propertyLaw财产法

LegalEnvironmentofBusiness,ThresholdLegalConcepts:PROPERTY,2,Propertyrelevantlegislation,ExamplesofNSWstatutesregulatingproperty+longtitlesSALEOFGOODSACT1923AnActtocodifyandamendthelawrelatingtotheSaleofGoods.CONVEYANCINGACT1919AnActtoamendandconsolidatethelawofpropertyandtosimplifyandimprovethepracticeofconveyancing;andforsuchpurposestoamendcertainActsrelatingthereto.REALPROPERTYACT1900AnActtoconsolidatetheActsrelatingtothedeclarationoftitlestolandandthefacilitationofitstransfer.,3,Propertyrelevantlegislation,ExamplesofNSWstatutesregulatingproperty+longtitlesWILLS,PROBATEANDADMINISTRATIONACT1898AnActtoconsolidateenactmentsrelatingtoWill,ProbateandAdministrationFAMILYPROVISIONACT1982AnActtoamendthelawrelatingtotheassurancetothefamilyofadeceasedpersonandcertainotherpersonsofadequateprovisionfromtheestateofthedeceasedpersonandcertainotherpropertyTRUSTEEACT1898AnActforconsolidatingEnactmentsrelatingtoTrustsandTrustees.,4,Propertyrelevantlegislation,ExamplesofNSWstatutesregulatingproperty+longtitlesRESIDENTIALTENANCIESACT1987AnActrelatingtotherightsandobligationsoflandlordsandtenantsunderresidentialtenancyagreements;tomakeprovisionwithrespecttoexcessiverentincreasesandrents;toconferfunctionsontheConsumer,TraderandTenancyTribunalofNewSouthWaleswithrespecttolandlordsandtenants;toamendtheConsumerClaimsTribunalsAct1974inrelationtorentalbondsclaims;andforotherpurposes.,Propertyrights,PersonalpropertyChattel,RealpropertyFixture,Tenant?LeaseChoseinaction,Landlord?LegalinterestInrealproperty,Bank?MortgageEquitableinterestinrealproperty,ChequeBook?Sharecertificates?Choseinaction,CopyrightChoseinaction,6,Propertyconceptsanddefinitions,propertycanrefertorightsofownershipORobjectsofownershippropertycanberealproperty/realtyORpersonalproperty,7,Propertyconceptsanddefinitions,Realpropertyactioninremorarealactionimmovableland,fixtures,PersonalPropertyactioninpersonamorapersonalactionmovablesgoods/chattelsetctangibles/intangibles,Realproperty,9,RealProperty,realproperty=land+fixtureswhatisland?Latinmaxim:cuisestsolumeiusestusqueadcoelumetadinferosislandthesurfaceandeverythingunderittothecentreoftheearthandeverythingaboveittotheheavens?,Physicallimitsofland,10,PhysicallimitsoflandthesubstratumLandownerdoesnotownroyalminerals(goldandsilver)andCrownlandgrantsusuallyreserverightsinminerals,petroleumetcunderthesurfacetotheCrown.,Physicallimitsofland,11,PhysicallimitsoflandtheairspaceabovethesurfaceProblemswithoverhangingbranches,signsandcranes,aerialphotographyetcHowfardoesthelandownersinterestinlandextend?,Realproperty:physicallimitsofland,12,BernsteinofLeigh(Baron)vSkyviewsandexamples:partnersinterestinapartnership,righttoalegacyunderawill,aninterestinatrustestate(equitable)rightsareclaimedorenforcedbytakinglegalactionnotbytakingphysicalpossession,22,Interestsinland,Acquiringownershipofproperty,byoperationoflawbankruptcyBankruptcyAct1966(Cth):propertyvestsintrustee;not/availableforpaymentofdebtscourtsettlementexecutionofacourtjudgmentwritoverlandorwritofexecutionovergoodscompulsoryacquisitionbygovernmentCommonwealthConstitution:section51(xxxi)theacquisitionofpropertyonjusttermsfromanyStateorpersonforanypurposeinrespectofwhichtheParliamenthaspowertomakelaws;administrationofintestateestate,24,Acquiringownershipofproperty,byconsent/agreementSale-contractsforthesaleofland:ConveyancingAct1919;RealPropertyAct1900-contractsforthesaleofgoods:SaleofGoodsAct1923GiftDeclarationoftrustAssignmentofchoseinactionInheritanceunderawill,25,Contractsforthesaleofland,contractmustbeinwritingotherwiseitisnotenforceablestandardformsconveyancingprocedure-preparationofthewrittencontract;exchangeorsigningofcontracts;searchesandinquiries;settlementTorrensSystem-RealPropertyAct1900(NSW)-RegistrarGeneral/LandTitlesOffice/publicregister-thestate/governmentissuesacertificateoftitlethatisconclusiveevidenceofownership-thestate/governmentmaintainsaregisterofallinterestsinlande.g.mortgages-theregisteredowner/proprietorhasindefeasibletitle,26,27,28,Contractsforthesaleofgoods,SALEOFGOODSACT1923-SECTION6(1)(1)AcontractofsaleofgoodsisacontractwherebythesellertransfersoragreestotransferthepropertyingoodstothebuyerforamoneyconsiderationcalledthepriceSALEOFGOODSACT1923-SECTION5DefinitionsGoodsincludeallchattelspersonalotherthanthingsinactionandmoney.Thetermincludesemblementsandthingsattachedtoorformingpartofthelandwhichareagreedtobeseveredbeforesaleorunderthecontractofsale.SALEOFGOODSACT1923-SECTION8acontractofsalemaybemadeinwriting(eitherwithorwithoutseal),orbywordofmouth,orpartlyinwritingandpartlybywordofmouth,ormaybeimpliedfromtheconductoftheparties.,Contractsforthesaleofgoods,SALEOFGOODSACT1923-SECTION25RiskprimafaciepasseswithpropertyUnlessotherwiseagreed,thegoodsremainatthesellersriskuntilthepropertythereinistransferredtothebuyer,butwhenthepropertythereinistransferredtothebuyer,thegoodsareatthebuyersrisk,whetherdeliveryhasbeenmadeornot:Providedthatwheredeliveryhasbeendelayedthroughthefaultofeitherbuyerorseller,thegoodsareattheriskofthepartyinfaultasregardsanylosswhichmightnothaveoccurredbutforsuchfault:Providedalsothatnothinginthissectionshallaffectthedutiesorliabilitiesofeithersellerorbuyerasabaileeofthegoodsoftheotherparty,29,Contractsforthesaleofgoods,Thetimeatwhichownership/propertypassesisimportantbecausefromthattime:thebuyercanexerciserightsofownershipriskinthegoodspassestothebuyerSALEOFGOODSACT1923SECTIONS21-23containruleswhichdetermineswhenownership/propertypassesfromsellertobuyerNotecontractmaycontainaretentionoftitleclause(akaRomalpaclause)providesthatownershipdoesnotpasstothebuyeruntilthesellerispaidinfullwhy?sothatsellercanrecoverthegoodsifbuyerbecomesinsolvent(andisnotjustanotherunsecuredcreditor),30,Contractsforthesaleofgoods,Transferofproperty/ownershipbyanon-ownerSALEOFGOODSACT1923SECTIONS26-29Thenemodatrule-Nopersoncanpassabettertitlethanthatpersonpossesses,e.g.thesaleofacarbyathief.Exceptionstotheruleincludewheretheseller:isactingwiththeownersauthorityorconsentisamercantileagentisexercisingapowerofsalehasavoidabletitleisasellerinpossessionafteranothersaleisabuyerinpossessionafteranothersale.,31,Contractsforthesaleofgoods:buyersremedies,Ifthesellerbreachesthecontractbynon-delivery,delayeddeliveryordefectivegoods,thebuyerhasaright:todamagestorepudiatethecontractifthesellerhasbreachedaconditionofthecontract.Note:therighttorepudiateislostifthebuyerhasacceptedthegoodsby:intimatingtothesellerthatthegoodsareaccepteddoinganactinconsistentwiththesellersownershipretainingthegoodsforareasonableperiodwithoutrejectingthem,32,33,Contractsforthesaleofgoods:sellersremedies,Ifthebuyerbreachesthecontract,thesellerhasrightsagainstthebuyerpersonallyandinrelationtothegoodsthemselvesPersonalremediesinclude:actionfordamagesfornon-acceptanceactionfortheprice.Realremediesinclude:lienstoppageintransiturightofresale.,Acquiringownershipofproperty,byconsent/agreementGiftInheritanceunderawill,34,Legalandequitableinterestsinproperty,legalinterestsarepropertyinterestsrecognisedbythecommonlawequitableinterestsarepropertyinterestsprotectedbyequity;equitywillintervenetopreventalegalowneractingsoastodepriveothersofinterestsinthepropertytowhichtheyareentitledrecall:courtsofCommonLawvCourtofChanceryexamplesofequitableinterests-interestunderanoptiontopurchase-interestunderacontractforthesaleofland,35,Intellectualproperty,37,Whatisintellectualproperty?,IntellectualpropertyorIPreferstoavarietyofrightsconferredbylawtoencouragethecreationofcertainsubjectmatterandtoprotecttheeconomicinterestsofthecreatorsorinvestorswhofundthemIntellectualpropertyisachoseinactionaformofpersonalpropertyrightsexercisednotbytakingpossessionbutbytakinglegalaction,38,Whatisintellectualproperty?,AccordingtoIPAustraliaIntellectualpropertyrepresentsthepropertyofyourmindorintellect.Itcanbeaninvention,trademark,originaldesignorthepracticalapplicationofagoodidea.Inbusinessterms,thismeansyourproprietaryknowledge-akeycomponentofsuccessinbusinesstoday.Itisoftentheedgewhichsetssuccessfulcompaniesapartandasworldmarketsbecomeincreasinglycompetitive,protectingyourintellectualpropertybecomesessential.,.au/ip/index.shtml,TypesofIP,PatentsForneworimprovedproductsorprocessesTrademarksForletters,words,phrases,sounds,smells,shapes,logos,pictures,aspectsofpackagingoracombinationofthese,todistinguishthegoodsandservicesofonetraderfromanotherDesignsFortheshapeorappearanceofmanufacturedgoodsCopyrightFororiginalmaterialinliterary,artistic,dramaticormusicalworks,films,broadcasts,multimediaandcomputerprogramsCircuitLayoutRightsForthethree-dimensionalconfigurationofelectroniccircuitsinintegratedcircuitproductorlayoutdesignsPlantBreedersrightsFornewplantvarietiesConfidentialinformationandtradesecrets,39,DifferentIntellectualPropertyrights,RecipeforcontentsTradeSecret,Manufacturingmethod-patent,Bottleshaperegistereddesign,Nameandlogoregisteredtrademark,Writingcopyright,SourceofIPrights,Federallegislationwhy?CommonwealthConstitutionsection51(xviii)conferslegislativepowerwithrespecttocopyright,patentsofinventionsanddesigns,andtrademarks.E.g.CopyrightAct1968(Cth);TradeMarksAct1995(Cth)BUTotherlawsalsoimportantinthisareaCommonlawe.g.tortofpassingoff,contractlawandequitableactionforbreachofconfidenceStatutoryactionformisleadingordeceptiveconduct:section18AustralianConsumerLaw(seeweek12notes),41,WhatisIPAustralia?,anindependentagencywithintheDepartmentofInnovation,Industry,ScienceandResearchadministersstatutesrelatingtoIPandAustraliasIPrightssysteminrelationto-PatentsTrademarksDesignsPlantbreedersrightsFormalstepsmustbetakentoregistertheseIPrightsandobtainlegalrightsofownershipContrastotherIPrightswhichareautomaticCopyrightCircuitlayoutrights,42,ProtectingIP,ThestatutoryIPregimeconfersalimitedmonopolyontheproprietorWhy?Argumentsforprotectingcreativeeffortinclude:economicarguments:protectioninducescreatorstoproduceworkmoralrightsarguments:themoralornaturalrightsofauthorsandcreatorsareworthyofprotectionintheirownrightE.g.moralrightsincopyrightlawrightofattributionofauthorship;rightnottohaveauthorshipfalselyattributed;rightofintegrityofauthorship,43,InternationaldimensionsofIP,Anumberofmultilateraltreaties/agreementsexistthatdealwithaspectsofIPexamplesParisConvention1883(trademarks,industrialdesigns,patents)BerneConvention1886(literaryandartisticworks)RomeConvention1961(rightsofbroadcastersandperformers)MostimportantisTRIPS(AgreementonTrade-RelatedaspectsofIntellectualPropertyrights)Effectivefrom1January1995AdministeredbytheWTO(WorldTradeOrganisation)MembersmustsatisfystandardsconcerningtheavailabilityscopeanduseofIPrights,enforcementofIPrights,disputeresolutionetc,44,InternationaldimensionsofIP,InternationalcooperationunderIPagreementsandconventionsreducesthecomplexityofapplyingforregistrationofIPrightsinothercountriesE.g.AustraliajoinedtheMadridProtocolrelatingtointernationalregistrationoftrademarksin2001.SincethenithasbeeneasierforAustralianapplicantstoseektrademarkprotectioninanyofthe52countriespartytotheprotocoli.e.cansubmitasingleapplicationinonelanguage(EnglishSpanishorFrench)viatheAustralianoffice,45,Patents,PatentsAct1990(Cth)protectsinventionsHow?Inreturnforplacingtheinventiononthepublicrecord,theinventorisgivenatemporarymonopoly(theexclusiveright)toexploittheinventionforthelifeofthepatent2typesofpatentsinAustralia-Standardpatent:protectionforupto20years-Innovationpatent:protectionforupto8years,46,Patents,Notallinventionscanbepatented.Tobepatented,theinventionmust:beamannerofmanufacture(notjustanidea)benewornovel(nopriordisclosure)involveaninventivestep(forastandardpatent)orinvolveaninnovativestep(foraninnovationpatent)beuseful(mustwork)section18,47,Patents,Istheinventionamannerofmanufacture?includesanydevice,method,substanceorprocessE.g.newproduct;newmanufacturingprocess;newuseofoldproductexcludesartisticcreations,mathematicalmethods,plans,schemesandotherpurelymentalprocessesE.g.planforcreatingwealth,ideas(andnotamethodforputtingthatideaintopractice);non-functionaldetailsofshape,patternorornamentation,48,Patents,Istheinventionnew?i.e.notpubliclydisclosedinanyformanywhereintheworldInventorshouldnotgopublicwithinventiontoosoonotherwisewillnotgetapatentdisclosuresthatcouldmeaninventionisnotnewpublicdemonstrationordiscussionofinventionsaleofaproductoritspublicuseinAustraliapublishedtextbooks,technicaljournalsandsalesbrochures,49,Patents,Doestheinventioninvolveaninventivestep(forastandardpatent)i.e.notbeobvioustosomeonewithknowledgeandexperienceinthetechnologicalfieldoftheinvention)Doestheinventioninvolveaninnovativestep(foraninnovationpatent)i.e.theremustbeadifferencebetweentheinventionandwhatiscurrentlyknownaboutthetechnologyandthismustmakeasubstantialcontributiontotheworkingoftheinvention),50,Patents,Istheinventionuseful?theinventionmustdowhattheinventorsaysitwilldoItmusthavesomepracticalutility/beusefulinitsownright,51,PatentCochlearbionicear,52,.au/patents/_img/ear2.jpe,PatentHillsHoist,53,.au/patents/_img/hills.jpe,PlantBreedersrights,PlantBreedersRightsAct1994(Cth)protectsnewvarietiesofplantsHow?bygivingexclusivecommercialrightstomarketanewplantvarietyforupto25yearsfortreesandvines,and20yearsforotherspeciesThenewplantvarietymustbedistinct,uniform,stableandclearlydistinguishablefromanyothervarietyAnewplantvarietymayalsobeprotectedunderthePatentsAct1990(Cth)-apatentisstrongerbecausewillprotectnotonlythenewplantvarietybutalsotheprocessortechniquethatleadtothenewvariety-BUTapatentismoredifficulttoobtainbecauseneedtosatisfyrequirementsofnoveltyandinventivestep,54,55,Trademarks,http:/businessblogs.co.nz/files/2009/12/brands.png,Thepowerofagoodbrandissimplystaggering.Considerforamomenttheawesomereach,theabilitytocommunicate,thesheerfinancialvalueofsomeoftheworldsgreatbrandnames.FromBraziltoCanada,fromJapantotheUnitedKingdom,brandnamesspeakoutloudandclear;theyconjureupimages,theyworkatbothconsciousandsubconsciouslevels,theycutacrossthebarriersofrace,religion,colourandlanguagetheyaretrulytheuniversalcommunicators.JohnMurphy,Branding:Akeymarketingtool,1987,56,TradeMarks,Whatisatrademark?Atrademarkisusedtodistinguishthegoodsandservicesofonetraderfromthoseofanother.Atrademarkisarightthatisgrantedforaletter,number,word,phrase,sound,smell,shape,logo,pictureand/oraspectofpackaging.Aregisteredtrademarkislegallyenforceableandgivesyouexclusiverightstocommerciallyuse,licenceorsellitforthegoodsandservicesthatitisregisteredunder.Source:.au/get-the-right-ip/trade-marks/,Trademarks,Atrademarkisadevice(logoorartwork)orawordthatdistinguishesthegoodsorservicesofabusiness.Trademarks:differentiatethebusinessgoodsorservicesfromthoseofitscompetitorsindicatethesourceororiginofthosegoodsorservicesrepresentandsecurethegoodwillofthebusiness;serveasasymbolofthevalueorqualityofthegoodsorservicesbuildbrandloyalty,57,Trademarks,abusinessdoesnothavetoregisteratrademarktouseittheownerofanunregisteredtrademarkhastheprotectionofthetortofpassingofforthestatutoryprohibitionofmisleadingordeceptiveconductifacompetitorsuseofthetrademarkamountstoamisrepresentationregistrationofatrademarkisnotmandatorybutadvisablebecauseregistrationconfersbenefitsandadvantagesoverunregisteredtrademarks,58,.au/trademarks/index.shtml,TradeMarks,CommonlawprotectionProtectsestablishedreputationTortofpassingoffS18ACLStatutorysystemTradeMarksAct1995(Cwth)RegistrationNoneedtoestablishreputation10yearsinfinitelyrenewableRegistrationinaclass,Trademarks,BenefitsofregistrationGivestheownertheexclusiverighttouse,licenseorsellitwithinAustraliaforthegoodsandservicesforwhichitisregisteredGivestheownertherighttobringlegalactionfortrademarkinfringementagainstacompetitorwhousesasimilarmark(remediesincludeinjunction,damagesandaccountofprofits:s126)Providesnotice/warningtootherswhichmayreducethechancesofinfringementandcounterfeiting,60,Trademarks,BenefitsofregistrationAllowsownertotakeoutcustomswatchnoticetotakeadvantageofbordercontrolprovisionsundertheTradeMarksAct(customsofficerscanseizegoodsimportedintoAustraliaifimportationinfringesanAustraliantrademark)Protectsanimportantbusinessasset.Initialregistrationlastsfor10yearsbutcanberenewedforsuccessiveperiodsof10yearsprovideditisusedinabonafideway“Atrademarkcanthereforehaveaninfiniteliferepresentingsignificantbusinessvalue”(IPAustralia),61,Trademarks,TradeMarksAct1995(Cth)Whatistrademark?Definedinsection17tomeanasignusedorintendedtobeused,todistinguishgoodsorservicesdealtwithorprovidedinthecourseoftradebyapersonfromgoodsorservicessodealtwithorprovidedbyanyotherperson.asignincludesanyletter,word,name,signature,numeral,device,brand,heading,label,ticket,aspectofpackaging,shape,colour,soundorscent:(section6),62,Trademarks-examples,63,64,Trademarks-favourites,WerehappylittleApple-itesandwealladoreourmegabytesJulianLeeMARKETINGEDITORSydneyMorningHeraldSeptember24,2010SURFINGtheinternetratherthansnackingonthecouchseemstobeourthing.Vegemite,TimTamsandCoca-ColahavegivenwaytotechnologycompaniesGoogle,AppleandSonyasthenationsmostlovedbrands,saysastudyintoconsumerattitudestowardsproductsandservices.,.au/business/media-and-marketing/were-happy-little-appleites-x2026-and-we-all-adore-our-megabytes-20100923-15osw.html,Trademarks-examples,65,.au/trademarks/case_redheads.shtml,.au/trademarks/case_qantas.shtml,Trademarkregistration,Registrationisgrantednottoatrademarkinisolation,butinrelationtoparticulargoodsorservicesdistinguishedbythetrademark34trademarkclassesforgoods:e.g.chemicals,paints,pharmaceuticals,vehicles,musicalinstruments,papergoods,leathergoods,buildingmaterials,furniture,textiles,clothing,footwear,floorcoverings,alcoholicbeverages,confectionaryetc11trademarkclassesforservices:e.g.insurance,telecommunications,education,legal,medical,transportetc,66,“BigMac”notregisteredforalcoholicbeverages:misleadingordeceptiveconduct?Seeweek12notes,67,McWilliamsWinesPtyLtdvMcDonaldsSystemofAustraliaPtyLtd(1980)33ALR394,68,Tradema