美国文学考点整理

1.Matches作家作品：（或参考课本目录，黑色斜体为课本目录）The literature of Realism:Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼Drum Taps (桴鼓集)Good-Bye, My Fancy ( 再见，我的幻想,)Leaves of Grass (草叶集)Passage to India ( 通向印度之路)Sequel to Drum Taps (桴鼓集续集)Song of Myself 自己之歌I Sit and Look Out 我坐在这儿眺望着Beat! Beat! Drum! 敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！Emily Dickinson 艾米莉.狄金森I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed 我品味未经酿造的饮料I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 我感受了一场葬礼，在脑中A Bird came down the Walk 鸟儿沿着小径过来I died for Beauty- but was scarce 我为美而死I heard a Fly buzz- when I died 我听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-在临死之前Because I could not stop for Death 因为我不能停下来等候死神Im Nobody! Who are You?Success is Counted SweetestHarriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托Uncle Toms Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋Mark Twain 马克. 吐温The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆.索亚历险记.The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (klvers 卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙 2.Innocents Abroad (傻子国外旅行记)3.Roughing It (艰苦岁月 )4.The Gilded Age (with Charles Dudley Waenner, 镀金时代与查尔斯达德利沃纳合写)5.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (汤姆索耶历险记)A Tramp Abroad (国外流浪汉 )7. The Prince and the Pauper (王子与贫儿)8. Life on the Mississippi (密西西比河上)9.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (哈克贝里费恩 历险记)10.The Tragedy of Puddnhead Wilson ( 傻瓜威尔逊)11. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court ( 亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人 )12. The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (败坏赫德莱堡的人)13. What Is Man? (人是什么)O.Henry 欧. 亨利The Cop and the Anthen 警察与赞美诗Henry James 亨利. 詹姆斯A Tragedy of ErrorsTransatlantic Sketches The American 美国人Daisy Miller 戴茜米勒The Europeans 欧洲人The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇的肖像Washington Square 华盛顿广场The Bostonians 波士顿人The Princess Casamassima 卡萨玛西玛公主The Tragic Muse Guy Domville (play, ) What Maisie Knew The Turn of the Screw 碧庐冤孽The Awkward AgeThe Wings of the Dove ) 鸽之翼The Ambassadors 大使 (或译：奉使记)The Beast in the JungleThe Golden Bowl 金碗English Hours The American SceneJack London 杰克. 伦敦The Sea Wolf海狼Martin Eden 马丁.伊登Theodore Dreiser 西奥多. 德莱赛Sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹Jennie Gerhardt The Financier The Titan The Genius An American TragedyTwentieth-Century Literature:Ezra Pound 埃兹拉. 庞德A Virginal 处女无暇Salutation再次致敬A Pact 合同In a Station of the Metro 在地铁车站The River-MerchantsWife: A Letter 长干行Personae 人物Exultations 狂喜Cathay 译著华夏Homage to Sextus Propertius 向赛克斯特斯.普罗波蒂斯致敬Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 休.赛尔温.毛伯利 The Cantos 诗章The ABC Reading (Literary Essay)Edwin Arlington Robinson 埃德温. 阿林顿. 罗宾逊The House on the Hill 山上的古屋Richard Cory 理查.珂利Miniver Cheevy 米尼弗.契维The Torrent and the Night Before 急流与昨夜The Town Down the River 河下游的城镇The Children of the Night 夜之子Mr. Floods Party 弗罗德先生的酒会The Man Against the Sky 天边人影Robert Frost 罗伯特. 弗洛斯特After Apple-Picking 摘苹果之后The Road Not Taken 没有走的路Stopping by Wood on a Snowy Evening 雪夜林边小立Departmental 职责分明，各管各的Design 天意The Most of It他至多是My butterfly 我的蝴蝶A Boys Will 少年的意志North of Boston 波士顿以北Mountain Interval 山间New Hampshire 新罕布什尔West-Running Brook 向西流去的小溪A Further Range 又一片牧场Mending Wall 修墙The Birches 白桦树A Witness Tree 见证树Steeple Bush 尖塔丛A Masque of Mercy 假慈悲Collected Poems 诗选Complete Poems 诗歌全集In the Clearing 林间空地Carl Sandburg 卡尔. 桑德堡In Reckless Ecstasy Chicago Poems Famous Imagist poems:Fog The Harbor Chicago Cool Tombs The People, Yes Flash Crimson 闪烁的深红Lost I Am the People, the Mob The American Songbag or -folk songs of cowboys, vagabond and black peopleBiography of Lincoln (6 volumes) 1 autobiography 1 historical novelCornhuskers Smoke and Steel Good Morning, America Collected Poems Wallace Stevens 华莱士. 斯蒂文斯Peter Quince at the Clavier 彼得.昆士弹琴Anecdote of the Jar 坛子的轶事The Emperor of Ice-Cream 冰淇淋皇帝Harmonium (first collection of his poems at the age of 44)Notes toward a Supreme Fiction The Idea of Orders The Man with the Blue Guitar Parts of a World Transport to Summer The Auroras of Autumn Collected Poems Opus Posthumous The Necessary Angel Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯. 斯特恩斯. 艾略特The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock（杰阿尔弗雷德普鲁夫洛克的情歌）The Waste Land （荒原）The Hollow Men （空心人）Preludes 序曲Journey of the Magi 三贤者的旅程Ash Wednesday （圣灰星期三：复活节前的第七个 星期三）Four Quartets（四个四重奏/托马斯斯特恩斯艾略特）F. Scott Fitzgerald 司各特. 菲茨杰拉德(1) This Side of Paradise 人间天堂(2) Flappers and Philosophers 轻佻女郎与哲学家(3) The Beautiful and the Damned 漂亮冤家(4) The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比(5) Tender is the Night 夜色温柔(6) All the Sad Young Man(7) The Last Tycoon 最后的巨石8）Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 爵士乐时代的故事Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特. 海明威1) In Our Time(2) Men Without Women(3) Winner Take Nothing(4) The Torrents of Spring(5) The Sun Also Rises 太阳依照升起(6) A Farewell to Arms 永别了武器(7) Death in the Afternoon 午后之死(8) To Have and Have Not(9) Green Hills of Africa 非洲的青山(10) The Fifth Column(11) For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣(12) Across the River and into the Trees过河入林(13) The Old Man and the Sea 老人与海14）The Spanish War 西班牙战争John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦(1) Cup of Gold(2) Tortilla Flat(3) In Dubious Battle(4) Of Mice and Men(5) The Grapes of Wrath 愤怒的葡萄(6) Travels with Charley(7) Short stories: The Red Pony, The Pearl William Faulkner 威廉. 福克纳A Rose for Emily 给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰The Sound and the Fury 喧哗与骚动 As I lay Dying 在我弥留之际Light in August 八月之光Absalom, Absalom！ 押沙龙，押沙龙！Go down, Moses 去吧，摩西2. terms：(课件版在课件相关知识拼凑版，需自己整理一下)1） Free verse(参考书版)It is a form of poetry. It means that the poetry is without a fixed beat or regular rhyme, a looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored. Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by side just as things are, undisturbed and separate. There are few compound sentences to draw objects and experiences into a system of hierarchy2) American realism(参考书版) Realism refers to the literary tendency appeared after the American Civil War. The harsh realities of life as well as the disillusion of heroism resulting from the dark memories of the Civil War had set the nation against the romance. The Americans began to be tired of the sentimental feeling of Romanticism. A new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation ,came up with a new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, peoples attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portray of class struggle. This literary interest in the so-calledreality of life started a new period in the American literary writings knows as the Age of Realism.3) Local colorism(参考书版)Local color is a term applied to fiction or verse which emphasizes its setting, being concerned with the character of a district or of an era, as marked by its customs, dialect, costumes, landscape, or other peculiarities the have escaped standardizing cultural influences. As a variation of American realism, local colorism came into particular prominence in the U.S. after the Civil War, perhaps as an attempt to recapture the glamour of a past ear, or to portray the sections of the reunited county one to the other. The representive writer of this movement is generally accepted as Mark Twain who depicts the beautiful scenes along the Mississippi Rover that he knows very well from his childhood. Other local colorists include Bret Harte, Hamlin Garland and Kate Chopin.4) Naturalism(参考书版)Naturalism is a critical term applied to the method of literary composition that aims at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. It is thus more inclusive and less selective than realism, and holds to the philosophy of determinism. It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances. Since in this view man has no free will, the naturalistic writer does not attempt to make moral judgements, outgrowth of 19th-century scientific thought, following in the general the biographical feterminism of Darwins theory, or the economic determinism of Mars. In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the authors tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. 5) the Imagism(参考书版)Imagism is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909 to 1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets(1915), included the use of the language of common speech, preoject matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration. Origination in the aesthetic philosophy of T.E. Hulme, the movement soon attracted Ezra Pound, who became the leader of a small group opposed to the romantic conception of poetry and inspired by Greek and Roman classic and by Chinese, Japanese, and modern French poets.6）Object Correlative（课件版）Eliots famous principle of “objective correlative” （客观对应物）refers to using related objects, situations, events, all external facts, to express emotions. He said that the only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding the objective correlative, in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula（配方） of that particular emotion; such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked.7）Lost Generation（课件版） It refers to, in general, the post-World War First generation, but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists, who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism（快乐论, 快乐主义）. Lost generation brilliantly describes those expatriates who had cut themselves off from their past in America in order to create new types of writing. The generation was lost in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U. S. that seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotional barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, E. E. Cummings, and many other writers who made Paris the center of their literary activities in the 1920s.8） Psychological realism（参考书版）It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters thoughts and motivations. Henry James s novel The Ambassador is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism. And Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefor merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it, which may not be the same life as it reallyis.3. Short Question and Answers:1) The social significance of Uncle Toms Cabin It is the story of an old black slave, Uncle Tom, who has the hope of freedom held before him but who never escapes from his slavery. In the end, he welcomed the death caused by his cruel master, Simon Legree. As a masterpiece of Abolitionist propaganda, the book had its effect. It helped expand campaign in the North against Southern slavery that led to the Civil War. The novel exposed and denounced the slavery in the south in the 19th century. It arose at the historic moment of the high tide of the anti-slavery movement and exerted a great influence upon and greatly pushed forward the movement after its publication.Influence: enormous after the forty versions of different languages appeareda. It stirred the Civil War.b. It caused a lot of mothers sacrificing their sons.c. It also brought about the emancipation of black slaves. 2) The International theme of Portrait of a Lady“The international theme”refers to the moral and psychological complications when the American innocence encountered the European sophisticationThe typical Americans in James: fresh, enthusiastic, eager to learn, and basically “good”, disregard of the conventions, stand for moralityThe Europeans in James : highly cultivated, elegant in manners, but sophisticated , stand for manners（礼貌）The meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contract and contrast European decadence, and its moral and psychological complicationsIsabel Archer VS Madame Merle and Gilbert Osmond3) The analysis of Sister Carries themeWhen a girl leaves her home at 18, she does either of the 2 things: A.falling into saving hands and becoming better, B. or rapidly assuming the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and turning worse. Under the circumstances, there is no possibility. The theme in Sister Carrie, a novel written by Theodore Dreiser, is materialism. The theme is primarily personified through Carrie with her desire for a fine home, clothes and everything else money can buy.Materialism, including the desire for money, is an important theme in Sister Carrie. The materialism is shown mostly through Carries character but also through Hurstwood, a man with a respectable life and money, who still wants more and for that reason commits a crime. The city in itself is also a place of materialism, it is a place that offers all kinds of amusements, pleasures and things to buy, but to participate in what the city has to offer one has to have money.4) The possible reason of Richard Corys commit suiside（好像是上课提到过的）Abnormal state of mind Meaningless social valuesPerfect personSharp contrast sketches 5) Analyse the character of The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Prufrock is a bald middle-aged man fails the courage himself to confess his love to the woman which seems to be neither realistic romance nor nasty sexual desire, but somehow a sheer abstract symbol of adventure and departure. He leaves his love song in the hell of inner heart, locked up. Prufrock is the typical kind of modern educated man who hold the self-consciousness as a decent person, the moody, urban, isolated-yet-sensitive thinker. They want to pursue desire but worried about the effects it will brings to them. He undergoes the contradiction between reason and lust, and suffers in hesitation. With interior monologue as skill, Eliot presents a portraiture of modern man in awkwardness, impotence, and inner hollowness. Prufrock is typically a representative of modern man on this “Waste land”.6) Analyse the influence of American Dream on Gatsby A great number of his stories started with the basic situation in which a rising young man of the middle class is in love with the daughter of a very rich family. While The Great Gatsby explores a number of themes, none is more prevalent than that of the corruption of the American dream. Gatsby appears to be the embodiment of this dream he has risen from being a poor farm boy with no prospects, to being rich, having a big house, servants, and a large social circle attending his numerous functions. He has achieved all this in only a few short years, having returned from the war penniless. However, Fitzgerald explores much more than the failure of the American dream he is more deeply concerned with its total corruption. Gatsby has not achieved his wealth through honest hard work, but through bootlegging and crime. His money is not simply new money it is dirty money, earned through dishonesty and crime. 7) Hemingways Iceberg Theory After the publication of his last major work, The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway explained his iceberg theory of fiction writing in a Paris Review interview: “If it is any use to know it, I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg.” Hemingways iceberg theory of prose style suggests that the writer should leave unsaid the vast majority of what might be written on a subject. The writer gains power by knowing what to leave out.4. Analysis1) I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed by Emily DickinsonThis peom is a ballad and the rhyme scheme of it:abcb 1 stanzaI taste a liquor never brewed-I taste a strong/sweet alcoholic spirit that has never been made to beer. Note the metaphor here.“A liquor never brewed” refers metaphorically to nature. The poet is lost in the beauty of nature.2 stanzaMolten blue-metaphorical use, referring to “heaven” or “nature”(天堂)The poet told readers humorously that she was drinking air and dew, and described herself as a drunken man to express she was intoxicating in nature very much. Image-inns of molten blue-the poet was deeply absorbed in the good days of summer full of blue sky and green grass.3 stanzaThe poet would intoxicate in nature for ever, comparing the bee, the butterfl