中英政府机构对比.ppt

China,Britain,VS,BritainVSChina,FormofGovernment政体LegislativeBranch立法机构ExecutiveBranch行政机构JudicialBranch司法机构,.FormofGovernment政体,1.ElizabethII,hertitleintheUnitedKingdomis“ElizabeththeSecond,bytheGraceofGodoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandHerOtherRealmsandTerritories,Queen,HeadoftheCommonwealth,DefenderoftheFaith.伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的女王，英联邦元首，国教保护者伊莉莎白二世。”,TheConstitutionalMonarchy君主立宪制,Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipisicingelit,seddoeiusmodtemporincididuntutlaboreetdoloremagnaaliqua.Utenimadminimveniam,quisnostrudexercitationullamcolaborisnisiutaliquipexeacommodoconsequat.,TheSystemofPeoplesCongress人民代表大会制度,ThesystemofpeoplescongressistheformofpoliticalorganizationoftheChinesepeoplesdemocraticdictatorship.ItisthefundamentalpoliticalsystemofChina.人民代表大会制度是中国人民民主专政的政权组织形式，是中国的根本政治制度。,.LegislativeBranch立法机构,Parliament议会,1.TheUnitedKingdomisaunitary,notafederal,state.ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。,威斯敏斯特宫NewPalaceofWestminster英国议会大厦,2.ThemainfunctionsofParliamentnt,(1)topasslaws;(2)toprovide,byvotingfortaxation,themeansofcarryingontheworkofgovernment;(3)toexaminegovernmentPolicyandadministrations,includingproposalforexpenditure;(4)todebatethemajorissuesoftheday.,议会的主要作用是：（1）通过立法；（2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金；（3）检查政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议；（4）当天的议题辩论。,TheHouseofLords(上议院）,TheHouseofLordsismadeupoftheLordsSpiritual,includingarchbishopsandprominentbishops,andtheLordsTemporal,includinghereditarypeersandlifepeers.贵族院（上议院）由上议院神职议员和世俗议员组成。,ThemainfunctionoftheHouseofLordsistobringthewideexperienceofitsmembersintotheprocessoflawmaking.Inotherwords,thenon-electedHouseistoactasachamberofrevision,complementingbutnotrivalingtheelectHouse.上议院的主要作用是用议员的丰富经验帮助立法。换而言之，非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而非反对由选举产生的下议院。,1,2,TheHouseofCommoniselectedbyuniversaladultsuffrageandconsistsof646MembersofParliament(MPs).ItisintheHouseofCommonsthattheultimateauthority.ThepartywhichholdsthemajorityofseatsintheHouseofCommonsformthegovernment,itsleaderactingasthePrimeMinister.,下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由646名议员组成。下议院拥有最终立法权。,TheHouseofCommon（下议院）,NationalPeoplesCongress全国人民代表大会,NationalPeoplesCongressisthehigheststatebodyandtheonlylegislativehouseinthePeoplesRepublicofChina.TheNationalPeoplesCongressisheldintheGreatHallofthePeople(人民大会堂),Beijing,capitalofthePeoplesRepublicofChina.TheNPCgatherseachyearalongwiththeChinesePeoplesPoliticalConsultativeConference(中国人民政治协商会议)whosemembersrepresentvariousdefinedgroupsofsociety.NPCandCPPCCtogetherareoftencalledtheLianghui(两会TwoMeetings),makingimportantnationallevelpoliticaldecisions.,全国人民代表大会,全国人民代表大会是最高国家机关以及中华人民共和国唯一立法机构。全国人民代表大会在中华人民共和国的首都北京的人民大会堂举行。全国人大每年聚集的中国人民政治协商会议成员代表社会的各阶层。人大和政协通常被称为两会,决策重要的国家政治事件。,ThemainfunctionsofNationalPeoplesCongress全国人民代表大会的主要职权,(1)legislativepower.立法权(2)powerofappointmentandremoval任免权(3)powertomakedecisions决定权(4)powerofsupervision监督权,*,.ExecutiveBranch行政机构,1.ThePrimeMinisterpresidesovertheCabinet,isresponsiblefortheallocationoffunctionsamongministersandinformstheQueenatregularmeetingsofgeneralbusinessoftheGovernment.CabinetmembersholdmeetingsunderthechairmanshipofthePrimeMinisterforafewhourseachweektodecideGovernmentpolicyonmajorissues.,首相主持内阁，负责分配大臣们的职能，在定期会见女王时向女王报告政府事务。内阁在首相的主持下，每周开会几小时，以决定在重大问题上政府的政策。,TheCabinet(内阁）,DavidCameron,内阁的所有决定由大臣集体向议会负责，各大臣又为各自部门的工作向议会负责。,2.MinistersareresponsiblecollectivelytoParliamentforallCabinetdecisions;individualMinistersareresponsibletoParliamentfortheworkoftheirdepartment.,theStateCouncilofthePeoplesRepublicofChina中华人民共和国国务院,ThestatecouncilofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,namelythecentralpeoplesgovernment,Itisthehighestorganofstatepoweroftheenforcementauthoritiesandthehigheststateadministrativeorgan.中华人民共和国国务院，即中央人民政府，是最高国家权力机关的执行机关，是最高国家行政机关。,TheStateCounciliscomposedbythePrimeMinister,ministers,vicepremiers,statecouncilors,commissions,theAuditor-General,theSecretary-General,theprimeministertakesresponsibilityforthestatecouncil.TheSecretary-GeneraloftheStateCouncilundertheleadershipofthePrimeMinisterisresponsibleforthedailyworkoftheStateCouncil.TheStateCouncilandNationalPeoplesCongressisresponsibleforreporting.,国务院由总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、国务院秘书长组成，国务院实行总理负责制。国务院秘书长在总理领导下，负责处理国务院的日常工作。国务院对全国人民代表大会负责并报告工作。,.JudicialBranch司法机构,MinistryofJustice英国司法部,MinistryofJusticeisabranchofBritishgovernment,ItwasestablishedonMay9,2007,Itmergedtheconstitutionalaffairs(previouslycalledtheMinistryofJustice)andtheinteriorresponsibleforEnglandandwalescriminalJusticepolicy,judgment,parole,prisonandpreventthebackpartofthecrimeoftheMinistry.ThedepartmentislocatedatNo.102ofWestminsterlittleFrench.司法部是英国一个政府部门，成立于2007年5月9日，合并了宪法事务部(过去被称为大法官部)和内政部负责英格兰和威尔士的刑事司法政策、判决政策、假释、监狱和防止重新犯罪的部分。该部位于伦敦威斯敏斯特小法兰西102号。,ThejudicialbranchoftheBritishgovernmentisrathercomplicatedinthatEnglandandWales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandallhavetheirownlegalsystems,withminordifferencesinlaw,organizationandpractice.Thejudicialsystemisdisunity.,。英格兰和威尔士的司法部门是相当复杂的,苏格兰和北爱尔兰都有自己的法律体系,二者的法律体系相似，只在法律、组织、和实践上有细微的差别。司法系统不统一。,Criminalcases（刑事案件）:TheMagistratesCourt（治安法院）TheCrownCourt(刑事法庭)TheHighCourt(高等法庭)TheCourtofAppeal（上诉法院）TheSupremeCourt(最高法院)Civilcases(民事案件）:TheMagistratesCourtTheCountyCourt(郡法院)TheHighCourtTheCourtofAppeal,Differenttypesofcasesaredealtwithinspecificcourts.,InBritishcriminaltrials,theaccusedispresumedinnocentuntilprovenguilty.Trialsareinopencourtandtheaccusedisrepresentedbyalawyer.Mostcasesaretriedwithoutajury.Moreseriouscasesaretriedinhighercourtsbeforeajuryof12(15inScotland),whichdecideswhethertheaccusedisinnocentorguilty.在英国刑事审判中,如果不能证明有罪那么被告无罪。审判是在公开法庭中进行，被告有一名代理律师。大多数情况下都没有陪审团。在高等法院中，更严重的案子会有由12人构成的陪审团（在苏格兰是15人），决定是否被告无罪或有罪。,Criminaltrials英国刑事审判,TheSupremePeoplesCourt最高人民法院,TheSupremePeoplesCourtisappointedbytheNationalPeoplesCongress,Itsitsasthehighestcourtofappealf