U1Grammarandusage

Grammarandusage,Unit1,To-infinitivebareinfinitiveverb-ingformasanoun.,I.To-infinitive,动词不定式,Theto-infinitivecanbeusedaloneoraspartofaninfinitivephraseandtheto-infinitivecanserveasthesubject,object,objectcomplement,attribute,predicativeoradverbialofasentence.,IwaswatchinganEnglishprogrammeat8oclockyesterday.2.Divingseemsexciting.3.Hecantfindmyhistorybook.,subject,verbphrase,object,adverbial,subject,linkingverb,predicative,Revision,subject,verbphrase,object,1.theto-infinitiveusedasthesubject不定式作主语eg.Toobeylawiseveryonesduty遵纪守法是每个人的职责。Toknowoneselfisdifficult.了解自己是困难的。Totalkwithyourmouthfullisrude.满嘴食物地讲话是不礼貌的。,Itisimpossibletofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.在如此短的时间内完成这项工作是不可能的。ItisusefulforyoutolearnsomespokenEnglish.学习一些口语对你来说是有用的。,2.theto-infinitiveusedastheobject不定式作宾语eg.Hemanagedtheproblembyhimself.他自己设法解决了问题。Ilikenewspaperarticlesaboutsports.我喜欢读一些体育方面的新闻报道。Amywantsmoreaboutthefilm.安米想知道更多的关于这部电影的情况。,tosolve,toread,toknow,常见的后接不定式作宾语的动词有：offer,decide,hope,promise,agree,plan,manage,refuse,wish,pretend,learn,want等。当不定式(短语)在某个句子中作宾语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此时it仍只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。,3.theto-infinitiveusedastheobjectcomplement不定式作宾语补足语eg.Idlikeyoueverythingtidy.我希望你能使每样东西都保持整洁。Theteacheraskedustheworktoday.老师要我们今天完成工作。TellJackthewindow,please.请让杰克关上窗户。,tokeep,tofinish,toclose,动词make,let,have/hear,see,feel,watch,notice和observe后的宾语补足语，可省去to。,eg.Theysawtheboy_suddenlyfromthetree.他们看见那小男孩突然从树上跌下来。Thebossmadetheworkers_14hoursaday.老板让工人们每天工作14小时。,fall,work,4.theto-infinitiveusedasthepredicative不定式作表语eg.Mywishis_adoctor.我的愿望是成为一名医生。Ourplanis_theworkintwoweeks.我们的计划是两周内完这项工作。WhatIneedmostnowis_agoodrest.我现在最需要的是好好休息。,tobe,tofinish,tohave,5.theto-infinitiveusedastheattribute不定式作定语eg.Ihavealotofwork_.我有许多工作要做。Ihavenoone_.我没有一个可以交谈的人。Heislookingforahouse_.他正在找房子住。,todo,totalkto,tolivein,6.theto-infinitiveusedasadverbialofasentencetoshowreason,purposeorresult不定式作句子的原因、目的和结果状语eg.Hecameheretoattendanimportantmeeting.他来这儿参加一个重要的会议。Samwasverysurprisedtohearthenews.萨姆听得这个消息很吃惊。HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.他到家发现他的老朋友乔治在等他。,(purpose)（目的）,(reason)（原因）,(result)(结果）,Whenweuseto-infinitiveastheresultadverbial,itmeanstheresultisunexpectedorsurprising.eg.Hehurriedtotherailstation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.,7.thecontinuousandperfectformsoftheto-infinitive不定式的进行式和完成式eg.Sheseemedofitalready.她似乎已经听说过这件事了。Whentheteachercamein,thestudentspretended_loudly.当老师进来时，同学们假装正在大声读书。,tohaveheard,tobereading,高考链接,Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains_whethertheywillenjoyit.(NMET2002)A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.see,Testyourself,Iwenttoseehim,_himout.A.findingB.findC.onlytofindD.found,Testyourself,Areyougoingtoattendthemeeting_nextSaturday?A.holdingB.holdC.willbeheldD.tobeheldCharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered_thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented,II.Bareinfinitive,不带to的动词不定式,let/make/havesb.dosth1.Illletyou_(use)mycomputer.2.Lilymakestheboy_(stand)allthetime.3.Theteacherhadherstudents_(finish)theworkwithin5minutes.,use,stand,finish,Lilymakestheboystandallthetime.Theboyismade_allthetime.Ioftenhearhimsinginthenextroom.Heisoftenheard_inthenextroom.,tostand,tosing,当“make/let/have/感官动词+bareinfinitive”变成被动语态时，应加上“to”。,感官动词feel/hear/see/watch/observe/noticesb.dosth.Ioftenhearhim_(sing)inthenextroom.Hestoodthereandwatchedthepassengers_(go)by.Didyounoticeanyone_(enter)thehouse？,sing,go,enter,Notes:Verbsofperceptioncanalsobeusedwithverb-ingbutwithdifferentmeanings.Isawhertalktohernewfriends.(Iwitnessedthewholeconversation.)我看到她和她的新朋友谈话。（我目睹了整个谈话过程）Isawhertalkingtohernewfriends.(WhenIsawher,shewastalkingtohernewfriends.Imightnothavewitnessedthewholeconversation.)我看到她正在和她的新朋友谈话。（当我看到的时候，她正在谈话。但我可能没看到整个过程。）,bareinfinitiveaftersomephrasesorpatternslikewouldrather,hadbetterandwhynoteg.我宁愿呆在家里。你最好别迟到。为什么不到海边走走？,Idratherstayathome.,Youdbetternotbelate.,Whynotgotothebeach?,用and/or/except/but/than/ratherthan连接时,第二个动词前省去to.Iforgot_thelightsand_thedoor.我忘记关灯、关门了。Wedecided_athomeratherthan_tothecinema.我们决定呆在家里，不去电影院了。,toturnoff,close,tostay,go,Practice,1.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_thenextyear.A.carryoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout,C,2.Weweretoldtohaveourreadingroom_afterschool.A.cleanB.tocleanC.cleaningD.cleaned,D,3.Pauldoesnthavetobemade_.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning,B,4.Janewasmade_thetruckforaweekasapunishment.A.towashB.washingC.washD.tobewashing,5-Iusuallygotherebytrain.-Whynot_byboatforachange?A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing,AnswerstoSallysletter:1.tothank2.totalk3.tohave4.e-mail5.toreceive6.togo7.watch8.borrow9.visit10.spend11.write12.tell13.tosee14.makee,III.Verb-ingformasanoun,1.Verb-ingformusedasthesubjectofasentence,Swimmingisgoodforyourhealth._(collect)informationisveryimportanttobusinessmen.Itsnouse/good_(argue)withhim.Itisgreatfun_(sail)aboat.,Collecting,arguing,sailing,Herswimminghasimprovedsinceshestartedtrainingeveryday.,不定式作主语与v-ing形式作主语的不同：前者作主语时，常表示某一次具体的动作；而后者常表示习惯性的动作。例如：Toteachthethreechildrenismyjobthisafternoon.教这三个孩子是今天下午我的工作。Walkingisagoodformofexercise.散步是锻炼的一种好方式。,2.Verb-ingformusedasthepredicativeofasentence,Herjobis_(wash),_(clean),_(take)careofthechildren.我的工作是教英语。MyjobisteachingEnglish.比较：Sheistakingcareofthechildren.,washing,cleaning,taking,3.Verb-ingformcanbeusedincompoundnouns(asattribute),Thereisashoeinthe_.(游泳池),swimmingpool,awalkingstick,areadingroomasleepingcar,aflyingsuitawashingmachine,4.Verb-ingformusedastheobjectofasentence,(1)动词后宾语Heenjoysplayingthepiano.(2)介词后宾语Heisfondofwatchingfootballgames.,Tips:,在admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,excuse,finish,forgive,imagine,include,keep,mind,miss,practise,pardon,risk,suggest等动词后，必须用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。Myjobdoesntincludemakingcoffeefortheboss.Pleasepardonmybeinglate.,2.在allow,advise,forbid,permit等动词后直接跟动词做宾语时，要用动名词；如果有名词或代词做宾语，然后再跟动词做宾语补足语，其宾语补足语用带to的不定式。,Wedontallowhere.Wedontallowstudents.Studentsarenotallowed.,smoking,tosmoke,tosmoke,3.动词need,want,require作“需要”之意时，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用动名词形式，或不定式的被动式。这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。（主语不能做后面所说之事),Mycarneeds/wants/requires.,repairing,toberepaired,Thefollowingphrasesarefollowedbytheverb-ingform:wouldyoumind,canthelp,lookforwardto,feellike,cantstand,itsnouse/good.,putoff,keepon,giveup,devoteto,stickto,bebusy,beworth,getdownto,Someverbscanbefollowedbyaverb-ingformorato-infinitive,butwithsomedifferencesinmeaningorusage.,regrettodo:抱歉要做某事regretdoing:后悔做了某事eg.Iregret_youthatyouarefired.我抱歉地告诉你你被解雇了。Iregret_himthetruth.我后悔告诉了他真相。,totell,telling,forgettodo:忘记去做某事forgetdoing:忘记做了某事eg.Heforgotthedoorwhenheleft.他离开时忘了关门了。Iwillneverforgetmyfirstgoldmedal.我永远忘不了我第一次获得金牌的情况。,toclose,winning,remembertodo:记得要做某事rememberdoing:记得曾经做过的事eg.Remembertheletterformeonyourwaytowork,OK?在你上班的路上记得帮我把信寄了，好吗？Irememberthismansomewhere.我记得在哪儿见过这个人。,topost,seeing,meantodo:打算做某事meandoing:意味着做某事eg.Imeanearliertoday.我今天打算早点来。Missingthetrainmeansforanotherhour.错过这列火车意味着又要等一个小时。,tocome,waiting,trytodo:努力做某事trydoing：尝试做某事eg.Shetriedtheworkasquicklyasshecan.她努力地要尽快完成这项工作。Itried（do）theexerciseinadifferentway.,tofinish,doing,stoptodo:停下来去做某事stopdoing:停止做某事eg.Theworkersstoppedarest.工人们停下来休息。Theworkersstoppedandhavearest.工人们停止了手中的活，休息一下。,tohave,working,goontodo:继续做另一件事goondoing:继续做同一件事eg,Afterdoingthecooking,motherwentonsomewashing.饭做好后，妈妈又继续洗衣服了。Theworkerswentonafterashortrest.短暂的休息后，工人们又开始干活了。,todo,working,beafraidofdoing担心会，害怕某事的发生beafraidtodo不敢去做,Ididntswimintheriver,becauseIwasafraid_(bite)bythesnake.,ofbeingbitten,Childrenwereafraid_(go)outsideatnightaftertheyheardofthemonster.,togo,start,begin,continue+todo/doing意义区别不大.,Ibegantorealizemymistake.Itsstartingtorainoutside.Theicebegantomelt.,Shebegantowrite/writingforthemagazinetwoyearsago.Althoughtheteacherhadcomein,hecontinuedtalking/totalktohisclassmates.,hate,love,like,prefertodo具体某一次的动作doing习惯经常的动作,我喜欢看电视，但今天晚上我不想看。,Ilike_TV,buttonightIdontlike_it.,watching,towatch,Answerstothee-mail:P111.visiting/tovisit2.chatting3.visiting4.pretending5.chatting/tochat6.stop7.chatting8.todo9.pass,Practice高考链接,1.Itremains_whetherJimwillbefitenoughtoplayinthefinals.A.seenB.tobeseenC.seeingD.tosee,B,2.Mary,_here-everybodyelsestaywhereyouare.A.comeB.comesC.tocomeD.coming,A,3.Isittimeyougotdownto_thepapers?A.markB.bemarkedC.beingmarkedD.marking,D,4.Goon_theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.A.todoB.doingC.withD.tobedoing,A,5.Shedidntremember_himbefore.A.havingmetB.hav