第三人的行为是否能约束一个公司、法人组织或非法人组织的问题；（）信托的设立以及信托设立人、受托人和受益人之间的关系；（）证据和程序，但不得妨碍本公约第条的适用； 3. The rules of this Convention do not apply to contracts of insurance which cover risks situated in the territories of the Member States of the European Economic Community. In order to determine whether a risk is situated in these territories the court shall apply its internal law.本公约规则不适用于承保在欧洲经济共同体成员国领土内发生风险的保险合同。为了确定风险是否处于这些领土之内，法院应适用其国内法。 4. The preceding paragraph does not apply to contracts of re-insurance.前款不适用于再保险合同。 Article 2 Application of law of non-contracting States 第条 非缔约国法律的适用Any law specified by this Convention shall be applied whether or not it is the law of a Contracting State.凡本公约所指定的法律，不论该法律是否为缔约国的法律，均应适用。 TITLE II UNIFORM RULES 第二篇 统一规则Article 3 Freedom of choice 第条 选择的自由1. A contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties. The choice must be expressed or demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the terms of the contract or the circumstances of the case. By their choice the parties can select the law applicable to the whole or a part only of the contract.合同应适用当事人选择的法律。此项选择必须是明示的，或者由合同条款或具体情况合理确定地表明。当事人可以选择适用于全部合同或仅适用于部分合同的法律。 2. The parties may at any time agree to subject the contract to a law other than that which previously governed it, whether as a result of an earlier choice under this Article or of other provisions of this Convention. Any variation by the parties of the law to be applied made after the conclusion of the contract shall not prejudice its formal validity under Article 9 or adversely affect the rights of third parties.当事人在任何时候都可以约定使其合同适用原先并非适用于它的法律，无论原先适用于该合同的法律是根据本条还是本公约其他条款所选择。但在合同订立后，当事人对适用法律所做的任何变动，都不得有损于本公约第条规定的合同形式上的效力，亦不得对第三人的权利产生不利影响。 3. The fact that the parties have chosen a foreign law, whether or not accompanied by the choice of a foreign tribunal, shall not, where all the other elements relevant to the situation at the time of the choice are connected with one country only, prejudice the application of rules of the law of that country which cannot be derogated from by contract, hereinafter called mandatory rules.当事人选择了某一外国法律，不论其是否同时选择了外国法院；如果在选择时，一切与当时情况有关的其他因素都只与一个国家有联系，这个事实不应影响该国法律中不得由合同所减损的那部分法律规则的适用，以下称之为“强制性规则”。 4. The existence and validity of the consent of the parties as to the choice of the applicable law shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Articles 8, 9 and 11.当事人对于适用法律的选择表示同意的事实和效力，应依照本公约第条、第条和第条的规定予以确定。 Article 4 Applicable law in the absence of choice 第条 无选择情况下的适用法律1. To the extent that the law applicable to the contract has not been chosen in accordance with Article 3, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected. Nevertheless, a severable part of the contract which has a closer connection with another country may by way of exception be governed by the law of that other country.在当事人未根据第三条的规定选择合同的适用法律的情况下，该合同应适用与它有最密切联系的国家的法律。但是，如果合同的可分割部分与另一个国家有更密切的联系，则该部分合同则可作为例外，适用那个国家的法律。 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the party who is to effect the performance which is characteristic of the contract has, at the time of conclusion of the contract, his habitual residence, or, in the case of a body corporate or unincorporate, its central administration. However, if the contract is entered into in the course of that partys trade or profession, that country shall be the country in which the principal place of business is situated or, where under the terms of the contract the performance is to be effected through a place of business other than the principal place of business, the country in which that other place of business is situated.除另依本条第款的规定，合同特定履行的当事人在订立合同时，其惯常居所地的国家，或者当事人是法人组织或非法人组织时，其管理中心所在地的国家，应推定为与该合同有最密切联系的国家。但是，如果合同是在当事人的贸易和职业活动过程中订立的，则与该合同有最密切联系的国家应是主要营业地所在的国家，或者，如果根据合同规定，合同将在主要营业地以外的另一营业地履行，则与该合同有最密切联系的国家应是另一营业地所在国。 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, to the extent that the subject matter of the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the immovable property is situated.尽管有本条第款的规定，但如果合同的标的是不动产产权或不动产使用权，则应推定不动产所在地国家是与合同有最密切联系的国家。 4. A contract for the carriage of goods shall not be subject to the presumption in paragraph 2. In such a contract if the country in which, at the time the contract is concluded, the carrier has his principal place of business is also the country in which the place of loading or the place of discharge or the principal place of business of the consignor is situated, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with that country. In applying this paragraph single voyage charter-parties and other contracts the main purpose of which is the carriage of goods shall be treated as contracts for the carriage of goods.第款的规定不应适用于货物运输合同。如果在订立这种合同时，承运人设有主要营业地的国家同时也是装货地或卸货地或托运人主要营业地所在的国家，则应推定该国是与合同有密切联系的国家。在适用本款时，单程租船合同和其他以货物运输为主要目的合同均应视为货物运输合同。 5. Paragraph 2 shall not apply if the characteristic performance cannot be determined, and the presumptions in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 shall be disregarded if it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with another country.如果合同的特定履行不能确定，则不适用第款，并且，如果总的情况显示出合同与另一个国家有更密切的联系，则不应适用第款、第款和第款的推定。 Article 5 Certain consumer contracts 第条 某些消费者合同1. This Article applies to a contract the object of which is the supply of goods or services to a person (the consumer) for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, or a contract for the provision of credit for that object.本条适用于向某人（消费者）提供其行业或职业以外的货物或服务的合同，或者为了该目的提供信贷的合同。 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence: - if in that country the conclusion of the contract was preceded by a specific invitation addressed to him or by advertising, and he had taken in that country all the steps necessary on his part for the conclusion of the contract, or- if the other party or his agent received the consumers order in that country, or- if the contract is for the sale of goods and the consumer travelled from that country to another country and there gave his order, provided that the consumers journey was arranged by the seller for the purpose of inducing the consumer to buy.尽管有第条的规定，当事人所做的法律选择不得剥夺消费者惯常居所地国法律的强制性规则对其提供的保护：如果合同在该国订立，在订立合同前向消费者发出了专门邀请或刊登了广告，而且消费者在该国对订立合同已采取了一切必要的步骤；或者如果另一方当事人或其代理人在该国收到了消费者的订单；或者 如果合同是为了货物的销售，而消费者是从该国到另一国并在那里递交其订单的，并且消费者此项旅程是卖方为了吸引消费者购买货物而安排的。 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract to which this Article applies shall, in the absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed by the law of the country in which the consumer has his habitual residence if it is entered into in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of this Article.尽管有第条的规定，凡适用本条规定的合同，在未根据第三条作出法律选择时，如果该合同是在本条第款规定的情况下订立的，则应适用消费者惯常居所地国家的法律。 4. This Article shall not apply to: 本条不适用于：(a) a contract of carriage; 运输合同；(b) a contract for the supply of services where the services are to be supplied to the consumer exclusively in a country other than that in which he has his habitual residence.提供服务的合同，此种服务是在消费者惯常居所地国家以外的国家向消费者专门提供的。 5. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 4, this Article shall apply to a contract which, for an inclusive price, provides for a combination of travel and accommodation.尽管有第款的规定，本条应适用于以全包价格提供旅行和食宿的合同 Article 6 Individual employment contracts 第条 雇佣合同1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, in a contract of employment a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the employee of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law which would be applicable under paragraph 2 in the absence of choice.尽管有第条的规定，在雇佣合同中，当事人作出的法律选择不得剥夺受雇者在没有作出选择时，依照第款所要适用的法律的强制性规则对其提供的保护。 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 4, a contract of employment shall, in the absence of choice in accordance with Article 3, be governed: (a) by the law of the country in which the employee habitually carries out his work in performance of the contract, even if he is temporarily employed in another country ; or (b) if the employee does not habitually carry out his work in any one country, by the law of the country in which the place of business through which he was engaged is situated; unless it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with another country, in which case the contract shall be governed by the law of that country.尽管有第条的规定，在未根据第条作出任何法律选择时，雇佣合同应当：（）适用受雇者为履行合同而惯常工作的国家的法律，即使他是在另一国家内临时受雇；或者（）如果受雇者并不惯常地在任何一国工作，则适用其受雇佣的经营所在地国家的法律。除非从整个情况看，合同与另一国家具有更密切的联系，则在这种情况下，该合同应适用那个国家的法律。 Article 7 Mandatory rules 第条 强制性规则1. When applying under this Convention the law of a country, effect may be given to the mandatory rules of the law of another country with which the situation has a close connection, if and in so far as, under the law of the latter country, those rules must be applied whatever the law applicable to the contract. In considering whether to give effect to these mandatory rules, regard shall be had to their nature and purpose and to the consequences of their application or non-application.在依照本公约适用某国法律时，若情况与另一国家有密切联系，而且如果该国法律规定，无论合同适用什么法律，这些强制性规则都必须予以适用，则可以适用该国法律的强制性规则。在考虑是否适用这些强制性规则时，应注意到其性质和目的，以及适用或不适用这些强制性规则所产生的后果。 2. Nothing in this Convention shall restrict the application of the rules of the law of the forum in a situation where they are mandatory irrespective of the law otherwise applicable to the contract.本公约任何条款不得限制法院地法强制规则的适用，不论合同适用什么法律。 Article 8 Material validity 第条 实质上的效力1. The existence and validity of a contract, or of any term of a contract, shall be determined by the law which would govern it under this Convention if the contract or term were valid.合同或合同任何条款的存在及效力，应由在合同或其条款有效的情况下，根据本公约所指定的适用法律来确定。 2. Nevertheless a party may rely upon the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence to establish that he did not consent if it appears from the circumstances that it would not be reasonable to determine the effect of his conduct in accordance with the law specified in the preceding paragraph.但是，如果情况表明按照前款规定的法律确定当事人行为的效力不合理时，该当事人可以依据其惯常居所地国的法律来确定其不同意适用该法律。 Article 9 Formal validity 第条 形式上的效力1. A contract concluded between persons who are in the same country is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of the country where it is concluded.在同一国家的当事人之间订立的合同，如果具备了根据本公约适用于该合同的法律或该合同订立国的法律所规定的形式要件，则该合同在形式上有效。 2. A contract concluded between persons who are in different countries is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which governs it under this Convention or of the law of one of those countries.在不同国家当事人之间订立的合同，如果具备了根据本公约适用于该合同的法律或这些国家中某个国家的法律所规定的形式要件，则该合同在形式上有效。 3. Where a contract is concluded by an agent, the country in which the agent acts is the relevant country for the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2.如果合同是通过代理人订立的，则代理人实施行为的国家即为本条第款和第款所指的有关国家。 4. An act intended to have legal effect relating to an existing or contemplated contract is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law which under this Convention governs or would govern the contract or of the law of the country where the act was done.一项旨在对已经订立的合同或拟订立的合同具有法律效力的行为，如果具备了根据本公约适用于或将要适用于该合同的法律所规定的形式要件，或者具备了实施该项行为的国家法律的形式要件时，则该行为在形式上有效。5. The provisions of the preceding paragraphs shall not apply to a contract to which Article 5 applies, concluded in the circumstances described in paragraph 2 of Article 5. The formal validity of such a contract is governed by the law of the country in which the consumer has his habitual residence.前款规定不适用于在第条第款所指情况下订立并适用第条第款规定的合同。该类合同在形式上的效力受消费者惯常居所地国的法律管辖。 6. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 to 4 of this Article, a contract the subject matter of which is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property shall be subject to the mandatory requirements of form of the law of the country where the property is situated if by that law those requirements are imposed irrespective of the country where the contract is concluded and irrespective of the law governing the contract.尽管有本条第至款的规定，标的为不动产所有权或不动产使用权的合同，应受不动产所在地国法律对形式的强制性要求的管辖，如果根据该法律，不论合同在何国订立或适用何法律，这些形式要求必须符合。 Article 10 Scope of the applicable law 第条 适用法律的范围1. The law applicable to a contract by virtue of Articles 3 to 6 and 12 of this Convention shall govern in particular:(a) interpretation;(b) performance;(c) within the limits of the powers conferred on the court by its procedural law, the consquences of breach, including the assessment of damages in so far as it is governed by rules of law;(d) the various ways of extinguishing obligations, and prescription and limitation of actions;(e) the consequences of nullity of the contract.根据本公约第至第条和第条的规定，合同的适用法律特别应具体管辖下列事项：（）（合同的）解释；（）（合同的）履行；（）在诉讼法授予法院的权限内，对违约的后果，包括对损害赔偿的估定只要法律对此作出规定；（）债务消灭的各种方法，诉讼时效及诉讼限制；（）合同无效的后果。 2. In relation to the manner of performance and the steps to be taken in the event of defective performance regard shall be had to the law of the country in which performance takes place.关于履行合同的方式以及履行有瑕疵时所采取的步骤，应考虑履行地国家的法律。Article 11 Incapacity 第条 无行为能力In a contract concluded between persons who are in the same country, a natural person who would have capacity under the law of that country may invoke his incapacity resulting from another law only if the other party to the contract was aware of this incapacity at the time of the conclusion of the contr