《分生组织》PPT课件

BR,1.Out-of-classResearchProject,2.ListenandAnswer,3.BackgroundInformation,Clone,BeforeReading,GeneticEngineering,Narcissus,Prometheus,JuliusRobertOppenheimer,Hiroshima,Nagasaki,BR（ORP）,Out-of-classResearchProject,Theresearchprojectshouldbeassignedattheendofthepreviousunit.StudentsformgroupstouselibraryresourcesandInternetresourcestogetanswerstothefollowingquestions.,1.Whatiscloning?2.Giveabriefhistoryofthescientificresearchintocloning.3.Whatarethemajorprosandconsofhumancloning?4.Duringyourresearch,whatnewvocabularyitemshaveyoucomeacrossthatarerelatedtocloning?,BR（LA1）,ListenandAnswer,1.WhatdoesProf.Greelythinkofhumancloning?,Wemustdistinguishdifferenttypesofhumancloning.Somearejustified;othersarenot.,2.Whatisthegreatestproblemwithhumanreproductivecloning?,Safety.,ListentotheinterviewandanswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoProf.Greely.,BR(LA2),ListenandAnswer,ListentotheinterviewandanswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoProf.Greely.,3.Whataretheproblemswithahumanclone?,Theremaybecellchangesthatareinitiallyinvisibleandonlyshowthemselvesasthecloneages.Theresalsoaproblemwiththeendsofchromosomesincells,whichshortenuntilthecellscannolongerreproduce.,BR（LA3）,4.Inwhatsituationscanweusecloning?,Firstly,helpingparentswhoarehavingdifficultyhavingchildrenwouldbeonearea.Secondly,parentswanttocreateanewchildtobeabonemarrowdonorforanoldersickchild.Anothersituationiscloningachildwhohasaccidentallydied.,ListenandAnswer,ListentotheinterviewandanswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoProf.Greely.,5.WhataboutcloningaHitlerorMichaelJordan?,Wecandismissthoseasbadorevensillyapplications.,BR（LA4）,ListenandAnswer,ListentotheinterviewandanswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoProf.Greely.,6.Isthereanythingelseaboutthefutureofhumancloning?,Evenifcloninghumansweresafeandweasasocietyhaddecideditwasrightandproperforreproductivepurposes,Idontthinkwedseealotofclones.Theold-fashionedwayofmakingbabieshasalotgoingforit:Itseasy,traditional,wellunderstood,andoccasionallyevenpleasant.,BR(LA5),ListenandAnswer,ListentotheinterviewandanswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoProf.Greely.,BR（C1）,Clone,Cloneisagroupoforganismsorcellsthataregeneticallyidentical,havingbeenproducedfromoneparentbyasexualreproduction.Theindividualorganismsorcellsareprecisecopiesoftheparentandgeneticallyidenticaltoit.Clonesarefoundnaturallyamongsingle-celledorganisms(suchasbacteria),afewinvertebrates(suchascorals),andsomeasexuallyreproducingplants(asintheproductionofrunnersbyastrawberryplant).Inagriculture,plantcloningcanbeusedtoadvantage,inthatindividualswithdesirableproperties,suchaspest-resistanceorhighgrowthrates,canbereplicatedexactlywithouttheunpredictableresultsassociatedwithsexualreproduction.,BR（C2）,Artificialcloningofanimalsandcellscanbeachievedbyteasingapartthecellsoftheearlyembryo.Similarly,cellscapableofgrowingintomatureplantscanbeobtainedfromplantgrowth-regions(meristems分生组织).IngeneticengineeringcloningreferstothecopyingofDNAmolecules.,Clone,BR（C3）,Clone,BR（C4）,Bacterial,BR（C5）,Invertebrates,BR（C6）,Corals,BR（C7）,StrawberryPlant,BR（C8）,Embryo,BR（C9）,DNA,BR（GE1）,GeneticEngineering,Geneticengineeringisthedeliberatemodificationofthegeneticmake-up(genome)ofanorganismbymanipulationofitsDNA.GeneticengineeringtechniquesincludecellfusionandtheuseofrecombinantDNA(rDNA).Sincethelate1960sthesetechniqueshaveheldoutthemostexcitingpromiseforbiotechnology.,BR（GE2）,Insuchanewfieldcontroversyinevitablyabounds.Worriesconcerningreleaseofgeneticallynovelbacteriaintotheenvironment,orthepossiblemanipulationofhumanembryos,haveledtothesettingupintheUSAoftheGeneticManipulationAdvisoryGroup(GMAG).Legislationgoverninggeneticresearchhasalsobeenpassedinseveralothercountries.,GeneticEngineering,BR（Narcissus）,Narcissus,InGreekmythology,Narcissusisabeautifulyouthwhospurned(拒绝)theloveofthenymphEchoandinpunishmentwasmadetofallinlovewithhisownreflection;hepinedawaygazingathimselfinapoolandathisdeathwaschangedintotheflowerbearinghisnamenarcissus.,BR（Prometheus）,Prometheus,Listentothepassageandfillintheblankswiththemissingwords.,Prometheusis,inGreekmythology,awhomadethefirstmanfromclayandstolefromthegodstogivetomankind.Inforthetheft,ZeusPrometheustoarock,wherehisliverwaseateneverydaybyan,onlytogrowagaineverynight.Herculeseventuallyhim.Prometheushasbeenseenasasymbolof,rebellionagainsttyranny,andofimagination.,Titan,_,fire,_,revenge,_,creative,_,chained,_,eagle,_,rescued,_,freedom,_,BR（JRO1）,JuliusRobertOppenheimer,Oppenheimer,(Julius)Robert(1904-1967)USphysicist.,Clickthewordsinbluetogetmoreinformation!,BR（JRO2）,JuliusRobertOppenheimer,JuliusRobertOppenheimer(19041967)wasaUSphysicist.Hewasappointedin1942asDirectoroftheManhattanProject,thesecretprojecttodeveloptheatomicbombintheUSAduringWorldWarII,basedatLosAlamos,NewMexico,whichin1945madethefirstatomicbomb.In1953,attheheightofthewitch-huntingcampaignledbytheUSSenatorJosephMcCarthy,OppenheimerwasexcludedfromsensitiveresearchonthegroundsthathehadCommunistsympathies,butsubsequently(1963)hewasunreservedlyrehabilitated.,BR（Hiroshima）,Hiroshima,HiroshimaisaJapanesecityinsouthernHonshu.HithertolargelyundamagedbytheUSbombingcampaign,Hiroshimabecamethetargetofthefirstatomicbombattackon6August1945,whichresultedinthevirtualobliterationofthecitycentreandthedeathsofaboutone-thirdofthepopulationof300,000.TheattackonHiroshima,togetherwiththatonNagasakithreedayslater,leddirectlytoJapansunconditionalsurrenderandtheendofWorldWarII.,BR（Nagasaki）,Nagasaki,NagasakiisaJapanesecityinKyushu.On9August1945,threedaysafterthefirstatomicbombattackonHiroshima,Nagasakibecamethenexttarget.Thehillyterrainprotectedthepopulationof230,000fromthefulleffectsoftheexplosion,but40,000peoplewerekilledandtremendousdestructioncaused.OnthefollowingdayJapanofferedtosurrenderandtheceasefirebeganon15August,theofficialsurrenderfinallybeingsignedon2September.,GR,GlobalReading,1.PartDivisionoftheText,2.FurtherUnderstanding,ForPart1,ForPart2,RolePlay,QuestionsandAnswers,Word-web,GroupDiscussion,ForPart3,FurtherDivision,3.TextAnalysis,GroupDiscussion,ForPart4Scanning,GR（Part）,PartDivisionoftheText,Dollythesheep,aclone,wasborn.,Dollysbirthhasmadecloningarealityandhumancloningapossibility.,Peoplehavetofacetheethicalproblemsofhumancloning.,Cloningtechnologycouldbenefitpeopleinmorethanoneway.,GR（RP）,RolePlay,MakeatelephonecallbetweenIanWilmutandJohnBrackentodescribeDollysbirth(when,where,weight)andthecorrespondingresponseatthattime.Payattentiontothetonethetwotakeinthetelephoneconversation.,GR（QA1）,Scanthefirstthreeparagraphsandanswerthefollowingquestions.,1.,2.,Doesatensechangetakeplaceandwhatsit?,Thefirsttwoparagraphsactasintroductiontothewholeessay.,QuestionsandAnswers,Whatimportantroledobeginningparagraphsplayinjournalisticwriting?,GR（QA2）,QuestionsandAnswers,3.,ThetextstartswiththebirthofDolly,becauseitisacriticalpointincloningresearch.Readersinterestisfurtherarousedbythelow-keytone.Whynoexcitement,whynochampagne,whywerefewpeoplearound?Readersarethenreadytobetoldanobjectiveaccountabouthumancloning.,Whydidnttheauthorstartfromtheverybeginningofcloningresearch,butstartwiththebirthofDolly?,Scanthefirstthreeparagraphsandanswerthefollowingquestions.,FindwordsandphrasesrelatedtothecreationofDollyinthe4thparagraphanddescribeitinyourownwordswiththehelpofthelist.,GR(WW),Word-web,Clone,union,remove,Dolly,outof,sheep,takeupresidence,grow,sperm,egg,uddercell,gene,another,fuse,original,identicaltwin,GR（GD1）,GroupDiscussion,1.Inwhatwayisitdifferentfromotherlambs?2.WhatisthesignificanceofDollysbirth?3.Whatdidscientiststhinkofcloningdecadesago?4.IshumancloningpossiblenowthatDollywasborn?5.WhatisWilmutsattitudetowardthecloningofhumans?,GR（FD）,FurtherDivision,Furtherdividethispartintotwosectionsandgetthemainideas.,79,1011,Humancloninghasgivenrisetothequestionofwhatimplicationsthetechnologymayhaveformankind.,Themakingoftheatomicbombhadatremendousimpactonscientists.,GR（GD2）,1.WhatisthemessageLindaPastanspoemcarries?2.Whatdoestheoldjokeindicate?3.WhatdoesthestoryofJ.RobertOppenheimersuggest?,GroupDiscussion,GR（sc）,Scanthispartandlistthebenefitsofhumancloning,ermsofmedicine.,Scanning,GR（TextAnalysis）,TextAnalysis,Getthefeaturesofthetextconcerningthefollowingpoints.,Style:,journalisticwriting,Theme:,scienceandethics,Introduction:,eye-catching,Tone:,objective,The“father”ofDollyislevelheadedabouthisachievement,soistheauthor.ShequotesWilmutandOppenheimertoshowhowsciencecanbeadouble-edgedsword.BeforelistingthemanybenefitsofhumancloninginPart4,shefirstidentifiestheethicalproblemsinvolvedinPart3.Inherarticlesheasksmanyquestions,towhichshegivesnoanswer.Ifshesaidthatthereweredefiniteanswers,shewouldnotbeobjective.,GR（TextAnalysis）,DictionandSentenceConstruction:,elaboratewords,longandcomplexsentencesandparagraphs,Article1_S,ACLONEISBORN,OnJuly5,1996,at5:00p.m.,themostfamouslambinhistoryenteredtheworld.Shewasborninashed,justdowntheroadfromtheRoslinInstituteinRoslin,Scotland,whereshewascreated.Andyethercreator,IanWilmut,aquiet,baldingfifty-two-year-oldembryologist,doesnotrememberwherehewaswhenheheardthatthelamb,namedDolly,wasborn.HedoesnotevenrecallgettingatelephonecallfromJohnBracken,ascientistwhohadmonitoredthepregnancyofthesheepthatgavebirthtoDolly,sayingthatDollywasaliveandhealthyandweighed6.6kilograms.,Article1_S-p,ACLONEISBORN,OnJuly5,1996,at5:00p.m.,themostfamouslambinhistoryenteredtheworld.Shewasborninashed,justdowntheroadfromtheRoslinInstituteinRoslin,Scotland,whereshewascreated.Andyethercreator,IanWilmut,aquiet,baldingfifty-two-year-oldembryologist,doesnotrememberwherehewaswhenheheardthatthelamb,namedDolly,wasborn.HedoesnotevenrecallgettingatelephonecallfromJohnBracken,ascientistwhohadmonitoredthepregnancyofthesheepthatgavebirthtoDolly,sayingthatDollywasaliveandhealthyandweighed6.6kilograms.,1.Analyzethestructureofthesubject.,Payattentiontothesubject:hercreator,IanWilmut,aquiet,baldingfifty-two-year-oldembryologist.Herehercreator,IanWilmutandaquite,baldingfifty-two-year-oldembryologistareinapposition(同位关系).,2.Scanthetextandfindanyothersentenceswithapposition.,LL.1415,LL.2123,LL.2526,etc.,3.Whatcanyouinferfromthesentence?,EventhecreatorwasindifferenttothebirthofDolly,sowecanseetheattitudeofWilmuttowardscloningattheverybeginning.Fromthelow-keytoneintheintroductionandlateronwordssaidbyWilmutinthe6thparagraphwecanalsoseethatWilmutwaslevel-headedabouthisachievement.,Article1_w,ACLONEISBORN,OnJuly5,1996,at5:00p.m.,themostfamouslambinhistoryenteredtheworld.Shewasborninashed,justdowntheroadfromtheRoslinInstituteinRoslin,Scotland,whereshewascreated.Andyethercreator,IanWilmut,aquiet,baldingfifty-two-year-oldembryologist,doesnotrememberwherehewaswhenheheardthatthelamb,namedDolly,wasborn.HedoesnotevenrecallgettingatelephonecallfromJohnBracken,ascientistwhohadmonitoredthepregnancyofthesheepthatgavebirthtoDolly,sayingthatDollywasaliveandhealthyandweighed6.6kilograms.,Article1_w-clone,ACLONEISBORN,OnJuly5,1996,at5:00p.m.,themostfamouslambinhistoryenteredtheworld.Shewasborninashed,justdowntheroadfromtheRoslinInstituteinRoslin,Scotland,whereshewascreated.Andyethercreator,IanWilmut,aquiet,baldingfifty-two-year-oldembryologist,doesnotrememberwherehewaswhenheheardthatthelamb,namedDolly,wasborn.HedoesnotevenrecallgettingatelephonecallfromJohnBracken,ascientistwhohadmonitoredthepregnancyofthesheepthatgavebirthtoDolly,sayingthatDollywasaliveandhealthyandweighed6.6kilograms.,clone:,Theideaofcloningextinctlifeformsstillbelongstosciencefiction.,n.anyofagroupofplantsoranimalsproducedfromthecellsofasingleancestorandthereforeexactlythesameasitis,Researchersproducedclonesfromadultmicein1998.,2.,v.makeanexactcopyofaplantoranimalbytakingacellfromitanddevelopingitartificially,Althoughtwoclonesareidenticalgenetically,theymaydevelopindifferentways.,Experimentstotrytoclonehumanembryoshavemetwithhostilityfromsomesectionsofthepublic.,Article1_w-givebirthto,ACLONEISBORN,OnJuly5,1996,at5:00p.m.,themostfamouslambinhistoryenteredtheworld.Shewasborninashed,justdowntheroadfromtheRoslinInstituteinRoslin,Scotland,whereshewascreated.Andyethercreator,IanWilmut,aquiet,baldingfifty-two-year-oldembryologist,doesnotrememberwherehewaswhenheheardthatthelamb,namedDolly,wasborn.HedoesnotevenrecallgettingatelephonecallfromJohnBracken,ascientistwhohadmonitoredthepregnancyofthesheepthatgavebirthtoDolly,sayingthatDollywasaliveandhealthyandweighed6.6kilograms.,givebirthto:,1)bear(achild);bringforth,Toomanymothersgavebirthtobabiesintheyearof2000.,create;originate,2),Theseworkersgavebirthtoanewpoliticalparty.,TheyprovidedtheweaponsandgavebirthtotheAtomicAge.,Collocation：,赠送；泄露,giveaway,屈服，让步,givein,释放，放出,giveoff,分发,giveout,放弃,giveup,他们提供了武器并产生了原子时代。,Article2_S,Noonebrokeopenchampagne.Noonetookpictures.Onlyafewstaffmembersfromtheinstituteandalocalveterinarianwhoattendedthebirthwerepresent.YetDolly,wholookedforalltheworldlikehundredsofotherlambsthatdottherollinghillsofScotland,wassoontochangetheworld.,Whenthetimecomestowritethehistoryofourage,thisquietbirth,thecreationofthislittlelamb,willstandout.Theworldisadifferentplacenowthatsheisborn.Dollyisaclone.Shewascreatednotoutoftheunionofaspermandaneggbutoutofthegeneticmaterialfromanuddercellofasix-year-oldsheep.,Article2_S-p,Noonebrokeopenchampagne.Noonetookpictures.Onlyafewstaffmembersfromtheinstituteandalocalveterinarianwhoattendedthebirthwerepresent.YetDolly,wholookedforalltheworldlikehundredsofotherlambsthatdottherollinghillsofScotland,wassoontochangetheworld.,Whenthetimecomestowritethehistoryofourage,thisquietbirth,thecreationofthislittlelamb,willstandout.Theworldisadifferentplacenowthatsheisborn.Dollyisaclone.Shewascreatednotoutoftheunionofaspermandaneggbutoutofthegeneticmaterialfromanuddercellofasix-year-oldsheep.,TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.,然而，多利，这头与苏格兰起伏的山丘上散布着的千百头其他的羊毫无异样的小羊羔，很快就改变了世界。,Article2_w,Noonebrokeopenchampagne.Noonetookpictures.Onlyafewstaffmembersfromtheinstituteandalocalveterinarianwhoattendedthebirthwerepresent.YetDolly,wholookedforalltheworldlikehundredsofotherlambsthatdottherollinghillsofScotland,wassoontochangetheworld.,Whenthetimecomestowritethehistoryofourage,thisquietbirth,thecreationofthislittlelamb,willstandout.Theworldisadifferentplacenowthatsheisborn.Dollyisaclone.Shewascreatednotoutoftheunionofaspermandaneggbutoutofthegeneticmaterialfromanuddercellofasix-year-oldsheep.,Article2_w-foralltheworld,Noonebrokeopenchampagne.Noonetookpictures.Onlyafewstaffmembersfromtheinstituteandalocalveterinarianwhoattendedthebirthwerepresent.YetDolly,wholookedforalltheworldlikehundredsofotherlambsthatdottherollinghillsofScotland,wassoontochangetheworld.,Whenthetimecomestowritethehistoryofourage,thisquietbirth,thecreationofthislittlelamb,willstandout.Theworldisadifferentplacenowthatsheisborn.Dollyisaclone.Shewascreatednotoutoftheunionofaspermandaneggbutoutofthegeneticmaterialfromanuddercellofasix-year-oldsheep.,foralltheworld:ineveryrespect;exactly,Theoldladyfeltforalltheworldasifshewasstillyoung.,Thelittleboylookedforalltheworldlikehisfather.,Article3_s,Wilmutfusedtheuddercellwithaneggfromanothersheep,afterfirstremovingallgeneticmaterialfromtheegg.Theuddercellsgenestookupresidenceintheegganddirectedittogrowanddevelop.TheresultwasDolly,theidenticaltwinoftheoriginalsheepthatprovidedtheuddercells,butanidenticaltwinbornsixyearslater.UntilDollyenteredtheworld,cloningwasthestuffofsciencefiction.Ithadbeenraisedasapossibilitydecadesago,thendismissed,somethingthatseriousscientiststhoughtwassimplynotgoingtohappenanytimesoon.,Article3_s-p,Wilmutfusedtheuddercellwithaneggfromanothersheep,afterfirstremovingallgeneticmaterialfromtheegg.Theuddercellsgenestookupresidenceintheegganddirectedittogrowanddevelop.TheresultwasDolly,theidenticaltwinoftheoriginalsheepthatprovidedtheuddercells,butanidenticaltwinbornsixyearslater.UntilDollyenteredtheworld,cloningwasthestuffofsciencefiction.Ithadbeenraisedasapossibilitydecadesago,thendismissed,somethingthatseriousscientiststhoughtwassimplynotgoingtohappenanytimesoon.,Paraphrasethesentence.,Decadesago,cloninghadbeenthoughttobeapossibletechnologyandthenwasdisregardedbyseriousscientistsbecausetheythoughtitwasntgoingtohappeninthenearfuture.,Article3_w,Wilmutfusedtheuddercellwithaneggfromanothersheep,afterfirstremovingallgeneticmaterialfromtheegg.Theuddercellsgenestookupresidenceintheegganddirectedittogrowanddevelop.TheresultwasDolly,theidenticaltwinoftheoriginalsheepthatprovidedtheuddercells,butanidenticaltwinbornsixyearslater.UntilDollyenteredtheworld,cloningwasthestuffofsciencefiction.Ithadbeenraisedasapossibilitydecadesago,thendismissed,somethingthatseriousscientiststhoughtwassimplynotgoingtohappenanytimesoon.,Article3_w-fuse,Wilmutfusedtheuddercellwithaneggfromanothersheep,afterfirstremovingallgeneticmaterialfromtheegg.Theuddercellsgenestookupresidenceintheegganddirectedittogrowanddevelop.TheresultwasDolly,theidenticaltwinoftheoriginalsheepthatprovidedtheuddercells,butanidenticaltwinbornsixyearslater.UntilDollyenteredtheworld,cloningwasthestuffofsciencefiction.Ithadbeenraisedasapossibilitydecadesago,thendismissed,somethingthatseriousscientiststhoughtwassimplynotgoingtohappenanytimesoon.,fuse:,1.v.1)(causeto)jointogether,2.,n.ashortpieceofwirewhichmeltsandbreaksthecircuitifthecircuitisoverloaded,如果你同时把电暖炉和电热锅都开着，保险丝会烧断的。,Thescientisttriedtofusethesepiecesintoawhole.,Thebottomofthecandlewasfusedwiththetable.,2),meltthroughgreatheat,Leadwillfuseatquitealowtemperature.,Youllblowafuseifyouputtheelectricheaterandthecookeronatthesametime.,Article3_w-takeup1,Wilmutfusedtheuddercellwithaneggfromanothersheep,afterfirstremovingallgeneticmaterialfromtheegg.Theuddercellsgenestookupresidenceintheegganddirectedittogrowanddevelop.TheresultwasDolly,theidenticaltwinoftheoriginalsheepthatprovidedtheuddercells,butanidenticaltwinbornsixyearslater.UntilDollyenteredtheworld,cloningwasthestuffofsciencefiction.Ithadbeenraisedasapossibilitydecadesago,thendismissed,somethingthatseriousscientiststhoughtwassimplynotgoingtohappenanytimesoon.,takeup:,1)goandlive;moveinto(acertainposition),2)begintodo;interestoneselfin,3)continue,