庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上 (2)

,21庄子二则,北冥有鱼,新课导入,那些受“鹏”影响的后世文学创作：,李白：大鹏一日同风起，扶摇直上九万里。-大鹏赋,李清照：九万里风鹏正举，风休住，蓬舟吹取三山去。-渔家傲,毛泽东：鲲鹏展翅，九万里，翻动扶摇羊角。背负青天朝下看，都是人间城郭-念奴娇,走近作者,庄子(约前369一前286)，名周，战国时宋国人。他继承并发展了老子的思想，为道家学派的重要人物，世称“老庄”。庄子思想比较复杂，基本上属于主观唯心主义。,鲲抟濠梁鲦鱼,tio,字词积累,kn,tun,ho,文意疏通,北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。是鸟也，海运则将徙于南冥。南冥者，天池也。齐谐者，志怪者也。,大鱼名,振奋，这里指用力鼓动翅膀,悬挂在天空的云,天然形成的水池,记载,北海里有一条鱼，它的名字叫鲲。鲲体积巨大，不知道有几千里；鲲变化为鸟，它的名字叫鹏。鹏的脊背，不知道长几千里；当它奋起而飞的时候，那展开的双翅就像悬挂在天空的云。这只鹏鸟啊，海水运动时将要飞到南海去。这南海是一个天然形成的水池。齐谐是一部专门记载怪异事物的书。,翻译(1):,谐之言曰：“鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也。”野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也。天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？其视下也，亦若是则已矣。,盘旋飞翔,旋风,气息，这里指风,山野中的雾气，奔腾如野马,表示选择,代词，指大鹏,这样,翻译（2）：,这本书上记载说：“鹏鸟迁徙到南方的大海之时，翅膀击水而行，激起的波涛浪花有三千里，它乘着旋风盘旋飞至九万里的高空，它离开北海是凭借着六月的大风。”山野中的雾气，空气中的尘埃，都是生物用气息吹拂的结果。天色湛蓝，是它真正的颜色吗？还是因为天空高远而看不到尽头呢？大鹏在天空往下看，也不过像人在地面上看天一样罢了。,内容探究,1.庄子笔下的“鹏”是个什么样的形象？,硕大无比,力大无穷,志存高远,善借长风,内容探究,2.围绕着“鹏”这一个角度，试着把文章划分为三个部分。,第一层（开头-其翼若垂天之云）：写由“鲲”到“鹏”的变化,第二层（是鸟也-生物之息相吹也）：写大鹏迁徙南冥的气势,第三层（天之苍苍-结尾）：写作者仰观苍天，抒发了一种天地混茫的感慨。,深入挖掘,2.“鹏”是中国文学史上一个开创性的奇特形象，试着大胆揣摩，这反映庄子文学创作的什么特点？,1、表现庄子大胆、瑰丽的想象；2、表现追求自由、志存高远的精神；3、表现庄子对人生、自然和万物深刻独到的哲理性思考、,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,文意疏通,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上。庄子曰：“鲦鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”惠子曰：“我非子，固不知子矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知鱼之乐，全矣！”,桥,这,怎么,固然,本来,完全，肯定（是这样）,庄子曰：“请循其本。子曰：汝安知鱼乐云者，既已知吾知之而问我，我知之濠上也。”,追溯,你,如此如此,已经,庄子与惠施在濠水的桥上游玩。庄子说：“白鱼在河水中游得多么悠闲自得，这是鱼的快乐啊。”惠施说：“你不是鱼，怎么知道鱼的快乐呢？”庄子说：“你不是我，怎么知道我不知道鱼的快乐呢？”惠施说：“我不是你，固然不知道你；你本来就不是鱼，你不知道鱼的快乐，是可以肯定的！”庄子说：“请从我们最初的话题说起。你说你哪儿知道鱼快乐的话，说明你已经知道我知道鱼快乐而在问我。我是在濠水的桥上知道的。”,翻译,1.庄子坚持认为“出游从容”的鱼儿很快乐，表现了他怎样的心境？,内容探究,这是他愉悦心境的投射与外化。他来到濠水之滨，因自己“从容出游”感到快乐，于是见到“出游从容”的鱼也快乐，即“人乐鱼亦乐”。这符合他“天地与我并生，而万物与我为一”的观点。,2.回头再读读两人一来一回的辩论，总结一下在这场辩论中庄子是如何化解惠子的发难的？,庄子把“安知”，解释成“哪知道”或“怎知道”，而惠子本意是“你怎么（能够）知道”。庄子偷换概念，避重就轻，化解了发难，其机智灵活的形象跃然纸上。,3.关于这场“濠梁之辩”的结果，有人说是庄子赢了，有人说是惠子赢了，你认为是谁赢了？,深入探究,4.这场“鱼之乐”的辩论体现庄子和惠子二人各自不同的思想：,庄子追求“天地与我并生，而万物与我为一”，和万物平等共生，与外界契合无间。短文中的“鱼之乐”，其实也就是他愉悦心境的投射和外化。,惠子偏重于知识性的判断。论辩言语严密，逻辑性强，对事物的认知是持以寻根究底的态度，求实而缺乏美学意义上的欣赏。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,力辩求真拘泥,【庄子】,【惠子】,巧辩尚美超然,轻松闲适，诗意盎然,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,这则故事通过庄子与惠子围绕着“鱼之乐”而展开辩论，表现了庄子的机智与巧妙的辩论风格，也表现了庄子的“万物与我为一”的思想。,主旨小结,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,这则故事通过庄子与惠子围绕着“鱼之乐”而展开辩论，表现了庄子的机智与巧妙的辩论风格，也表现了庄子的“万物与我为一”的思想。,小结,庄子与惠子游于濠梁,庄子与惠子游于濠梁,惠子,庄子,力辩求真拘泥逻辑家的知识判断,巧辩尚美超然艺术家的快乐自由,板书,结合两则故事试理解庄子的人生态度。,北冥有鱼大鹏向南飞行，需要乘着六月的风而去。也就是说，大鹏的飞行是有所“待”的。它虽然能够在天空翱翔，看似自由自在，但其实还要借助风的力量，也就是说，它受到了风的制约。如果没有大风，大鹏是不可能飞翔的。因此，在天空翱翔的大鹏其实并没有达到真正的逍遥。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上中，惠子好辩，重分析。对于事物有一种寻根究底的认知态度，重在知识的探讨。庄子智辩，重观赏，对于外界的认识，带有欣赏的态度，将主观的情意发挥到外物上而产生移情同感的作用。如果说惠子带有逻辑家的个性，那么庄子则具有艺术家的风貌。,庄子心境旷达，视荣华富贵如敝屣，他有着高雅的生活情趣。秋水一文所宣扬的是庄子一贯的思想，即人的生死、寿夭、祸福、穷通、贵贱、贫富、得失、成败等等都是完全相对的东西，并且是人力所不能左右的，应一切顺其自然。庄子鄙视功名富贵，追求快乐自由便是这种思想支配下的心灵选择。,庄子思想虽有消极虚无的一面，但其根本目标却在于要使人的生活和精神达到一种不为外物所束缚、所统治的绝对自由独立的境界。多少年来，庄子思想曾给乱世中饱经沧桑的心灵以莫大的安慰，即使在物质文明高度发达的今天也有它独特的作用。,庄子散文的艺术特色,艺术特色,第一，想象奇幻。第二，构思巧妙。第三，善用寓言故事和比喻。第四，文笔汪洋恣肆，具有浪漫主义风格。,1阅读下面一段文字，谈淡你的理解。,随堂检测,庄子送葬，经过惠子的坟墓，回头对跟随他的人说：“楚国郢人捏白垩土，鼻尖上溅到一滴如蝇翼般大的污泥，他请匠石替他削掉。匠石挥动斧头，呼呼作响，随手劈下去，把那小滴的泥点完全削除，而鼻子没有受到丝毫损伤，郢人站