美国文学选读第三版内容摘要作者作品简介

作者及作品1. 本杰明.富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）1706-1790 The Autobiography 第一章富兰克林是18世纪殖民地时期、启蒙时期和独立战争时期的代表人物，他是科学家，作家，政治家和发明家。他是人文主义者，相信人性善良，主张人权平等、政治平等。他的小说自传以亲身经历再次说明，美国有的是机会，只要勤奋便能成功。His style is characterized by simplicity, frankness, wit, clarity, logic and order. 他的成功经验对美国人的人生观、事业观和道德观产生过深远影响。他的自传还开创了美国名人写传记的风气、建立了传记文学的传统。Franklin was a representative of the colonial period, the Enlightenment period, and the American revolution in the 18th century. He was a scientist, a writer, a politician, and an inventor. He is a humanist and believes in good human nature and advocates equality of human rights and political equality. His autobiographical autobiography once again explained that the United States has opportunities and can only succeed if it is diligent. His successful experience has had a far-reaching impact on Americans outlook on life, career, and ethics. His autobiography also created a culture of American celebrity biography and established a tradition of biographical literature.The Autobiography：它是美国第一部成功的传记体作品，是美国民族文学的早期代表作。自传不仅描写了一个成功者在美国建国前期取得的成就，其价值和意义还在于揭示这一人物内在道德品性的塑造过程。自传展示了他之所以成功，一方面是依靠自身的勤奋和信念的力量，另一方面还在于时代的造就。自传展示了18世纪美国的社会图景以及启蒙时代的精神风貌，塑造了一个全新的美国人的形象，并以个人的发展和成就再现了社会孕育的活力。对于美国个性的形成，有着重要长久的影响，同时也在一定程度上开始扭转欧洲人对美国的蔑视和偏见。It is the first successful biography in the United States and an early masterpiece of American national literature. The autobiography not only describes the achievements of a successful person in the early days of the founding of the United States, but also reveals its value and significance in revealing the process of shaping the characters intrinsic moral character. Autobiography shows that he has succeeded. On the one hand, he is relying on his own diligence and the power of faith, on the other hand, it is also the creation of the era. Autobiography shows the social landscape of the 18th century in the United States and the spiritual outlook of the Enlightenment era, shaping a brand-new image of Americans and reproducing the vitality of social gestation with personal development and achievements. For the formation of American personality, it has an important long-term influence. At the same time, it also begins to reverse the contempt and prejudice of Europeans to the United States to some extent.2. 欧文（Washington Irving）1783-1859欧文以短篇小说见长，他的见闻札记the sketch book开创了美国短篇小说的传统，使他成为第一个享有国际声誉的美国作家。充满美国式的浪漫气息和传奇色彩。Irving is known for his short stories. His sketch book created the tradition of American short stories, making him the first American writer to enjoy international reputation. Full of American-style romance and legend.3. 亨利.大卫.梭罗（Henry David Thoreau）1817-1862 Walden 第2章浪漫主义时期的散文家、哲学家、诗人。他接受爱默生关于认识自我和研究自然的思想，独自在沃尔登湖畔生活了两年，把超验主义的原则和自己的哲理信念付诸实践。他宣传自然的美好，批判资本主义文明的消极影响，呼吁人们到自然中寻找生活的意义和丰富的精神世界。他倡导个人主义、自力更生、物质节俭。他主张和平斗争的方式反对战争和奴隶制。他后来逐渐脱离超验主义transcendentalism，成为一位社会活动家。他一生追求崇高的道德境界，为崇尚物质的美国生活增加了一个精神侧面。Style: 文章清晰，直截了当，文雅He is a prose writer, philosopher and poet during the Romantic period. He accepted Emersons thoughts about understanding himself and studying nature and lived alone for two years on the shores of Walden. He put the principles of transcendentalism and his philosophical beliefs into practice. He advocates the beauty of nature, criticizes the negative influence of capitalist civilization, and calls on people to seek the meaning of life and a rich spiritual world in nature. He advocates individualism, self-reliance, and material thrift. He advocated peace fighting against war and slavery. He later gradually deviated from transcendentalism and became a social activist. His lifelong pursuit of a noble ethical realm has added a spiritual dimension to the respect of material American life.Walden 书中讴歌了人类与自然的和谐生活，倡导个人主义、自力更生、物质节俭。他试图将身体的物质需求减少到最低限度，以便在读书、思考、观察自然与自我中获得最大的精神财富和自由。他努力发掘美国自然环境在人类教养、心灵塑造等方面的潜能，强调所有人都应该有充分的自由来选择独一无二的生活方式，将自己的生活看做诗、当做艺术。The book sings a harmonious life between mankind and nature, advocating individualism, self-reliance, and material prosperity. He tried to minimize the physical needs of the body in order to obtain maximum spiritual wealth and freedom in reading, thinking, and observing nature and self. He endeavored to explore the potential of the United States natural environment in human cultivation and spiritual shaping. He stressed that all people should have full freedom to choose a unique way of life and treat their lives as poetry and art.4. 埃德加.爱伦.坡（Edgar Allan Poe）1809-1849 The Cask of Amontillado 埃德加.爱伦.坡是浪漫主义时期的作家，黑色浪漫主义dark romanticism他反对民主，赞成蓄奴制。他的诗歌如乌鸦 The Raven等充满古怪，奇特，甚至病态的形象，poem should be short, concise and readable at one sitting. He stressed the form of poem, especially the beautiful and neat rhyme. He emphasizes the integrity of poem (完整性). 他的小说充满哥特式的元素Gothic elements，deep analysis of human psychology. 以异国他乡为背景，以混乱、死亡、怪诞和变态心理为主要内容。他是美国第一位主张advocate为艺术而艺术的作家art for arts sake，还因写了大量推理小说而被推崇为西方侦探小说的鼻祖 precursor of detective stories, science stories and New Criticism. 他反对文学以说教为目的，强调创造美感和激情的理论对后世作家产生较大影响，是当今世界最受欢迎的作家之一。Style：简洁明了，ordinary, traditional，GothicEdgar Poe is a writer of romanticism, dark romanticism, he opposes democracy, and favors slavery. His poetry, such as The Raven, is full of bizarre, strange and even morbid images, poem should be short, concise and readable at one sitting. He stressed the form of poet, especially the beautiful and neat rhyme. He emphasized the integrity of poem. (Integrity). His novels are full of gothic elements, gothic elements, deep analysis of human psychology. With foreign countries as the background, the main contents are chaos, death, grotesque and abnormal psychology. He is the first writer in the United States to advocate art for art and his art for arts sake. He is also regarded as the precursor of western detective novels for precursor of detective stories, science stories and New Criticism. He is opposed to literature. For the purpose of preaching, emphasizing the theory of creating beauty and passion has a greater impact on later writers, and is one of the most popular writers in the world today.The Cask of Amontillado 复仇者：Montresor (monster)被复仇者：Fortunato(fortunate)Cask: casket棺材两人都有性格上的缺陷，f的缺陷在明处，m的则是隐匿的。刻画这种区别的意图在于强化故事结尾高潮到来时应有的恐怖效果。小说的聚焦点正是m的老谋深算反衬出的人格中更深层次的缺陷。他比f更邪恶、更可怕，没有节制的复仇欲望完全毁坏了他的灵魂。小说篇幅短小节奏很快，使用大量象征手法。Both have personality deficiencies, fs defects are in the light, and ms are hidden. The purpose of portraying this distinction is to strengthen the horror effect that should be achieved when the climax of the story arrives. The focal point of the novel is exactly the deeper flaw in the personality of ms old plan. He is more evil and more terrible than f, and his desire for revenge without temperament completely destroys his soul. The short space of the novel is very fast and uses a lot of symbolism.5. 纳撒尼尔.霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）1804-1864 The Scarlet Letter 浪漫主义时期的小说家，不赞成超验主义，反对清教主义对人的压抑，但常用清教主义关于人的罪恶天性、人生来有罪等观念去看待社会中的现实问题。他的作品中心主题往往是人的内心深处隐蔽的罪恶和过于自信的个人主义的种种缺陷。Evil is at the core of human life. 他善于借用哥特式小说的手法并和传统的寓言故事的特点相结合，剖析背景和人物内心冲突，对后世作家影响颇大。Style: a man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in the use of symbol, revelation of characters psychology, the use of supernatural mixed with the actual.The romantic period novelists did not approve of transcendentalism and oppose the suppression of Puritanism to people. However, he often used the Puritan principles of human nature, such as the nature of crime, and the guilt of life to see the real problems in society. The central themes of his work are often the hidden sin of the human heart and the defects of overconfident individualism. Evil is at the core of human life. He is good at borrowing the techniques of Gothic fiction and combining it with the characteristics of traditional fables to analyze the background and the inner conflicts of the characters, which has a great influence on the writers of later generations. The Scarlet Letter 女主：白兰Hester Prynne丈夫：科学家齐里沃斯Chillingworth牧师：狄姆斯台尔Dimmesdale女儿：珍珠私通：Adultery白兰以正直、善良的品格以及对于生活的信念重新赢得了社会的承认。它讲述的故事“符合人的心灵的真实”擅长使用象征的手法致力于表现重大冲突发生后的故事历史题材的小说。通过刻画特定的清教环境中的三种罪人，在较深的层次上探讨了清教社会的本质，尤其是人类本性中的善恶与社会环境的关系。A寓意私通，表明他们在道德价值观方面与当时正统清教意识形态的尖锐冲突，以及应为他们的违规行为而必须受到的惩罚。白兰的形象发生了变化 A从私通Adultery变为天使Angel和才干AblePrynne regained the recognition of the society with integrity, good character, and faith in life.1The story it tells consistent with the truth of the human mind2 is good at using symbolic techniques3 Dedicated to the story after the occurrence of a major conflictHistorical novels. By portraying the three sinners in the specific Puritan environment, the nature of the Puritan society was explored at a deeper level, especially the relationship between good and evil in human nature and the social environment. A implies arrogance, indicating their sharp conflict with the orthodox Puritan ideology at the time of their moral values and the punishment they must be subjected to for their violations.6. 赫尔曼.梅尔维尔（Herman Melville）1819-1891 Moby Dick 第41章浪漫主义时期的小说家，散文家、诗人。关心人类命运，相信邪恶的普遍性，怀疑超验主义和乐观主义理论。他认为作家应充分利用意象，象征手段，人物和情节来表达中心思想。地位：He became a prominent figure in American literature during the 1920s.Romantic novelist, essayist, poet. Care for human destiny, believe in the universality of evil, doubt transcendentalism and optimism. He believes that writers should make full use of images, symbolism, characters and plots to express their central ideas.7. 马克.吐温（Mark Twain）1835-1910 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 现实主义时期的小说家，他的第一篇幽默小说 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 使他一举成名；游记 the innocents aboard的发表奠定了他幽默大师的地位。他的镀金时代讽刺了南北战争后社会道德现状。是美国现实主义文学开山之作。他擅长人物刻画，精于表现富于戏剧性的情节。马克吐温对没说文学的贡献举足轻重，他的思维方式、价值观、创作语言甚至他的幽默都是地道美国产物。他的口语体散文形式成为美国口语体文学传统的发端。The novelist of the realism period, his first humorous novel The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County famous frog in Callavera County made him famous; Travel Notes The innocents aboard He laid the position of his master of humor. His gilded era satirized the status of social morality after the Civil War. It is the beginning of American realism literature. He is good at depicting characters and is good at showing dramatic plots. Mark Twains contribution to non-literary literature is important. His way of thinking, values, language of creation, and even his humor are all authentic American products. His oral prose style became the origin of the American oral literary tradition.8. 亨利.詹姆斯（Henry James）1843-1916 The Jolly Corner 现实主义时期的心理现实主义作家，作品主题包括三方面：纯真而粗俗的美国人和虚伪但有教养的欧洲人之间的矛盾与对比；现实生活同艺术的矛盾以及艺术家的孤独；物质与精神的矛盾和人生的道德抉择。他重视表现主题的手法，创造了“有限视角”的叙述方法，常用冗长的句子、堆砌的副词与形容词、隐晦的比喻和象征，被称为心理分析小说家。他晦涩的文体、开放性结局和内心独白等手法影响了后世的现代派，尤其是意识流文学。Psycho-realist writers in the realist period include topics in three aspects: contradictions and contrasts between innocent and vulgar Americans and hypocritical but educated Europeans; contradictions between real life and art, and the artists loneliness; material and spiritual Contradictions and moral decisions in life. He valued the technique of expressing the subject and created a narrative method of “limited viewing angles”. He often used lengthy sentences, piled-up adjectives and adjectives, concealed metaphors and symbols, and was called a psychoanalytical novelist. His obscure style, openness, and inner monologue influenced modern generations of the later generations, especially the stream of consciousness literature.诗歌鉴赏1. 亨利.沃茨沃思.朗费罗（Henry Wadsworth Longfellow）1807-1882浪漫主义时期的诗人，世家，有地位有名望，但又比较守旧，缺乏创新精神The poets and family of the Romantic period have a prestigious status, but they are more conservative and lack the spirit of innovation. I Shot an Arrow. 作者在诗中利用射箭和吟歌着两个鲜明的意象，歌颂了友谊 天长地久everlasting，permanent。结尾烘托了主题。诗歌采用传统的抑扬格四音步诗行和四行诗形式，韵脚为aabb，aacc，ddee，节奏简练明快。The rhythm is simple and clear.The author uses archery and humming in poetry to sing two vivid images and extol the friendship of heavenly everlasting, permanent. The end of the theme is set off. Poems use the traditional mode of poems with four steps and four lines A Psalm of Life 作者抒发了入世进取的豪迈情怀。他认为人生最重要的就是积极行动起来，在有限的生命里，朝着既定的目标，永远向前。人生就像一个战场，每个人都应该做英勇的英雄。诗人号召大家起来勇敢地面对命运的任何挑战，在短暂的人生中学会奋斗和等待，不断地进取和追求生活的理想境界。诗中多处使用头韵alliteration，使全诗具有强烈的感染力。The author expresses the heroic spirit of entering the WTO. He believes that the most important thing in life is to act positively. In a limited life, he will always move forward toward the established goal. Life is like a battlefield. Everyone should be a heroic hero. The poet called on everyone to stand up and face up to any challenge to their destiny. In the short life, they learned to struggle and wait, constantly making progress and pursuing the ideal realm of life. The use of alliteration alliteration in many poems makes the poem powerfully appealing.2. 埃德加.爱伦.坡（Edgar Allan Poe）1809-1849 The Raven 乌鸦是埃德加.爱伦.坡于1844年创作的诗集其中诗歌主题除了爱情就是死亡、幻灭和伤悼。诗的目的在于灵魂的升华，忧郁美保证了实现灵魂升华的全过程。这就是爱伦坡的诗学观的精神核心，同时也就是这首乌鸦的目的，这目的是在“永不复还nevermore”中实现的。The Raven is a collection of poems written by Edgar Allan Poe in 1844. The theme of poetry is love, death, disillusionment and scars. The purpose of poetry is the sublimation of the soul, and the melancholy beauty guarantees the whole process of soul sublimation. This is the spiritual core of Poes view of poetry. At the same time, this is the purpose of this crow. This purpose is achieved in nevermore.3. 沃尔特.惠特曼（Walt Whitman ）1819-1892 19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人，草叶集 leaves of grass 标志美国文学进入了一个崭新的时代。歌颂普通的人和事以及人与人之间同志般的友好关系，强调灵与肉的合一，精神与肉体同等重要。他的诗粗犷奔放，气魄雄壮，反映美国人民在民主革命时期乐观向上的精神，充满对生活、人类和大自然的热爱。 In the 19th century, Americas greatest romantic poet, Blade of Grass, set the American literature into a new era. Praise the common people and things and the comrade-like friendship between people, and emphasize the unity of spirit and flesh. Spirit and body are equally important. His poems are bo