否定事实信息题讲义

题型四negative factual information question（否定事实信息题）OG介绍These questions ask you to verify what information is true and what information is NOT true or not included in the passage based on information that is explicitly stated in the passage. To answer this kind of question, first locate the relevant information in the passage. Then verify vt.核实 that three of the four answer choices are true and that the remaining choice is false. Remember, for this type of question, the correct answer is the one that is NOT true.一、题干内容 根据题干提问，通过对原文细节的理解来回答，选出不符合原文或原文未提到的选项。常见形式：与事实信息题相同，且有明显标志：NOT TRUE, EXCEPT等表否定和排除的词。即：According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?The authors description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT二、解题的步骤及技巧考点：关键词定位，排除法。步骤： 仔细审题，找关键词，回原文定位， 查找选项中的关键词，再定位， 前后两个定位的内容符合选项内容了，则将选项排除，由此选出正确选项。技巧：1、审题技巧否定事实信息题题干中的关键词比事实信息题的关键词更明显，通常是名词，内容可能是概念、原因、地点、时间等等，回文中不仅要注意名词本身，还要注意对应的标志词。标志词附近都埋伏着出题点。2、解题技巧结合选项中的关键词，并找标志词所涉内容是否对应即可达到题目目的。选项设置：1、错误选项的特点：对原文的同义改写。2、正确选项的特点：1) 对原文断章取义2) 与原文意思相反3) 与文意思无关三、例题讲解例题一：TPO 03-1Paragraph 1: Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:Architecture is visual art.Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions. n.规模 大小 方面Architecture has an indirect a.间接的 effect on life.不要直接看选项例题二：TPO 03-3Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer n.先锋 community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative a. 积累的. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?They occur at the end of a succession.They last longer than any other type of community.The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.例题三：TPO 01-1Paragraph 3: The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPTA mountain valley Flat landA lake floorThe seafloor例题四：Paragraph 7: The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.Paragraph 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other peoples motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other peoples motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.9. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a personsmoral valuesprevious experiences with aggressioninstinct to avoid aggressionbeliefs n.信仰，信念 about other peoples intentions例题五：TPO 03-2Paragraph 2: The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.According to paragraph 2, all of the following