人体结构与人体构架英文.ppt

SECTIONII:BODYSTRUCTUREANDBODYSYSTEMS,Chapter4,Objectives,Writethemeaningsofthewordpartspresentedinthischapter,choosetheircorrectmeaningswhenpresentedwithseveralanswers,andrecognizeandwritethemeaningsofthewordpartswhentheyappearinmedicalterms.Writethemeaningsandrecognizethedefinitionsoftermsrelatedtodirectionalaspectsofthebody.Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermspresentedinthischapterthatarerelatedtobodystructuresandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions.Matchtermsrelatedtobodyfluidswiththeirdescriptionsandwritethetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions.Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermsrelatedtobodycavitiespresentedinthischapterandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions.,OUTLINE,TheanatomicpositionandreferenceplanesofthebodyBodycavitiesBodystructuresBodyfluidsComprehensivereviewexercises,TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody,Anatomicreferencesystemsprovideuniformityinregardtodescriptionsofthebody.Theanatomicpositionmeansthatapersonisstandingerectwiththearmsatthesideandthepalmsforward.Thispositionisusedasareferencewhendescribingthelocationordirectionofvariousbodystructuresorparts.,TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody,Unlessstatedotherwise,alldescriptionsoflocationorpositionassumethatthebodyisintheanatomicposition.Committomemorythefollowingtermsthatrelatetovariousdirectionsofthebody.,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningAnterioranter/onearertoortowardthefront;ventralPosteriorposter/onearertoortowardtheback;dorsal,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningVentralventr/obellyside;sameasanteriorsurfaceDorsaldors/odirectedtowardorsituatedonthebackside;sameasposteriorsurface,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningMedial;medianmedi/omiddleornearerthemiddleLaterallater/otowardtheside;denotingapositionfartherfromthemidlineofthebodyorfromastructure,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningSuperiorsuper/ouppermostoraboveInferiorinfer/olowermostorbelow,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningProximalproxim/onearesttheorginorpointofattachmentDistaldist/ofarordistantfromtheoriginorpointofattachment,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningCephaladcephal/otowardtheheadCaudadcaud/otowardthetailorinaposteriordirection,Exercise1,Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection.Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly.(Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample)CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter/oanteriorfrontCaud/o_,Exercise1,Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection.Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly.(Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample)CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter/oanteriorfrontCaud/ocaudaltail,Exercise1,CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingDist/o_Dors/o_Infer/o_Later/o_,Exercise1,CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingDist/odistalfarDors/odorsalbackInfer/oinferiorbelowLater/olateralside,Exercise1,CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingMedi/omedialmiddleormedianPoster/oposteriorbehindProxim/oproximalnearSuper/osuperioraboveVentr/oventralbelly,BodyCavities,Thebodyhastwomajorcavities,whicharespaceswithinthebodythatcontaininternalorgans.Thetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethedorsalcavity,locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody,andtheventralcavity,locatedneartheanterioraspect.Bothcavitiesaresubdividedasshown.,BodyCavities,Thedorsalcavityisdividedintothecranialandspinalcavities.Thecranialcavitycontainsthebrainandthespinalcavitycontainsthespinalcordandthebeginningsofthespinalnerves.,BodyCavities,Theotherprincipalbodycavityistheventralcavity.Largeorganscontainedintheventralcavityarecalledviscera.Theventralcavityissubdividedintothethoraciccavityandtheabdominopelvic(abdominalandpelvic)cavity.Themusculardiaphragmdividesthethoracicandabdominopelviccavities.,Theabdominopelviccavitycanbethoughtofasasinglecavityorastwocavities,theabdominalandpelviccavities,althoughnowallseparatesthem.Amembranecalledtheperitoneumlinestheabdominopelviccavityandinveststheinternalorgans.,Peritoneum,likeallserousmembranes,secretesalubricatingfluidthatallowstheorganstoglideagainstoneanotheroragainstthecavitywall.Astickingtogetheroftwostructuresthatarenormallyseparatediscalledanadhesion.Abdominaladhesionsareusuallycausedbyinflammationortrauma(injury),andaretreatedsurgicallyiftheycauseintestinalobstructionorexcessivediscomfort.,BodyStructures,Thecellisthesmallestfunctionalunitofthehumanbodyand,infact,ofallorganisms.Cellscomprisethetissuesofthebody,whichinturnmakeuporgans.Eachbodysystemisagroupoforgansthatworktogetherforaspecificpurpose.Thehumanorganismhasmanybodysystems.Manybodystructurewillbediscussedelsewhereinthisbook.Thefollowinglistincludesseveraltermsthateitherdonotpertaintoaparticularbodysystemofmaypertaintomorethanonesystem.Committhefollowinglisttomemory.,SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES,CombiningFormsMeaningAbdomin/oabdomenAcr/oextremities(armsandlegs)Blephar/oeyelidCephal/oheadChir/ohand,SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES,CombiningFormsMeaningCyst/ocyst,bladder,orsacDactyl/odigit(toes,fingersorboth)Lapar/oabdominalwallOmphal/oumbilicus(navel)Onych/onail,SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES,CombiningFormsMeaningPelv/IpelvisPeriton/operitoneumSom/a,somat/obodyThorac/ochest,Organism(manysystems)System(severalorgans)Organ(severaltissues)Tissues(manysimilarcells)Cells(smalleststructuralunit),Theabdomenistheportionofthbodytrunkthatislocatedbetweenthechestandthepelvis.Abdomino/centesis(abdomin/o,abdomen,+centesis,surgicalpuncture),usuallycalledabdominalparacentesis,isasurgicalprocedurethatisperformedtoremoveexcessfluids(ascites)fromtheabdominalcavityortoinjectatherapeuticagent.,Peritonitis(periton/o,peritoneum,+-itis,inflammation)canresultifinfectionmicroorganismsgainaccessbywayofoperativeincisionsorbytheruptureorperforationofvisceraorassociatedstructures(asinruptureorperforationofvisceraorassociatedstructures(asinruptureoftheappendix).Microorganismscanalsospreadtotheperitoneumfrothebloodstreamorlymphaticvessels.,Incisionoftheabdominalwalliscalledlaparo/tomy(lapar/o,abdominalwall+-tomy,incision).Laparotomyisanotherwayofsayinganabdominaloperation.Severalsurgicalproceduresinvolveincisionoftheabdominalwall,someofwhicharedescribed:,Laparocholecystotomy(lapar/o,abdominalwall,+cholecyst/o,gallbladder,+-tomy,incision):incisionintothegallbladderthoughtheabdominalwall.,Laparocolostomy(lapar/o+col/o,largeintestine,+-stomy,newopening):formationofapermanentopeningintothecolon(largeintestine)throughtheabdominalwall.Laparocystotomy(lapar/o+cyst/o,cyst,+-tomy):abdominalincisiontoremoveacystoranembryothathasimplantedoutsidetheuterus(synonym:laparocystectomy)Laparogastrotomy(lapar/o+gastr/o,stomach+-tomy):abdominalincisionintothestomachLaparohepatotomy(lapar/o+hepat/o,liver+-tomy):incisionoftheliverthroughtheabdominalwallLaparohysterectomy(lapar/o+hyster/o,uterus,+-ectomy,excision):removaloftheuterusthroughanincisionintheabdominalwall,Laparohysteropexy(lapar/o+hyster/o+-pexy,surgicalfixation):attachmentoftheuterustotheabdominalwallLaparorrhaphy(lapar/o+-rrhaphy,suture):sutureoftheabdominalwallLaparoscopy(lapar/o+-scopy,visualexamination):abdominalexplorationemployingalaparoscope,aninstrumentusedtoviewtheinterioroftheabdomen(laparoscopyisatypeofendoscopy,adevicethatusesfiberoptictechniquestopermitvisualimagingaroundcorners)Laparosplenotomy(lapar/o+splen/o,spleen,+-tomy):incisionofthespleenthroughanabdominaloperation,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningCholecyst/ogallbladder,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningCol/ocolon(largeintestine),NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningGastr/ostomach,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningHepat/oliver,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningHyster/outerus,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningSplen/ospleen,Thepelvisisthelowerportionofthebodytrunk.Thewordpelviscanrefertoanybasinlikestructure,soyouwillalsoseeitinotherterms(e.g.therenalpelvis,afunnel-shapedstructurewithinthekidney).,Pelvimetry(pelv/I,pelvis,+-metry,measurement)isthemeasurementofthedimensionsandcapacityofthepelvis.Itisseldomdoneanymore,becausetheprocedureusuallyinvolvestheuseofx-rays.Theinstrumentusedinpelvimetryisapelvimeter.,Acephalopelvicdisproportionisasituationinwhichtheheadofthefetusistoolargeforthepelvisofthemother.Insuchcasesvaginaldeliveryisdifficultofimpossible.Cephalopelvic(cephal/o,head+pelv/I,pelvisisatermthatpertainstotheheadofthefetusandthematernalpelvis.,OmphalosisGreekfortheumbilicus,ornavel.Manynewtermscanbeformedusingomphal/owithvarioussuffixesthatyouhavealreadylearned.,Omphalicmeansconcerningtheumbilicus.Aninflamedconditionofthenavelisomphal/itis.Congenitalherniaofthenavelisomphalo/cele.,Ruptureofthenavelisomphalo/rrhexis,andumbilicalhemorrhageisomphalo/rrhagia,Thoracicmeanspertainingtothechest,becausethorac/omeansthoraxorchest.Thoracicsurgeryisanotherwayofsayingchestsurgery.Surgicalpunctureofthechestwallforaspirationoffluidscouldbecalledthoracocentesis,butthoracentesisistheorecommonlyusedterm.,Surgicalpunctureofthechestwallforaspirationoffluidscouldbecalledthoracocentesis,butthoracentesisistheorecommonlyusedterm.,Exercise2Usingwhatyouhavejustlearned,andwordpartsstudiedinpreviouschapter,circlethecorrectanswertocompleteeachsentence.,Thecombiningformthatmeansarmsandlegsis(acr/o,chir/o,cyt/o,omphal/o).Thecombiningformblephar/omeans(extremities,eyelid,brain,head).Thecombiningformthatmeansabdomenis(pelv/I,pelv/o,abdomen/o,abdomin/o).Thecombiningformonych/omeans(head,bladder,digit,nail).Thecombiningformforamembranethatlinestheabdominopelviccavityis(omphal/o,lapar/o,somat/o,periton/o).,Exercise2Usingwhatyouhavejustlearned,andwordpartsstudiedinpreviouschapter,circlethecorrectanswertocompleteeachsentence.,Thecombiningformthatmeansarmsandlegsis(acr/o,chir/o,cyt/o,omphal/o).Thecombiningformblephar/omeans(extremities,eyelid,brain,head).Thecombiningformthatmeansabdomenis(pelv/I,pelv/o,abdomen/o,abdomin/o).Thecombiningformonych/omeans(head,bladder,digit,nail).Thecombiningformforamembranethatlinestheabdominopelviccavityis(omphal/o,lapar/o,somat/o,periton/o).,Thecombiningformsomat/omeans(sleep,body,toesorfingers,cyst).Thecombiningformomphal/omeans(umbilicus,abdominalwall,head,chest).Thecombiningformcol/omeans(gallbladder,cyst,largeintestine,liver).Thecombiningfomrhyster/omeans(uterusabdominalwall,spleen,pelvis).Thecombiningformforthetomachis(cholecyst/o,hepat/o,gastr/o,splen/o).,Thecombiningformsomat/omeans(sleep,body,toesorfingers,cyst).Thecombiningformomphal/omeans(umbilicus,abdominalwall,head,chest).Thecombiningformcol/omeans(gallbladder,cyst,largeintestine,liver).Thecombiningfomrhyster/omeans(uterus,abdominalwall,spleen,pelvis).Thecombiningformforthetomachis(cholecyst/o,hepat/o,gastr/o,splen/o).,Paininthethoraxdistinguishedfromchestpaincausedbyanginapectoris,aheartconditionis(thoracocentesis,thoracoschisis,thoracondynia,thoracectomy).Surgicalincisionofchestwallis(thoracotomy,thoracostomy,thoracostenosis,thoracolysis).Diagnosticexaminationofthechestcavityis(pleurotomy,pleurectomy,thoracometry,thoracoscopy).Plasticsurgeryofthechestinwhichportionsoftheribsareremovedtocausediseaseareasofthelugtocollapseis(thoracolysis,thoracoplasty,thoracalgia,thoracopathy).,Paininthethoraxdistinguishedfromchestpaincausedbyanginapectoris,aheartconditionis(thoracocentesis,thoracoschisis,thoracondynia,thoracectomy).Surgicalincisionofchestwallis(thoracotomy,thoracostomy,thoracostenosis,thoracolysis).Diagnosticexaminationofthechestcavityis(pleurotomy,pleurectomy,thoracometry,thoracoscopy).Plasticsurgeryofthechestinwhichportionsoftheribsareremovedtocausediseaseareasofthelugtocollapseis(thoracolysis,thoracoplasty,thoracalgia,thoracopathy).,Exercise3Usingwordsorwordpartsyouhavelearned,writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Blephar/almeanspertainingto_.Blephar/itisis_ofeyelid.Blepharitiscouldleadto_edema,swellingoftheeyelids.Thereareothercausesofblepharedema,suchacrying.Blepharoplegiais_ofaneyelid.Blepharoptosisisprolapseor_oftheuppereyelid.,Exercise3Usingwordsorwordpartsyouhavelearned,writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Blephar/almeanspertainingtoeyelid.Blephar/itisisinflammationofeyelid.Blepharitiscouldleadtoblepharedema,swellingoftheeyelids.Thereareothercausesofblepharedema,suchacrying.Blepharoplegiaisparalysisofaneyelid.Blepharoptosisisprolapseorsaggingoftheuppereyelid.,Twitchingoftheeyelidisblepharo_.Plasticsurgeryperformedontheeyelid_.Surgicalincisionoftheeyelidis_.,Twitchingoftheeyelidisblepharospasm.Plasticsurgeryperformedontheeyelidblepharoplasty.Surgicalincisionoftheeyelidisblepharotomy.,Extremitiesofthebodyarethearmsandlegs.Thecombiningforacr/oisusedtorefertotheextremities.Inworkingthefollowingexerciseyouwilllearnnewtermsthatpertaintothearmsandlegs.,Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Acro/cyanosisiscyanosisoftheextremities.Inacrocyanosis,thearmsandlegsseemtobethecolour_.Acrodermatitisisdermatitisoftheextremities.Inotherwords,the_ofthearmsandlegsisinflamed.Acr/alpertainstothe_.,Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Acro/cyanosisiscyanosisoftheextremities.Inacrocyanosis,thearmsandlegsseemtobethecolourblue.Acrodermatitisisdermatitisoftheextremities.Inotherwords,theskinofthearmsandlegsisinflamed.Acr/alpertainstotheextremities.,Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Acrohypothermyisabnormalcoldnessoftheextremities.Translatedliterally,acro/hypo/thermymeansbelownormal_intheextremities.Acro/megalyisadisorderinwhichthereisabnormalenlargementofthe_ofthebody,includingthenose,jaws,fingersandtoes,causedbyhypersecretionofgrowthhormoneaftermaturity.,Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Acrohypothermyisabnormalcoldnessoftheextremities.Translatedliterally,acro/hypo/thermymeansbelownormalheatintheextremities.Acro/megalyisadisorderinwhichthereisabnormalenlargementoftheextremetiesofthebody,includingthenose,jaws,fingersandtoes,causedbyhypersecretionofgrowthhormoneaftermaturity.,Afingerortoeisadigit.Thecombiningformdactyl/oisoftenusedinwordsthatpertaintothefingersandtoes,Dactylographyisthestudyoffingerprints.Dactylospasmmeanscrampingofafingerortoe.Inflammationofthebonesofthefingersandtoesisdactylitis.,Chiro/podymeanspertainingtothehandsandfeet.Itisalsotheartorprofessionofachiropodist,onewhotreatscorns,bunionsandotherafflictionsofthehandsandfeet.Crampingofthehandsuchaswriterscrampischiro/spasm.Plasticsurgeryofthehandischiro/plasty.,Thecombiningformonych/oreferstothenails.Anonychophagist(onych/o,nails+phag/o,eat+-ist,onewho)habituallybitesthenails.Thefollowingexercisewillhelpyoutolearnnewtermsthatusethecombiningformonych/o.,Exercise5Writethecorrectanswerineachblankspace.,Onycho/malaciais_ofthenails.Anonych/omais_ofthenailornailbed.Onycho/myc/osisisadiseaseofthe_causedbya_.Anydiseaseofthenailsiscalledan_.Surgicalremovalofthenailis_.(Thistermalsomeansdeclawingofananimal.,Exercise5Writethecorrectanswerineachblankspace.,Onycho/malaciaissofteningofthenails.Anonych/omaistumorofthenailornailbed.Onycho/myc/osisisadiseaseofthenailscausedbyafungus.AnydiseaseofthenailsiscalledanonychopathySurgicalremovalofthenailisonychectomy(Thistermalsomeansdeclawingofananimal.,BODYFLUIDS,Severalwordpartsthatrelatetobodyfluidsarepresentedbelow.Afteryoucompletetheprogrammedstudythatfollowsthislist,youshouldbeabletorecognizethemeaningsofthewordparts.,SELECTEDWORDPARTSTHATPERTAINTOBODYFLUIDS,CombiningFormorWordPartMeaningCrin/o,-crinesecreteDacry/o,lacrim/otear,tearing,crying-emia,hem/a,hem/o,hemat/obloodHidr/osweatorperspirationHydr/owater,CombiningFormorWordPartMeaningLymph/olymph(sometimesreferstothelymphatics)Muc/omucusPy/opusSial/osaliva(sometimesreferstosalivaryglands)Ur/ourine(sometimesreferstotheurinarytract),Exercise6Matchthewordpartsintheleftcolumnwiththeirmeaningintherightcolumn(thechoicesontherightmaybeusedmorethanonce),_1.Crin/o_2.Dacry/o_3.emia_4.Hemat/o_5.Hidr/o_6.Hydr/o_7.Lacrim/o_8.Lymph/o_9.Muc/o_10.Py/o_11.Sial/o_12.Ur/o,UrineLymphTearBloodPerspirationWaterMucusPusSalivaSecrete,Exercise6Matchthewordpartsintheleftcolumnwiththeirmeaningintherightcolumn(thechoicesontherightmaybeusedmorethanonce),J1.Crin/oC2.Dacry/oD3.emiaD4.Hemat/oE5.Hidr/oF6.Hydr/oC7.Lacrim/oB8.Lymph/oG9.Muc/oH10.Py/oI11.Sial/oA12.Ur/o,UrineLymphTearBloodPerspirationWaterMucusPusSalivaSecrete,ComprehensiveReviewExercises,Workthefollowingexercisestotestyourunderstandingofthematerialinchapter4.Itisbesttoworkallthereviewexercisesbeforecheckingyouranswers.,A.Useoneofthefollowingwordstocorrectlycompletethesentences.,AbdominopelvicperitoneumventralCranialspinalvisceraDorsalthoracicThetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethe(1)_cavity,locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody,andthe(2)_cavity,locatedneartheanterioraspect.Eachofthesecavitiesissubdividedintosmallerones.,A.Useoneofthefollowingwordstocorrectlycompletethesentences.,AbdominopelvicperitoneumventralCranialspinalvisceraDorsalthoracicThetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethe(1)dorsalcavity,locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody,andthe(2)ventralcavity,locatedneartheanterioraspect.Eachofthesecavitiesissubdividedintosmallerones.,A.Useoneofthefollowingwordstocorrectlycompletethesentences.,AbdominopelvicperitoneumventralCranialspinalvisceraDorsalthoracicThe(3)_cavitycontainsthespinalcordandthebeginningsofthespinalnerves.The(4)_cavitycontainsthebrain.Theventralcavityissubdividedintothe(5)_orchestcavityandthe(6)_cavity.Largeorganscontainedintheventralcavityarecalled(7)_.Aserousmembranecalledthe(8)_linestheabdomino