草坪发展简史

HistoryofTurfgrasses,Biblicalreferences:grassesusedinPersianandArabiangardens13thcenturyliteraturereferredtotheuseofturnonlawn“bowling”areasTheword“turf”isderivedfromtheSanskrit“darbhus”,meaningaturfofgrass16-17thcentury,golfandturfareasdeveloped,Historycontinued,FirstlawnmowerinventedbyEdwinBudding,England,1830PrivatelawnsdevelopedinVictorianEngland,broughttoUSbyEnglishsettlers.Hadtowaituntilthehardwoodforestswereclearedtopermitgrassestablishment.Williamsburgclassicexampleofsmallturfareasateachhouse.Thiswasthechange.,OriginofTurfgrasses,MostspeciesusedforturfarenotnativetoNorthAmerica,withtheexceptionofbuffalograss.AlltheprimaryspecieshavebeenintroducedMostturfspeciesare“forest-fringe”species,whichdistinguishesthemfromtallerprairiespecies,OriginofTurfgrasses,Turfgrassesdevelopedincloseassociationwithdomesticatedanimals.ManthusunwittinglyimposednaturalselectiononmanyofthegrasseswenowuseforturfOnlygrassesabletowithstandrepeatedgrazing(closecutting)wereabletosurviveManygrassesintroducedtoUSasfeedforlivestockfromtheships,orseedthat“hitchedaride”,RecentHistoryTremendouschangesinlast40yearsLinkedtorisinginterestingolf,TV,Manynew,improvedcultivars(cultivatedvarieties-anamedvariety)Pesticidedevelopment-2,4-DoneoffirstRefinedfertilizerprograms,inorganicfertilizersNewequipmentsuchasaerifier,verticalmower,modernirrigationsystems,SizeoftheTurfGrassIndustry,UNITEDSTATES(1983)25To30millionacres(sizeofnewengland)$25BillioninannualmaintenanceCOSTSSTATESURVEYS=$1BILLIONEACHNewYork(1982),California(1983),Virginia,NorthCarolina(1986)Pennsylvania(1992),NorthCarolinaSurvey(1994),Over2MillionAcres$1BillioninAnnualMaintenanceCostsOver2MillionHomelawns76,000MilesofRoadsides500GolfCourses(12MillionRoundsofGolf),WhatSpeciesareGrowninNC?,Tallfescue52%oftotalBluegrass/fescue8%Bermudagrass7%Centipedegrass4%others:zoysiagrass,ryegrass,bahiagrass,carpetgrass,St.Augustinegrass,WherestheMoney?HowGolfCoursesAllocate$,Labor,Mowing28.3%oftotalMowingEquipmentetc.15.1%Labor,Pesticides8.4%Fertilizer7.9%Labor,Irrigation3.6%,SegmentsoftheTurfGrassIndustry,HomelawnsRoadsidesGolfCourseLawnCareParksAthleticFieldsSodProductionSchools,CommercialGroundsCemeteriesChurchesInstitutionsTurfSalesAirports,SelectedTurfandTurf-relatedOccupations,CemeteriesManagementConsultantsEducation/ExtensionEquipmentManufacturers/Sales,FertilizerManufacturers/SalesGardenStores/NurseriesGolfCourseOperationsMore.,SelectedTurfandTurf-relatedOccupations,IrrigationInstallationandDesignJournalism,Newsletters,Etc.Landscaping/ConstructionLawnCareLawnServiceFirmsLimeProduction/Sales,ParksManagementPesticideManufactures/SalesResearchSeedFirms/SalesSodProductionTurfManagement,Parks,Etc.,Definitions,TurfAcoveringofmowedvegetationplusthemedium(soil)inwhichthegrassesaregrowingTurfgrasstheplantcommunityconsistingofcertainspeciesinthePoaceaeformingacontinuousgroundcoverwithpersistsunderregularmowingandtraffic,Definitions,GrassAnyPlantofthePoaceaFamily(Cereals,Forages,Bamboo)ParallelVenationMonocotHavingOneCotyledon(SeedlingLeaf)intheSeed,Definitions,TurfgrasscultureScienceandpracticeofestablishingandmaintainingturfgrassTurfgrassmanagementEncompasseslaborsupervision,recordkeeping,budgeting,andcostaccountingaswellascultureSodHarvestedturf,Definitions,GreenAcloselymowed,highlymanicuredturfgrassmaintainedforaspecificpurposeTypes:golf,bowling,tennisNativeGrassOriginateandpersistinaregionNaturalizedGrassAdaptandpersistbutnotoriginatefromtheregion,CLASSIFICATIONOFMERIONKENTUCKYBLUEGRASS,KingdomPlantaeDivisionEmbryophytaSubdivisionPhanaerogamaBranchAngiospermaeClassMonocotyledoneaeSubclassGlumiforaeOrderPoalesFamilyPoaceaeSubfamilyPooideaeTribePoeaeGenusPoaSpeciespratensisCultivarMerion,TheImportanceofTurf,In1971lifemagazineconductedasurveyandfoundthat95%ofrespondentssaidgreengrassandtreesaroundmeisthemostimportantenvironmentalfactorIn1980BetterHomesandGardenschoselawnsasmostimportantlandscapingelement(61%),ReasonsforTurf,AestheticsOrnamentalGrassesMentalRelaxationRecreationExerciseSportingEvents,ReasonsforTurf,SafetyReduceGlareRoadsideStoppingReduceFireReduceRodents,SnakesReduceInjuries,ReasonsforTurf,EnvironmentalQualityModerateTemperatures15DegreesCoolerThanBareGround30DegreesCoolerThanConcrete,ReasonsforTurf,EnvironmentalQuality(continued)ReduceErosionReducedust,lengthenlifeofequipmentReducenoise30-40%Convertunusableland-landfillsforexample,ReasonsforTurf,EnvironmentalQuality(continued)RecycleeffluentReleaseoxygenAbsorbtoxicemissionsReduceallergies(butcanalsocauseallergies),ReasonsforTurf,EconomicsRealtorssaylandscapingadds6%tovalueHomeownerssaylandscapingadds15%tosellingpriceSellfasterRecoveryvalue100-200%butonly40-70%forpatioanddeck,SportingEventsthatUtilizeTurfasaPlayingSurface,ArcheryBadmintonBaseballCricketCroquetFootballFrisbeeGolfHorseracingHorseshoesLawnBowling,LawnDartsPlaygroundsRugbySkiing,lawnSkiing,snowSoccerSoftballSteepleChaseTetherballTrack&FieldVolleyball,TurfQuality,Turfqualityisafunctionofuse,appearanceandplayabilityTherearetwocategories:VisualFunctional,VisualQuality,Density-numberofshootsperareaTexture-leafwidthUniformity-evenappearanceColorGrowthhabit-typeofshootgrowthSmoothness-surfacefeaturethataffectsqualityandplayability,Density,Texture,Uniformity,Smoothness,FunctionalQuality,RigidityResistenceofleavestocompressionElasticityTendencyofleavestospringbackResiliencyCapacitytoabsorbshockwithoutchangingsurfaceYieldClippingsremovedwithmowing,Rigidity,Elasticity,BallRoll,Clippings,Verdure,FunctionalQuality(continued),VerdureAerialshootsremainingaftermowingRootingAmount,depthofrootgrowthRecuperativecapacityRecoverypotential,TENGOODREASONSTOGROWALAWN,HomeLawnsHelptheEnvironmentThenexttimeyouremowingonahotday,thinkingthatgreenconcretemayreallybetheanswer,considerallofthewaysyourlawnreturnsyourfavorofgoodcare:,10GoodReasonstogrowalawn,1.Thefrontlawnsofablockofeightaveragehouseshavethecoolingeffectofabout70tonsofairconditioning.Theaveragehomecentralairconditioningunithasabout3-4toncapacity.Considerhowmuchenergyissavedbythoselawns!,10GoodReasonstogrowalawn,2.Onahotsummerday,grasscanbe10to14degreescoolerthanexposedsoilandasmuchas30degreescoolerthanconcreteorasphalt.3.A50by100footwell-maintainedgrassareawillcreateenoughoxygentomeettheneedsofafamilyoffoureveryday.,10GoodReasonstogrowalawn,4.Actinglikeagiganticsponge,lawnsabsorballtypesofairbornepollutantssuchassoot,dustandcarbonmonoxide,aswellasnoise.5.Recentstudiesshowhealthylawnsabsorbrainfallsixtimesmoreeffectivelythanawheatfieldandfourtimesbetterthanahayfield,beingexceededonlybyvirginforest.Lawnsfilterthemoisturetothewatertablewhereitcanagainbeusedbyeveryone.,10GoodReasonstogrowalawn,6.APennStateUniversitystudyshowedthicklawnsslowthevelocityofrunoffandallowthewatertoinfiltrate.Ahealthy,highqualitylawnwasatleast10timesmoreeffectivethanap