英语阅读理解-抓住大意

AngelaMaiers,2006,WhatsthePoint?:FindingtheBIGIdeasinText,PresentedByAngelaMaiers,2006,WhatistheBIGIDEA?,Definemainideaandtheme.(Isthereanydifference?)MainideaisThemeisHowdoYOU(asareader)findthemainidea/themeswithintext?WhatarethespecificstepsinvolvedingettingtotheBIGIDEAS?ListandDiscuss.WhatdoyourstudentsstrugglewithmostwhenseekingtheBIGIDEASintextatyourgradelevel?,HarvardReportDr.Perry,DirectoroftheHarvardReadingandStudyCenter,1500firstyearcollegestudents-30pgchapterfromtextbookTask:Within20minutes,writeashortstatementonwhatthechapterwasaboutOutcome:94.5%studentsscoredwellonmultiple-choicetestondetail15outof1500topfirstyearcollegestudents:previewedsectionreadheadingsunderstoodandfollowedthewriting/writersstructureskimmedandanalyzedvisualslookeddescriptiveflagsinthemarginreadendofthechaptersummariesnotedkeypointswhilereading-signalwordsandphrasedMajorConclusions:obedientpurposelessness:anenormousamountofwastedeffortinmostoffirstyearstudents.Studentsmustbejarredoutofthisapproach.Thisreadingactrequiresself-confidence,skill,intention,focus,andevencourage,onthepartofthestudentwhomustdecideforhimselfwhattoreadorskip.StudentsMUSTalwaysaskthemselveswhatitistheywanttogetoutofareadingassignment,thenlookaroundforthosekeyandimportantpoints.,AngelaMaiers,2006,ThinkingLikeaWriter!,Theactofreadingandwritinginvolvethesameskills.Bothrequireastudenttousewordknowledge,sentencestructure,andparagraphorganizationtoeitherconveyamessageortodecodeamessage.,AuthorsDecisions,WhatdoIknowabout,careabout,orhaveresearchedenoughabouttowritedown?(TOPIC)Whatismygoalinwritingthisinformationdown?WhatdoIwanttoaccomplishbywritingthisinformationdown?(PURPOSE)Whowouldbenefitfromknowingthesefacts?(AUDIENCE)Whatwouldbethebestwaytosharethisinformationwithmyreaders?(FORMAT)HowshouldIorganizetheinformationsothereadercaneasilyreadandunderstandit?(STRUCTURE/ORGANIZATION)WhatcanIdohookreadersattention?(FEATURES/STYLE)HowdoIknowthisismyverybestwriting?(CRAFT/CREDIBILITY),TodaysGoalsandAgenda:,Whatisthemainidea-EXACTLY?Whereisitlocatedinfiction/nonfictiontext?WhatisitthatweneedtoexplicitlymodelanddemonstratetostudentssotheycanfindtheBIGIDEAontheirown.,AngelaMaiers,2006,Whyitissohardtofind?,MainIdeaMainIdeaStatementMostImportantIdeaCentralIdeaCentralThoughtAuthorsMessageThemeThesisCriticalUnderstandingWritersPurposeParagraphisMostly”About,AngelaMaiers,2006,PartsofaParagraph,Atopicidentifieswhoorwhatthereadingpassageisabout.Amainidea(themostimportantpointtheauthorismakingaboutthetopic).Itisoftenstatedinatopicsentence.Supportingdetails(thespecificideastodevelop,explain,orsupportthemainidea).,MainIdeascanbe,Stated:Astatedmainideaisasentencefoundinthereadingpassagewhichstatesthetopicandthemainpointorpointsbeingmadeaboutthattopic.ThissentenceisreferredtoastheTOPICSENTENCE.Implied:Animpliedmainideameansthattheauthorhaschosennottouseastatementintheselectionorpassagetotellthereaderthetopicandmainidea.Thereadermustreadthepassageanddeterminethemainideafromtheinformationthatispresented.TheREADERisresponsibleforcomposingastatementofthemainidea.Notopicsentenceexists.,You,alongwithlions,goats,andbatsbelongtoaclasscalledmammals.About4000speciesofmammalslivehereonearth,andmanylookdifferentfromeachother.But,allmammalshavecertaincharacteristicsthatsetthemapartfromotherlivingthings.Mammalsareallwarmbloodedandhavefurorhair.Theycansurviveincoldplacesbecauseoftheirwarmblood.Manybelievethatmammalsarethemostintelligentanimalsonearth.,FourStepstoDiscoveringtheMainIdea,Whatisthetopicofthispassage?Whatarethepointsmadeaboutthistopic?(SupportingDetails)Whatpointisthewritertryingtoproveormake?Statethatpoint.Doesthatstatementrepresentthemostimportantthingthewriterissayingaboutthetopic?,L6:TopicSentence,Areadercanbesuretheyhavefoundthestatedmainideaifthesentencecontainsthetopicthesentencestatesthesinglemostimportantpointaboutthetopicthesentenceisgeneralenoughtocoveralltheinformationintheparagraphtheothersentencesexplainortellmoreaboutthemainideasentencethesentencemakescompletesensebyitself(thereadercancomprehendtheselectionwithoutreadingtherestoftheselection).,AngelaMaiers,2006,WhatistheMainIdea?,WilmaRudolphwasacrippledchildwhobecameanOlympicrunningchampion.Wilmawasbornprematurelyin1940andspentherchildhoodbattlingillness,includingmeasles,scarletfever,chickenpox,pneumonia,andpolio,acripplingdiseasethatatthattimehadnocure.Attheageoffour,shewastoldthatshewouldneverwalknormallyagain.Afteryearsofspecialtreatmentandphysicaltherapy,twelveyearoldWilmawasdeterminedtowalkagainnormally.ButwalkingwasnotenoughforWilma,whowasdeterminedtobecomeanathlete.Beforelong,hertalentearnedheraspotonthe1956Olympics,wheresheearnedabronzemetal.Inthe1960Olympics,attheheightofhercareer,shewonthreegoldmedals.,AngelaMaiers,2006,DefiningCentralIdea/Thesis,Thecentralpointisthemainideaofapassagemadeupoftwoormoreparagraphs.ThethesisstatementisaSTATEMENT(tellingsentence)thatstatesthetopicandtheauthorscontrollingpointaboutthetopicforapassageoftwoormoreparagraphs.,TenLessonstoSupportReadingfortheBigIdea!,LessonOne:DefiningMainIdeaLessonTwo:ExploringthePartsofaParagraphLessonThree:IdentifyingTopic/SubjectoftheWritingLessonFour:SortingMajor/MinorDetailsLessonFive:UsingTextStructuretoIdentifyM.I.LessonSix:LookingforATopicSentenceLessonSeven:MakingInferencesfromimpliedM.I.LessonEight:PuttingAuthorsPointintoyourownwordsLessonNine:MonitoringandcheckingformeaningusingM.I.criteriaLessonTen:ExploringDifferencesinLocationofBigIdeasacrossmultipletextsandgenres,AngelaMaiers,2006,L1:DefiningMainIdea,Main?Idea?MainIdeais.,AngelaMaiers,2006,L2:Topic,MainIdea,orSupportingDetail?,_Onecommoncauseofheadachesismuscletension._Poorposturethattensesthemusclesintheneckandbackcantriggeraheadache._Headachesaresometimestheresultofstress,anxiety,anddepressionthatcausethemusclesintheneck,face,andscalptobecometense._Commoncausesofheadaches,L3:IdentifytheTOPIC,Thetopicisidentifiedaseitherawordorphrasewhichbestdescribeswhatthereadingselectionisabout.Thetopicshouldnotbetoobroad(coveringmorethanwhatisdiscussedintheselection)ortoonarrow(notcoveringeverythingdiscussedintheselection).Q:WhoorwhathaveIjustreadabout?“Cluesfordeterminingthetopicofaselection:Aword,name,orphrasethatappearsasaheadingortitle.Aword,nameorphrasethatappearsinspecialtypesuchboldprint,italics,orcolor.Aword,nameorphrasethatisrepeatedthroughouttheparagraph.Aword,name,orphrasethatmayappearatthebeginningoftheparagraphandisthenreferredtothroughouttheparagraphbypronouns(orotherwords).,AngelaMaiers,2006,L3:WhatistheTopic?,Therulesofconductduringanexaminationareclear.Nobooks,calculatorsorpapersareallowedinthetestroom.Proctorswillnotallowanyonewithsuchitemstotakethetest.Anyonecaughtcheatingwillbeaskedtoleavetheroom.Hisorhertestsheetwillbetaken.Theincidentwillbereportedtotheproperauthority.Attheendofthetestperiod,allmaterialswillbereturnedtotheproctor.Failuretoabidebytheseruleswillresultinafailinggradeforthistest.,AngelaMaiers,2006,L3:WhatistheTopic?,Mostofthepolicyproblemsthatthefederalgovernmentconfrontsdonotlendthemselvestosimplesolutions.WhethertheissueisspacetravelorhungerinAmerica,expertknowledgeisessentialtothedevelopmentofeffectivepublicpolicy.Muchoftheexpertiseisheldbybureaucrats.Theyspendtheircareersworkinginaparticularpolicyarea.Manyofthemhavehadscientific,technical,orotherspecializedtraining.,L4:SortingforImportanceintheDetails,L5:KnowledgeofTextStructure,DescriptionCompare/ContrastCauseandEffectChronology/SequenceProceduralPersuasiveQuestion/AnswerProblem/Solution,AngelaMaiers,2006,TopicSentenceLocation:,Firstsentence2)Lastsentence3)Middleofparagraph4)Combinationoftwosentences,AngelaMaiers,2006,L7:ImpliedMI,ImpliedMainIdea:InsomeinstancesanauthormightchoosetoonlyhintorsuggestthetopicandmainidearatherthanAnimpliedmainideaisasentencethatthereadercomposesratherthanastatementfoundintheselection.Thisreaderdevelopedsentenceprovidesthesameinformationasatopicorstatedmainideasentence.Animpliedmainideaanswersthesametwobasicquestionsasastatedmainidea:1.WhoorwhatdidIjustreadabout?2.Whatwasthemainpointorpointsmadebytheauthor.,AngelaMaiers,2006,L8:FormulatingImpliedMI,3WaysReadersFormulateanImpliedMainIdea:1.Addessentialwordsorphrasestoanexistingsentencefromtheparagraph.2.Combinetwosentencesfromtheparagraphtostatethetopicandmainidea.