英国文学史3.Thomas+More

RenaissancePeriod,GeneralIntroductionEnglishLiteratureintheRenaissancePeriod,GeneralIntroduction,TheRenaissancewasaEuropeanphenomenon.IthaditsorigininnorthItalyinthefourteenthcentury,andspreadnorthwardtootherEuropeancountries-toFrance,toGermany,totheLowcountries,andlastlytoEngland.ItrevivedthestudyofRomanandGreekclassicsandmarkedthebeginningofbourgeoisrevolution.DuringtheperiodofEnglishRenaissanceEnglandenjoyedstabilityandprosperity.Itbecamethestrongpowerintheworldandontheseas.TheEnglishRenaissanceencouragedtheReformationinchurch.EnglishKing,HenryVIII,whostartedtheReformation,declaredthebreakwithRomeandbecameheadoftheEnglishchurch.ThusCatholicismwasgotridofinEngland.Protestantwereestablished.,EnglishRenaissanceisusuallydividedintothreeperiods:1)ThefirstperiodcalledthebeginningoftheRenaissancestartedin1511andcametoanendin1578.2)ThesecondperiodknownasthefloweringtimeoftheRenaissancewasfrom1578to1625.3)Thethirdperiodbetween1625and1660istheepilogueoftheRenaissance.Inthesecondperiod,QueenElizabethruledthecountry.ForthisreasonitisalsocalledElizabethanPeriod.WilliamShakespeare,thegreatestplaywrightofEngland,livedintheElizabethanPeriod.SointhehistoryofEnglishliterature,thisperiodisoftenreferredastheAgeofWilliamShakespeare.,Background,DevelopmentofIndustryTheincreasingofclothindustrystimulatedthegreedofthemoneyedclasstoseizemoreandmorelandoutofthehandsofthepeasants.ThisisknownastheEnclosureMovement.Asaresultofthemovement,thousandsuponthousandsofpeasantslosttheirlandandbecamehiredlaborersforthemerchants.,DevelopmentofBourgeoisieThewordbourgeoisieoriginallymeanttowndwellers,especiallythosewholivedbytrading.Bynature,thefeudalorderwasagrarian.AtthetimeoftheRenaissance,thebourgeoisieappearedasanewclassofsociety,andtheconflictsbetweenthenewlyarisingbourgeoisieandfeudalismandtheChurchbecamethemainsocialcontradictionofthetime.Humanismwastheveryweaponforthebourgeoisietouseinitsfightagainstfeudalismrestrictionsandthedominatinginfluenceofthechurch,whichhadruledmensmindsforcenturies.,HumanismHumanismwasaliteraryandphilosophicsystemofthoughtwhichattemptedtoplacetheaffairsofmankindatthecentreofitsconcerns.OriginatinginItalyduringtheRenaissance,itsoonspreadthroughoutmostofwesternEurope.HumanistthoughtwasbasedonanewreadingofGreekandRomanliterature,anaffirmationoftheimportanceofPlatonicphilosophy,andareinterpretationofthewritingsofAristotle.,Ittookasamajorinterestthelifeofmaninthepresentand,unlikemedievalphilosophy,whichpostulatedaCityofGodinthehereafter,itattemptedtolaythefoundationsforalifeofjustice,nobility,andgoodnessonearth.Humanismwasanattituderatherthanaphilosophy,non-dogmaticandnon-scientific,takingtheexplorationsofhumanpotentialforafullandrewardinglifeasitsmainconcern.HumanismwasoneofthemostimportantfactorsgivingrisetotheRenaissance.,TheCharacteristicsoftheRenaissanceLiterature,Allinall,thechiefcharacteristicoftheRenaissanceliteratureistheexpressionofsecularvalueswithmaninsteadofGodasthecenteroftheuniverse.1)Itemphasizesthedignityofman,affirmsandpraisethevalueofman,whichoftenimpliesalesseninginthepowerofGod.Itdescribestheintellectualandphysicalvirtuesofthehumanbeing,andofitsplaceinthecreation.,2)Itadvocatesthefullexpressionofindividualismandthefulfillmentofonesabilities,againstthedespoticruleoffeudalism.Itdeclaresthatthepurposeoflifeistheunrestrainedandself-sufficientpracticeofonesvirtues,thecompetentanddelightedexerciseofonesskill.3)Itaffirmsthedelightofearthlyachievement,aswellasmansdesireforhappinessandpleasure.Itspreoccupationiswiththislifeanditexposesthehypocrisyanddebaucheryoftheclergy.,EnglishLiteratureintheRenaissancePeriod,EnglishliteratureintheRenaissancePeriodisusuallyregardedasthehighlightinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.InthesecondperiodofEnglishRenaissance,thatis,inElizabethanPeriod,Englishliteraturedevelopedwithagreatspeedandmadeamagnificentachievement.ThegreatestandmostdistinctiveachievementofElizabethanliteratureisthedrama.Thusappearedagroupofexcellentdramatists.NexttothedramaistheLyricalPoetry.,ElizabethanPoetryisremarkableforitsvariety,itsfreshness,itsyouthfulnessanditsromanticfeeling.Agroupofgreatpoetsappeared,andalargenumberofpoetrywasproduced.SinceEnglishRenaissancewasanageofpoetryanddrama,andwasnotanageofprose,therewerenotsomanyprosewriters.Inthebeginningperiod,thegreathumanist,ThomasMore,wrotehisfamousprosework“Utopia”whichmaybethoughtofasthefirstliterarymasterpieceofEnglishRenaissance.,MajorFiguresinThisPeriod,i.TheBeginningoftheEnglishRenaissance.ThomasMore:Utopia.ii.TheElizabethanPeriod.Poetry:JohnLyly,SirPhilipSidneySpenser:FaerieQueene.TheShepherdsCalendar.DramaMarlowe:Dr.FaustusTheJewofMalta.Shakespeare:Prose:Bacon:Essays.,ThomasMore(14781535),MenuLifeWorksCommentsonThomasMoreandhisUtopia,ThomasMore(14781535),WhatdoyouknowaboutMore?1.HewasaprosewriterintheEnglishRenaissance.2.HewasoneofthebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.Thinkaboutwhatyouridealsocietywouldbelike.,MoresUtopia乌托邦,1.Moresmasterpiece.2.writtenintheformofaconversationbetweenareturnedandexperiencedvoyager,Hythloday,andMorehimself.Twoparts:Utopia,BookOne;Utopia,BookTwo.,MoresUtopia乌托邦:,WhatisUtopiaabout?1.AdetaileddescriptionofthesocialconditionofEngland.2.AdetailedpresentationofanidealcommunistsocietyofUtopia,aGreekword,withthemeaningof“NoPlace”.,Homework,Anthology:OfStudiesp63History:FrancisBaconp48-51ShakespeareP78-81,Utopia,BookOne,WhatarethesocialconditionsofEngland?1)ApictureofcontemporaryEngland:Thepovertyamongthepoor;Thegreedandluxuryamongtherich;Theeagernessforwaroftherulers.,Utopia,BookOne,ThesufferingofthepeasantsfortheenclosuremovementAnexposureoftheevilrealityofhistime,therichmensconspiracy(阴谋)againstthepoor,Utopia,BookOne,So,_wasoneofthefirsttoseetherelationbetween_and_tounderstandtherichwerebecomingrichby_thepoor.Morepointsoutthattherootofpovertyistheprivate_of_.,More,wealth,poverty,“robbing”,ownership,socialwealth,Utopia,BookTwo,anidealsociety,1.Moreprovidedusasketchofanidealcommonwealthwherepropertywasheldincommonandtherewasnopoverty.2.Moreshowedaprinciple,“Fromeveryoneaccordingtohiscapacities,toeveryoneaccordingtohisneeds”.,Utopia,BookTwo,anidealsociety,3.Moresolvedtheproblemoftheseparationoftownandcountrybyco-operationbetweenthem.4.MoreemphasizedtheimportanceoflaborforeverymemberoftheUtopiansociety.AndtheUtopiansspenttheirsparetimeinstudyofliterature,artandscience.,Utopia,BookTwo,anidealsociety,LocationReligionOrganizationPeople(work,leisure,marriage),MoresLimitations,1.Morehadnorevolutionaryspirit.2.InMoresworks,thesystemofbondsmen(农奴)stillretainsthefeaturesofclassexploitation.3.Morecouldneverfindatthattimethem