《国际结算CHL》PPT课件

ChapterfiveLetterofcredit,TheconceptandcharacteristicsofaL/CContentsofaL/CPartiestoaL/CProceduresofadocumentarycreditoperationTypesofcreditExaminationofaL/C,Importersandexporterscouldnotenterintoacontractonthebasisofcommercialcreditwhentheycontactforthefirsttimeandnotknoweachotherwell.Thebuyersareworriedthatthesellermightnotdelivergoodsintermsofcontract,e.g.notdeliveronscheduleorthequalityofgoodsmightnotcomplywiththespecificationofcontract,whilethesellersareworriedthatbuyersmightnotmakepaymentonscheduleorrefusetopay.Ifso,bothsidescanenterintoadealwiththehelpofbanks，inwhichbuyersbankcouldassurethesellerwithbankscreditthatsolongascomplieddocumentsaresubmittedbyseller,bankswouldpayandthatbankswouldissueL/Cintermofbuyersrequirementsandexaminethedocumentspresentedbyseller.IfdocumentsdonotcomplywithL/Csrequirements,bankwouldrejectthem.Otherwise,bankwouldcompensatebuyer.BuyersapplyforissuingL/Cathisbank,thecontentsofwhichincludethedescriptionofgoods,itsquantity,specification,priceandamount,packing,latestshipmentanddocumentspresentationandtheircategoriesandnumbers,etc.Tosumup,buyercanwriteallhisconcernsintoL/Candaskbanktocheckonthem.SellersaretoproduceandmakeshipmentwhenreceivingtheL/Cissuedbybank,forselleriscertainthatbankhavetoabidebyhispromisebanksliveoncredit,otherwisetherewouldberunonbanks.InL/Ctransaction,banksmustkeepbotheyesopentoavoidtheinvolvementinthedisputesbetweenbuyerandseller.Banksoffertheservicewithcompensation.L/Cbelongstooff-balancesheetbusiness.,当进出口商首次接触、相互不了解时，双方无法根据对方的商业信用成交买方担心卖方不按照合同要求交货，例如不按时交货、货物质量不符合合同要求等等；卖方担心买方不按时付款或不付款。此时，双方可借助银行信用成交。买方银行用自己的信用向出口商保证；只要卖方提交的单据符合信用证的要求，银行保证付款。银行还向买方保证按照买方要求开立银行信用证，并认真审核卖方提交的单据，如果单据不符合信用证要求，银行会拒绝付款，否则银行负责赔偿买方。买方按照合同要求向银行申请开立信用证，其内容包括商品名称、数量、规格、价格、金额、包装、最迟交货期、最迟交单日期、单据种类和份数等等。总之，买方将自己的所有担心全部写入银行信用证中，并要求银行为其把关。卖方收到买方银行开来的信用证时就可放心备货和装运货物，因为卖方知道银行必须遵守诺言银行靠信誉生存，否则银行就会出现挤兑。在银行信用证业务中，银行必须谨慎小心，避免卷入买卖双方的纠纷。银行提供有偿服务。信用证业务属于表外业务。,Buyer,Issuingbank,Whyuseletterofcredit？,Seller,Bankerscreditisbetterthantraderscredit,卖方,买方,开证行,为什么使用银行信用证？,买卖双方距离遥远，相互不了解。,需要银行做付款担保人,银行信用高于商业信用,UCP600Creditmeansanyarrangement,howevernamedordescribed,thatisirrevocableandtherebyconstitutesadefiniteundertakingoftheissuingbanktohonoracomplyingpresentation.信用证意指一项约定，无论其如何命名或描述，该约定不可撤销并因此构成开证行对于相符提示予以兑付的确定承诺。,TheconceptofL/C,Honormeans:topayatsightifthecreditisavailablebysightpayment.toincuradeferredpaymentundertakingandpayatmaturityifthecreditisavailablebydeferredpayment.toacceptabillofexchange(“draft”)drawnbythebeneficiaryandpayatmaturityifthecreditisavailablebyacceptance.,TheconceptofL/C,AL/cisawrittenpromisebytheissuingbanktothebeneficiary,underwhichthebankwillpayasumcertaininmoneytothebeneficiaryifthebeneficiaryoftheL/Cprovidesthebankwithspecifieddocumentswithinaprescribedtimeperiod,whichallcomplywiththetermsandconditionsofthecredit.,TheconceptofaL/C,Benefitsofcredit,Importer,Exporter,Longdistance,hardtogettoknoweachother,Banker,Carrier,Bankerdoesnotcareaboutgoods,forbankersdonotknowaboutgoods.,信用证的有利方面,进口商,出口商,距离远，难以相互了解。,银行,承运人,银行不关心货物，因为银行不懂货物。,ContentsofaL/C,ItemsonthecredititselfBasicpartiesItemsondraftSettlementconditionsItemsongoods,shippingdocuments,transportandinsuranceL/CamountandcurrencyAdditionalconditionsReimbursementofthepaying,acceptingandnegotiatingbankThenotationofthecreditsubjecttoUCP600,PrimaryLiabilityoftheissuingbanktomakepaymentIndependentofthesalescontractExclusivelydealingwithdocumentsHighlevelofprotectionandsecuritytobothbuyersandsellersAbidebyUCP600,CharacteristicsofaL/C,开证申请人（Applicant/buyer）Liableforpaymenttotheissuingbankprovidednodiscrepancybetweendocumentsandthecredit;righttoexaminethedocumentsandrefusepayment;anyrequirementoftheapplicantshouldbesatisfiedbycertaindocumentsandclearlyindicatedwhenmakingcreditapplication开证行（Issuingbank/thebuyersbank）Byissuingacredittheissuingbankundertakesfullresponsibilityforpayment,PartiestoaL/C,受益人（Beneficiary/seller）Therighttoexamineacredituponreceiptofitaccordingtothesalescontract;whetherbepaidornotsolelydependsonthefulfillmentoftermsandconditionsofthecredit.,applicant,beneficiary,issuingbank,Salescontract,applicant,L/C,通知行（Advisingbank）Accuratelytransmitthetermsofcreditandchecktheapparentauthenticityofthecredit,保兑行（Confirmingbank）Undertakethesameobligationsassumedbytheissuingbank;Responsibleforacreditindependentlyandpaywithoutrecourse议付行（Negotiatingbank）Inanegotiationcredit,purchasesthedraftsanddocuments;Whendishonoredbytheissuingbank,ithastherightofrecoursetothebeneficiary;Obtainthereimbursementfromtheissuingbank付款行（Paying/acceptingbank）Designatedbyissuingbanktoeffectpaymentoracceptance,inmostcasestobetheadvisingbank;Onceithasmadepaymenttothebeneficiary,itwilllosetherightofrecoursetothebeneficiary;Entitledtoobtainreimbursementfromtheissuingbank,偿付行（Reimbursingbank）Abanknamedincreditfromwhichthepayingbank,acceptingbankornegotiatingbankmayrequestcoverafterpayingornegotiatingthedocuments.thereimbursingbankshallnotexaminethedocuments,TheflowchartofL/C),IssuingBank,AdvisingBank,2BuyerappliesL/CaccordingtoContract,2,3Buyersaccountbankundertakestoexporterthatitwouldpayindependentofwhetherapplicantisbankruptornot,provideddocumentspresentedbyexportercomplywithtermsandconditionsofLC.,3IndependentbankscreditbackingUsanceLCpayableatsight(1),NegotiatingBank,IssuingBank,SupposeLCamountis$100,IfdocscomplywithLC,IssuingBankacceptstimedraftUsanceLCpayableatsight(2),NegotiatingBank,IssuingBank,DiscountingHouse,14Atmaturityofdraft,DiscountingHousepresentsacceptancetoIssuingBankforpayments.,13Beforematurityoftimedraft,importersellsthegoodsandpayIssuingBankwiththemoneyfromsale.,TypeofLCUsanceLCpayableatsight(3),Importer,Trader=middleman,Exporter,AdvisingBankTransferringBank,TypeofLC;TransferableCredit(1)Flowchartofthetransaction,Importer,TransferringBank,IssuingBank,carrier,TypeofLC;TransferableCredit(2)Flowchartofthetransaction,1.Middlemannormallydoesnotproduceanything,2.Heearnsnarrowmarginfromthedifferencebetweensellingpriceandbuyingprice.,Trader,Importer,GBP16,000GBP160perton,Exporter,GBP12,000GBP120perton,Thetradermusttrytocutdownpricewithsellerandraisepricewithbuyerinhisnegotiationwithsellerandbuyer.,TypeofLC;TransferableCredit(3),1.Thetraderwantstogetpaymentguaranteefrombuyerbankandthesellerwantstogetpaymentguaranteefromthetradersbank.,IssuingBank,Transferringbankortradersbank,Exporter,2.ThetraderwouldaskthebuyertoopenatransferableLCashedoesnothaveenoughworkingcapitaltoopenthesecondLC.,Transferable,3.Thus,thetradercouldtransfertheusagerightincludingsomeamounttotheseller.,Transferred,TypeofLC;TransferableCredit(3),1.Ifthetraderbuysfromseveralsources,transferableLCcouldbetransferredtoseveralsecondbeneficiaries.,Transferringbank,2.Theyareallsecondbeneficiaries,TypeofLC;TransferableCredit(4),3.TotalamountshouldnotexceedtransferableLC,4.ThepreconditionisthattransferableLCallowspartialshipment.,5.2ndbeneficiaryarenotallowedtotransferLCto3rdbeneficiary.,WhenthetraderapplyforatransferredLC,hemustfillintheapplicationindicatingwhetherhewouldallowtransferringbanktoinformanyamendmentintransferableLCtosecondbeneficiary.Forexample,increaseofamountandextensionofexpiryintheoriginal(transferable)LC，usuallynotallowed(retaintherightsonamendments)toinform2ndbeneficiary,forthetraderwantstoretainthebenefitforhimself).,anychangeinthespecificationofgoods,usuallyallowtoinformasquicklyasitcan(waivetherightsonamendments,sothatsecondbeneficiarycanmanufactureproductsofrightspecificationassoonaspossible).,TypeofLC;TransferableCredit(5),TypeofLC;TransferableCredit(11),Thelaterprocessissameasintroducedbefore.,AssignmentofproceedsunderLC(1),BeforepresentingdocumentstoNominatedBank;,-BeneficiaryasksnominatedbankpayingcredittoreservepartoftheLCproceedstobeneficiarysownsupplier.,-NominatedBankadvisessupplierthatithasreceivedirrevocableinstructionstomakerelevantpaymenttothesupplieroutofthecreditproceeds.,Forwarddoc.&claimon.,Onlyproceedsaretransferred,nottherightofperformingL/C.,TypeofLC:Deferredpaymentcredit(1),IfdocumentscomplywithLC,nominatedDeferredPaymentBankwouldacceptdocs.&engagethatpaymentwouldbemadeatmaturitywhendebitIssuingBanksa/c&creditbeneficiarysa/c.,IrrevocableDeferredPayment,NominatedDeferredPaymentBank,TypeofLC:NegotiationCredit(1),NegotiatingBankisallowedtodiscountthedraft(timeorsight)withrecourseincaseIssuingBankrefusesdiscrepantdocumentsandtobecomeholderinduecourse.,BillofexchangedrawnonIssuingBankorotherbank,notNegotiatingBank,NegotiatingBank,IssuingBankwouldexaminethedocumentstoseeifthereisanydiscrepancy.,TypeofLC:RevolvingCredit(1),TherestoftheoperationisthesameasotherLC.,TypeofLC:Back-to-BackCredit(2),Back-to-backcreditsaretwoseparatecreditsinwhichoneisbeingofferedassecurityfortheopenofanother.,If2ndcreditisissuedbyabankotherthantheadvisingbankofmastercredit,thecreditisreferredtoascountercredit,thenameofwhichisnotimportant.,TypeofLC:Back-to-BackCredit(6),TypeofLC:ReciprocalCredit,The1stLCisatermsCredit,inwhich,MalaysianbuyssparepartsfromSingaporeantoassembleintomachine.,The2ndLCisasightCredit,inwhichSingaporeanbuysassembledmachinefromMalaysian&makessightpayment.,ThetwoLCswouldoffsetamountsatoneIssuingBankandthebalancewouldbepaidincash.,TypeofLC:RedClause/AnticipatoryCredit(1),1.Exporterhandsin,2.Twowaysofpayinginterest:-discounttheadvanceatmarketratetothematurityofLC-collectinterest+principalatthetimewhenbeneficiaryhandsindocuments.,A.areceiptforadvancepayment.,B.anundertakingtoutilizethefundstopurchaseandpackmerchandise.,C.theundertakingofbeneficiarytopresentfullsetofdocumentsstipulatedinL