艺康-清洗与消毒培训ppt课件

明智的选择MakingTheRightChoice,清洁剂Cleaners,清洁的五种基本因素SinnersCircleFiveCleaningBasisFactors,MECHANICALACTION机械作用,TEMPERATURE温度,CHEMICALACTION化学作用,TIME时间,PROCEDURE,清洁的其他因素ExtendedSinnersCircleCleaningFactors,MECHANICALACTION机械作用,TEMPERATURE温度,CHEMICALACTION化学作用,TIME时间,HEALTH&SAFETY,PROCEDURE,ENVIRONMENT,选择清洁剂的五种因素FiveFactors,污垢的特性水的质量需要清洁的表面清洁的方法对环境的关注,污垢的种类NatureofSoils,肉眼可察见的解决方法:使用正确清洁剂不能用肉眼察见的(细菌)解决方法:使用正确消毒剂,食品饮料制造业污垢的分类ClassificationofSoils,油脂蛋白质碳水化合物矿物盐,FatRemoval去除油脂,68O90.5O113O135.5O158O,CF,水清洁剂,温度,油脂Fats,乳化(Emulsification):-表面活性剂(Surfactant)分散(Dispersion):碱(Alkali)皂化(Saponification):-强碱(StrongAlkali),蛋白质Protein,碱或酸AlkalineorAcid溶解蛋白质氧化剂OxidizingAgent水解蛋白质Hydrolyzeproteins酶Enzyme(蛋白酶Protease)催化水解蛋白质过程,酪素Casein,蛋白质溶解速度SolubilityofProtein,碳水化合物Carbohydrates,糖Sugars可溶于温水淀粉Starches碱性或酸性清洁剂淀粉酶(Amylase),矿物盐MineralSalts,来自食物及水-奶石(milk-stone),啤酒石(beer-stone)可溶于一般酸螯合(Chelates)最佳的溶解劑防止水垢形成-水处理剂,清洁溶液CleaningSolution,清洁剂,水,常见水中的杂质TypicalImpuritiesinWater,水的硬度WaterHardness,是水的最重要化学特质零时性硬度碳酸钙或碳酸镁遇热加速形成水垢遇碱加速形成水垢永久性硬度氯化钙或氯化镁,硫化钙或硫化镁加热后更稳定遇碱加速水的硬度与水垢形成,水的硬度WaterHardnessCalciumCarbonateCaCO3U.S.GeologicalSurvey,17.1ppmCaCO3=1gpg,Hardness硬度,酸碱度pH,介乎中性:pH6.5-pH8.5一般酸性或碱性清洁剂均不受水的酸碱度所影响,矿物及其他杂质MineralsandOtherImpurities,铁和镁Ironandmanganese引致污点氧化物混合产生沉淀微生物Microorganisms,清洁/消毒应使用标准水SuggestedWaterStandardsCleaning/SanitizingApplications,浊度Turbidity颜色Color气味Taste/Odor总可溶性固形物TotalDissolvedSolids硬度HardnessasCaCO3碱度AlkalinityasCaCO3pH含铁量Iron含镁量Manganese含铜量Copper氯化物Chlorides硫化物Sulfates硅Silica有机物Microorganisms标准平均计数StandardPlateCount大肠菌Coliforms球菌Psychrotropes,1-105-10低5002502506-80.30.1220020015无病原体Pathogenfree少于500cfu/ml.少于1cfu/100ml.少于20cfu/ml.,因素指标(mg/L),需要清洁的表面Surface/MaterialtobeCleaned,不锈钢StainlessSteel铝Aluminum铜Copperandbrass生铁Mildsteel非金属表面Nonmetallicsurfaces表面的性质NatureofSurface光滑性Smoothness易受腐蚀性Corrosion,清洁的方法MethodsofApplicationTypicalCleaningSolutions,清洗方法MethodofApplication,需考虑的因素:员工所接触皮肤的接触及对空气的污染手洗清洁:介乎pH4-10.5高压喷洗式清洁泡沫式清洁机械式清洁(CIP),环境保护Environmental,所有污水排放前必需先预先处理必需先中和或降低水的酸碱度,以减少对环境的污染含磷量(Phosphates)控制污水中的BOD或COD,清洁的化学原理ChemistryofCleaning清洁剂的成份DetergentComponents,表面的活性剂(Surfactants)主要成份Builders:碱AlkalineBuilders酸AcidBuilders酶Enzymes水处理剂WaterConditioners氧化剂OxidizingAgents填充剂Fillers其他添加剂MiscellaneousAdditives,清洁的化学原理ChemistryofCleaning,清洁剂与污垢所产生的物理作用改变其溶解特性清洁剂与污垢所产生的化学作用使污垢变成易溶于水的物质,表面活性剂(Surfactant),渗透作用WettingPenetration,乳化表面活性剂EmulsificationSurfactants,表面活性剂Surfactants,提供三种作用:渗透乳化悬浮,表面活性剂Surfactants,泡沫抑制剂Defoamers,70OF90OF110OF130OF150OF,低,泡沫量,临界点,高,综合成份Builders,能增加清洁力的物质碱性酸性酶水处理剂氧化剂,排斥作用ChargeRepulsion碱性成份AlkalineBuilders,污垢,污垢,污垢,污垢,污垢,污垢,碱性成份AlkalineBuilders,碱性来源:苛性钠(Causticsoda)氢氧化钾(Causticpotash)三磷酸盐(Trisodiumphosphate)碳酸钾及碳酸钠(Sodiumandpotassiumcarbonate)硅酸盐(Silicates)胺(Amines),碱度的量度AlkalinityasSodiumOxide,碱性来源EquivalentSodiumOxideNa2OTotalActive苛性碱氢氧化钠SodiumHydroxide0.760.75氢氧化钾PotassiumHydroxide0.490.48偏硅酸钠SodiumMetasilicate0.500.47碳酸钠SodiumCarbonate0.570.28三磷酸钠SodiumTripolyphosphate0.180.05,酸性成份AcidBuilders,食品/饮料用以清除或防止污垢形成,例如:奶石或啤酒石磷酸(Phosphoricacid)硝酸(Nitricacid)有机酸(Organicacids),酶Enzyme,一种蛋白质催化剂或分子,能加速整个化学作用,污垢蛋白质脂肪碳水化合物,酶蛋白酶(Protease)脂肪酶(Lipase)淀粉酶(Amylase),酶,蛋白质,水处理剂WaterConditioners,用以处理水中杂质多价螯合剂(Sequesteringagents)与镁钙离子螯合例如:磷酸盐螯合剂(Chelates)-或形成可溶于水的合成物-例如:乙二胺三醋酸(EDTA),葡糖酸钠(SodiumGluconates),氧化剂OxidizingAgents,用以加强碱清洁能力-次氯酸钠(SodiumHypochlorite)-高硼酸钠(SodiumPerborate),填充剂Fillers,增加容量及重量加入清洁剂中稀释,以降低危险性降低成本液体产品:水是最普遍的填充剂粉装产品:盐是最普遍的填充剂,其他成份MiscellaneousIngredients,防腐剂(Corrosioninhibitors)溶剂(Solvents),碱性清洁剂AlkalineDetergents,性能对照表ComparativeAbility,A-最佳ExcellentB-良好GoodC-无效能NoAbilityD-负效能NegativePerformance,基本碱BasicAlkalis,复合磷酸盐ComplexPhosphates,有机物质OrganicMaterials,酸性清洁剂AcidDetergents,性能对照表ComparativeAbility,无机矿物酸MineralAcids,有机酸OrganicAcids,A-最佳ExcellentB-良好GoodC-无效能NoAbilityD-负效能NegativePerformance,明智的选择MakingTheRightChoice消毒剂Sanitizers,为何要使用消毒剂WhyDoWeSanitize?,保障产品的安全保障产品的质量-延长保存期遵守政府的法例,消毒过程能保证产品的质量及安全SanitationProtectsProductQuality&Safety,正确选择的益处Benefitsof“MakingTheRightChoice”,良好的口碑减少财务损失合乎法规的准则满足顾客及照顾食品安全带来利润,微生物的种类TypesofMicroorganisms,螺旋菌SpiralBacteria,球菌CocciBacteria,杆菌Rod-ShapedBacteria,霉菌Molds,酵母Yeast,常见词汇Sterilant/Sterilize,彻底杀灭所有活的微生物包括细菌孢子,细菌,病毒及真菌高温及化学处理于特定的情况下最为有效主要用于医学界及实验室,常见词汇Disinfectant/Disinfect,清除100%可繁殖细胞不能杀灭所有细菌孢子广为医院所采用常用于泳池和食水消毒,常见词汇Sanitizer/Sanitize,降低微生物污染的程度(99.999%)可分为两类:无需过水的消毒剂,用于接触食物表面(No-rinsefoodcontactsurfacesanitizer)非接触食物表面的消毒剂(Non-foodcontactsurfacesanitizer),接触食物表面的消毒剂FoodContactSurfaceSanitizerAOACGermicidalDetergentSanitizerTest,25oC99ml配制杀菌液,加1ml大肠菌或葡萄球菌,(至少含细胞7.5x107/ml),30秒接触时间,中和1ml,存活细胞计数,所需效率在30秒25oC杀灭率为99.999%,UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,有效清除微生物证明资料产品化学成份毒理学资料标签及技术上资料,EPA,FIFRA,FederalInsecticide,FungicideandRodenticideAct,注册消毒剂SanitizerRegistration,EPAReg.No.1677-58,FoodandDrugAdministration-FDA,U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture-USDA,HealthCanada/CanadianAgricultureFoodSafety,DIRECTIONSFORUSE:ItisaviolationofFederallawtousethisproductinamannerinconsistentwithitslabeling.,使用准则UsageRestrictionsKeyPoints:PotableWater自来水,稀释后即时使用-非循环再用准确的浓度不能过低-效力受质疑不能过高-违反法例,NOTE:FORMECHANICALOPERATIONSpreparedusesolutionsmaynotbereusedforsanitizingbutmaybereusedforotherpurposessuchascleaning.FORMANUALOPERATIONSfreshsanitizingsolutionsshouldbepreparedatleastdailyormoreoftenifthesolutionbecomesdilutedorsoiled.,获FDA批准无需过水的消毒剂(1998)FDAApprovedNo-RinseFoodContactSurfaceSanitizers,“氯”(Chlorine)二氧化氯(Chlorinedioxide/mixtureofoxychlorospecies)“碘”消毒剂(Iodophors)“季铵”(Quaternaryammoniumcompounds)酸性阴离子消毒剂(Acid-anionicsanitizers)羧酸消毒剂(Carboxylicacidsanitizers)过氧醋酸(Peroxyacidcompounds)酚(Phenolic),氯气ChlorineGas,氯气(ChlorineGas)次氯酸钠,次氯酸钙,次氯酸锂(Sodium,calcium,lithiumhypochlorites)粉状有机氯性来源:最高浓度-200ppmavailablechlorine,NaOCl+H2OHOCl+NaOHCa(OCl)2+2H2O2HOCl+Ca(OH)2Cl2+H2OHOCl+H+Cl-,“氯”于液体的化学作用ChemistryofChlorineinSolution,“氯”的优点ChlorineAdvantages,用途广泛能抵受硬水于低温下仍有高效能较为经济不留残余物/不会形成水垢,100%,50%,0%,HOCIActivity,45678910pH,“氯”的缺点ChlorineDisadvantages,可能形成有毒的氯气腐蚀性刺激性不稳定-保存期短可能形成有毒的副产品,TrihalomethaneCompounds(THMs),“碘”消毒剂Iodophors,碘(Iodine)+表面活性剂(Surfactant)+酸(Acid)最高浓度-25ppm,“碘”消毒剂的优点IodophorsAdvantages,用途广泛较“氯”温和低毒有效的酸碱度较“氯”广泛-pH2-8腐蚀性较“氯”低稳定-保存期长颜色容易辨认,酸碱度对“碘”消毒剂的影响EffectofpHonIodophorSanitizers,Note:I2是最有活性的形态,“碘”消毒剂的缺点IodophorsDisadvantages,沾污非光滑表面及胶制物质对噬菌体作用较低于低温下不能发挥效能高温下会造成腐蚀性不能加热至摄氏120度当使用CIP时,可能引致过多泡沫较“氯”昂贵气味,“季铵”QuaternaryAmmoniumChlorideCompounds,FDA所允许于食物接触表面，无需过水之消毒浓度-200ppm,“季铵”的优点QuaternaryAmmoniumChlorideCompoundAdvantages,无毒,无嗅,无色不含腐蚀性温度稳定对有机污垢有较稳定的效能用途广泛有较长的残效期有清洁及渗透污垢的能力稳定-保存期长控制霉菌具辟味功效,“季铵”的缺点QuaternaryAmmoniumChlorideCompoundDisadvantages,不可与阴离子渗透剂一起使用抵受硬水的能力低于低温下只能发挥有限效能于机械式操作下会产生大量泡沫杀菌能力随配方的不同而有差异,酸性阴离子AcidAnionics,阴离子的表面活性剂(AnionicSurfactants)+酸(Acid)双重作用:消毒及酸性过水(sanitize&acidrinse),酸性阴离子的优点AcidAnionicsAdvantages,稳定-保存期较长一般不含腐蚀性无染色副作用较少难闻的气味不受硬水影响清除及控制矿物质形成的水垢对噬菌体有良好反应,酸性阴离子的缺点AcidAnionicsDisadvantages,高成本对酸碱度敏感，(理想酸碱度pH2-3)有限的杀菌力不能杀灭酵母及霉菌潜在腐蚀性(当水质含过高氯化物)高泡沫刺激皮肤受阳离子表面活性剂抑制,羧酸CarboxylicAcid,脂肪酸(Fattyacids)+有机酸(organicacids)+矿物酸(mineralacid)双重作用:消毒及酸性过水sanitize&acidrinse低泡,羧酸的优点CarboxylicAcidAdvantages,用于CIP清洁时，泡沫较少广泛控制细菌活动稳定-保存期较长不受硬水影响清除及控制矿物质形成的水垢无染色副作用,羧酸的缺点CarboxylicAcidDisadvantages,不能完全控制真菌对酸碱度敏感-理想酸碱度55oC潜在腐蚀性，需根据器材、物料使用而定,热水HotWater,PMO(PasteurizedMilkOrdinance)-最少摄氏170度,5分钟IDF(InternationalDairyFederation)-最少摄氏185度,15分钟,结合“时间”和“温度”是热水消毒(HotWaterSanitizing)最重要一环,热水的优点HotWaterAdvantages,经济容易供应广泛杀菌能力不含腐蚀性渗透,热水的缺点HotWaterDisadvantages,过程缓慢形成水垢损害器材凝聚水点不安全成本高(能源,器材,水处理),二氧化氯的优点ChlorineDioxide-CIO2Advantages,氧化力强的化学物质较“氯”能抵受有机物质对不锈钢腐蚀性较低对酸碱度敏感性较低,二氧化氯的缺点ChlorineDioxide-CIO2Disadvantages,不安全有点毒性对光及热敏感成本高,臭氧的优点Ozone-O3Advantages,强烈的氧化气体广泛控制细菌活动,臭氧的缺点Ozone-O3Disadvantages,不稳定对酸碱度敏感对温度敏感安全的问题有毒成本高腐蚀性,紫外光的优点Ultraviolet-UVAdvantages,不受酸碱度及温度的影响不会留下味道及气味低毒性,紫外光的缺点Ultraviolet-UVDisadvantages,渗透力低安全问题细菌重新滋生受外在因素影响成本高,过氧化物PeroxyCompounds,H2O2,CH2COOH,H,H,H,H,C,C,O,O,O,+,HydrogenPeroxide,AceticAcid,PeroxyaceticAcid,过氧醋酸消毒剂PeroxyaceticAcidSanitizerOneoftheMostEffectiveSanitizersAgainstBiofilms,Aconductance-basedsurfacedisinfectiontestforfoodhygiene.LettersinAppliedMicrobiology.1990.11,255-259.Conclusion:Theperacidswerethemosteffectiveofthecompoundstestedagainstorganismspresentasbiofilms.EffectofCleanersandSanitizersonListeriamonocytogenesAttachedtoProductContactSurfaces.JournalofFoodProtection.1992.Vol.55,No.4,246-251Conclusion:ThemosteffectivesanitizersagainstattachedcellsonvarioussurfacesincludedOXONIAACTIVE.ControlofBiofilmsinBreweriesThroughCleaningandSanitizing.MBAATechnicalQuarterly.1992.Vol29,86-88.Conclusion:Peraceticacidsanitizerprovidedthegreatestreductioninviablebiofilmbacteriaaftera2minutecontacttime.,Thefollowingarearticlesfromscientificjournalsthatindicateperoxyaceticacidsanitizersaremosteffectiveincontrollingbiofilms:,过氧醋酸消毒剂PeroxyaceticAcidSanitizerOneoftheMostEffectiveSanitizersAgainstBiofilms,Biofilmsandtheirconsequences,withparticularreferencetohygieneinthefoodindustry.JournalofAppliedBacteriology.1993.75,499-511.Conclusion:Themosteffectiveoftheproductstestedonbiofilmswasperaceticacid.ScientificStatusSummary:MicrobialAttachmentAndBiofilmFormation:ANewProblemForTheFoodIndustry.FoodTechnology.1994.Vol.48,No.7,107-114.Biofims&DisinfectionDevelopmentofaMicroorganismCarrier-SurfaceMethod.SciencesDesAliments.1992.Vol.12,721-728.,Thefollowingarearticlesfromscientificjournalsthatindicateperoxyaceticacidsanitizersaremosteffectiveincontrollingbiofilms:,过氧醋酸的优点PeroxyaceticAcidAdvantages,低泡适合任何温度结合消毒及酸性过水不留残余物质不会腐蚀不锈钢及铝,较能抵受有机污垢不含磷环保杀菌力广泛能于酸碱值达7.5发挥消毒效能,过氧醋酸-环保PeroxyaceticAcid,EnvironmentallyResponsible,温度对消毒剂效能的影响EffectofTemperatureonSanitizerEfficacy过氧酸vs.酸性消毒剂,酸碱度对消毒剂效能的影响EffectofpHonSanitizerEfficacy过氧酸vs.酸性消毒剂,葡萄球菌Staphylococcusaureus,大肠菌Escherichiacoli,3.0pH5.0,40oF70oF,5,1,LOGREDUCTIONS,LOGREDUCTIONS,5,1,过氧酸酸过氧酸酸,过氧酸酸过氧酸,酸,Acid,过氧醋酸的缺点PeroxyaceticAcidDisadvantages,对金属离子敏感腐蚀软金属浓缩时有醋酸味不能完全杀灭真菌,化学消毒剂杀菌力的比较RelativeAntimicrobialActivityofChemicalSa