四六级写作讲义

写作部分：战略与战术写作考试就好像一次“博弈”。在写作考试中，考生是真正拥有最多信息的人，考官仅仅只能被动地接受你所给的信息。所以，作文中遣词造句时请切记两点：一、“不会说的”处理；二、经典句的应用得分技巧分析四、六级作文在准备和对策上基本一致，因为两者评分标准基本一致(除了字数上的差距：四级120词、六级150词)。英语考试的作文大多可分为：1、正反论证；2、原因现象描述类；3、图表；4、名言谚语。所谓的书信作文，无非就是在这四类的基础上，套用信件的格式而已。 作文得分技巧总结：1. 卷面整洁，书写清楚2. 构思简单，少犯错误3. 中心突出，层次分明4. 固定经典，名言注目5. 重在变化，宁简勿滥下面就对以上5点在应试作文中的应用展开具体说明：1.卷面整洁，书写清楚。 由于写作属于主观题型，故考官将依据主观印象进行评判。卷面的好坏将在第一时间冲击考官对你作文的印象。所以，建议各位考生先想清楚后动笔，减少涂改几率，让考官能清楚无误地看清你答卷的内容。另外，新的四、六级考试中会有部分考区的试卷被扫描至电脑，这些考区的考官将会在电脑前批阅作文，因此考生们最好使用黑色水笔做答，以保证扫描效果。写作的格式有两种：缩进式(indented form)。缩进式要求每段首行缩进45个字母。2.构思简单，少犯错误。 请大家一定记住，作文只在考核他们的语言表达能力。避免犯错误。（思维。标点，时态一致，单复数，结构。写完后的检查） 3.中心突出，层次分明。 从近几年的四级考试作文看来，尽管实用性提高了，但行文大多可以套用“中心句1、2、3”模式。即每段第一句是topic sentence，改编自该段相对应的提纲，后面的1、2、3是衔接词，每个1、2、3后接分支观点。这种表达，中心突出，层次分明，同时也节省了考生构思结构的麻烦。衔接词是文章逻辑关系的体现，所以不妨尽可能多的使用。比如，“起”的过渡词：nowadays, at present, first of all, firstly；“承”的过渡词：second, besides, moreover, furthermore, obviously, in addition, in other words；“转”的过渡词：however, on the other hand, but, instead, conversely；“合”的过渡词：therefore, so, as a result, in short, in brief, in a word, in conclusion。以下为2006年6月新四级作文题及其范文。划线部分与斜体部分则体现了第三点所讲的全部内容。提纲如下：1、有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师2、学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素是3、学生自选任课老师的益处及可能产生的问题Nowadays, there is a general discussion today about the issue of some changes on campus. Particularly, students in universities have optional choices on their teachers. A number of factors are responsible for decisions in choosing teachers. For one thing, the character of a lecturer plays a significant role in this issue, which means the teacher should meet the learners taste. For another thing, opinions from other students are likely to bring effects on the decision. In other words, we are possibly influenced by negative or positive words from others.Obviously, there is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of this matter. On the one hand, students are treated better than before. On the other hand, some top teachers will be ignored, if they are not able to please the market. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that further attention will be paid to this matter. 4.固定经典，名言注目。经典句和名言往往都比较容易引人注目，如果能在文中使用，也比较容易让改卷人为之一振。为了获得经典的使用效果，建议考生们在平时的写作练习中注意积累，并且每个话题背下几句。质量良好的句子一般应该用在文章的开头结尾，或每段的开头，这样才能让别人清楚明白地看到。比如，用于文章开头的句子：When it comes to , peoples opinions differ.There is a public discussion today about There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of用于文章结尾的句子：It is high time that we took measures to Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely come to the conclusion that All the evidence points to the fact that It is essential that effective measures should be taken to control this situation. 用于阐释原因的句子：Some reasons are responsible for this.There are lots of reasons for the dramatic growth/decrease. First, Second, Finally, The phenomenon/change in mainly results from the fact that One may regard the phenomenon as a sign of 5.重在变化，宁简勿滥。 作文考试评卷中，大多采用加分原则。“难词长句”不是加分的必然。关键在于变化，变化不分难易，只要有变化就行。变化分为，词的变化和句的变化。在用词上，同一文章中相同意义的词要争取不断地用近义词替换，以显文章用词灵活。（变换词和短语）在用句上，不一定要用大的从句，主要避免相邻句子句式太多的一致。（变句模式）备考忌讳忌讳只看不练。只看题目或只构思，而不动手练习。四、六级考试的作文部分是考查学生对英语的主动应用能力，所以考生至少在考前一个月应该动手练习，主要以历年真题的写作题目为复习资料，写完之后自己再对照范文进行修改，记下范文中的经典句子及衔接词，以备考场上使用。作文题目 To Clone or Not to Clone1. 一些人赞成克隆2. 另一些人反对克隆3. 我的观点Writings from Ss：Writing One With the development of the society, the technology of cloning matures day by day. But there is an argument on whether it should clone. Some think clone is of great value. For one thing, clone can help couples to have babies they cannot have otherwise. For another, it enables endangered species to increase their population. Whats more, clone can find cures to fatal injuries and diseases. In addition, clone may massively improve the agricultural industry.However, others hold the idea that cloning should be forbidden. Firstly, they think cloning is against nature. Secondly, the technology of cloning may be abused. Then it may lead to unforeseen disasters, even cause ethical problems.In my opinion, cloning is far more developed. We must use it properly. The scientists should use it to explore new areas to make mans life better. Only when the preparation is detailed enough can we clone a real man as it may bring unexpected and troublesome issues. (Pans)Writing TwoRecent decades have witnessed the rapid development of cloning, ranging from cloning animals to cloning human beings. As a result, more attention is paid to whether we should accept it or not. Its no wonder that some people maintain that cloning technology is beneficial to us. To start with, infertile couples are more likely to have their own babies who they desperately want. Whats more, when youre engaged in jobs or assignments, the clone of yours will cooperate with you to finish them as soon as possible. Last but not the least, its widely accepted that great men can contribute to social progress. If they can be cloned, theyre able to make our earth more beautiful. However, the disadvantages coming with cloning cant be ignored. With the number of cloning increasing, the competition will become fiercer on job hunting. Whats worse, some people find it difficult to make a living, so they decide to give up on themselves.As far as Im concerned, regardless of what people say, there is no denying that cloning is a breakthrough in human history. As long as we make sensible use of it, cloning will be accepted by more and more people sooner or later. (Zhaos)句式变换、经典句型。列举缺点可再斟酌，不同方面考虑更好。两种写作结构，但尽量能用第一种，按照提纲写。Writing ThreeEver since Dolly the sheep, the first mammal cloned about cells, was born in 1997, the issue of clone has been arousing enormous controversy among the public. Science is constantly producing spectacular feats, but scientific breakthroughs fail to serve the interests of all human beings. Whether to clone or not has become a dilemma even for scientists themselves.Enthusiasts welcome clone as an unprecedented technology that contributes to the well-being of mankind and even the world. It offers possibilities of breeding excellent varieties of plants and animals by adopting high-grade genes. The clone of human embryos helps fight against various diseases.As every coin has two sides, I maintain that clone is just a technological advance, controlled and shared by human beings. What matters the most is not clone itself, a tool in some sense, but how its masters, we human beings, apply it. (Yang Di)正反论证类作文B 特点：给出两个观点B 段落安排：第一段：1) 引出将要评论的事物或者观点；2) 提出第一种观点；3) 本观点支持性分论点。第二段：1) 承上启下；2) 提出第二种观点；3) 本观点支持性分论点。第三段：我的观点B 正文：第一段：1) 引言：i. In recent years, with fast economic growth, have appeared in many families in China.近年来，伴随着经济的快速发展，在中国很多的家庭中出现了。人们对有着不同的观点。ii. With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a .Yet,伴随着人们生活水平的提高，一些中国家庭开始能够买。但是，人们对的观点是不同的。iii.iv. Ever since early this century,has become an essential（本质的） part of our modern life.is the driving force behind the swift（迅速的） progress of industry, agriculture, science and technology. Nobody can deny that the development of our civilization depends on.自从本世纪初叶，已经成为现代生活的一个重要部分。是工业、农业和科技飞速发展的动力。没有人能够否认人类文明的发展依赖于。v. The issue of has been widely argued/debated（争论） currently.关于是否的问题，如今公众已经展开了广泛的讨论。vi. has become a hot/popular topic among people recently. Opinions vary from person to person.已经成为人们谈论的热门话题，不同的人对此有不同的看法。vii. There is a public/general/much debate/discussion/controversy（论战） today/nowadays about/on/upon/over/as to the problem/issue of.关于的问题，公众已经展开了讨论。viii. There is an argument/much disagreement/no consensus of opinions among people concerning/over/as to/on.关于，人们的看法不尽相同。2) There is no consensus of opinion among people as to the view of i. Some people believe/argue/say/maintain/advocate（提倡）/advise/hold/claim/think that.一些人认为ii. It is widely/generally/commonly/universally thought/believed/accepted/held that. To the general/public/poplar mind, .人们通常认为iii. Those who criticize/oppose /object toargue that.那些反对的人认为。分论点i. There are several advantages in/of.The fist/biggest one is that.有很多的优点。其中第一个/最大的好处是。ii. has appositive impact/influence/effect on peoples lives.对人类的生活起到了积极的影响。iii. Most people would agree that there can be no substitute for. They say that.Besides, they assert, 大多数人认为是不可替代的。他们认为。另外他们还认为。iv. Another attraction about is that另外关于的另一个优点是。v. Moreover, one of the advantages of is that另外，的另一个优点是。vi. The most important advantage of is that最重要的优点是。vii. We must not lose sight of the fact that there are advantages to . More importantly, there can be no substitute for .我们不应当不注意到有这样的优点。更重要的是，是不可替代的。viii. For one thing for another thingWhat we can take it for granted that第二段：1) 承上启下i. 即使有其优点，但是它们仍然有自身的缺陷。ii. However, like anything else, they also have their own weakness/limits/negative effects.和其它事物一样，它们也有着自身的缺点。iii. However, they are not without shortcomings/faults.但是它们并不是没有缺点的。iv. Of course, the disadvantages can not be ignored.当然，缺点也是不能忽视的。v. However, just as every thing has two sides, also has many drawbacks.但是正如每个事物都有两面性一样，也有很多缺点。vi. Yet others speak of the problems of have brought. They complain that.但是还有人在谈论它所带来的问题。他们抱怨。vii. However, may also bring with it problems our society had not previously faced.但是，也有一些我门未曾遇到的问题。viii. Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by ,the changes they bring could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences.抛却所产生的效率和方便，它们所引发的变化也许会导致潜在的不良后果。ix. This may be so, but it must be pointed out that also that has its drawbacks.这也许是这样（有好处），自身的缺陷也应当被指出。x. However, may also cause/bring about/lead to/result in/contribute to some problems.但是，依然会带来一些问题。2) 第二种观点i. （However a coin has two side）On the contrary , some others think/believe/argue/emphasis/claim/maintainbecause,besidesii. However, the negative aspects are also apparent/obvious/evident. To begin with, .To make matters worse, .Worst of all, .然而，不足之处也是显而易见的。首先，。更糟糕的是，。最后。iii. The side effects has exerted on human beings can be boiled down to several major ones as follows. First, .Second, .In addition, .对人类所产生的副作用归纳起来有以下几个方面。其一，。其二，。此外，第三段：1) As far as I am concerned，the former point of view coincides with mine. From what has been discussed above, we may easily draw the conclusion that2) Unquestionably, the challenge of means we all should consider how we can control them, so that they well not control us.毫无疑问，的挑战意味着我们应该思考怎样控制它们而不是被它们控制。3) Whether the are a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and independence can bring will not be eliminated.究竟是一个祝福还是诅咒是一个很难回答的问题，但是它所产生的舒适和对立是不会被忽视的。4) Anyway/Anyhow/In any case, whether the effect is good or bad, one thing is certain: it has changed and will continue to change the way of our entertainment, our leisure and our life.总之，不管是好还是坏，可以确定的是：它已经并且还将改变我们的娱乐、读家和生活方式。5) Given the choice between these two methods of , I prefer . This is because I am the sort of person who finds it difficult to concentrate on .在两者之间做一个选择，我会选。这是因为我是这样的一种人，我发现要专注于是很困难的。6) , I feel, is the only one in which most people feel comfortable applying all their energies to the all-important task of .我认为是唯一的（一种方式），从而人们在把精力投入到很重要的事情上的时候会觉得很舒适。7) There is no doubt in my mind that A nowadays is a far better way to than B.毫无疑问，我认为现在对于做A是比B更好的方式。8) In my opinion, the advances made in recently have made obsolete.我认为，最近方面的进步使得过时了。9) Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach/draw/come to conclusion that.考虑到所有这些因素， 我们得出结论。10) Al reliable evidences point to one saying/reflect one fact, that is .将所有可靠的因素归结为一点就是。11) For the reasons presented/stated above, I strongly commit to the notion that .从上面提到的原因，我强烈地支持这样的概念是。12) While it is true that the argument I disagree hold a little bit of water, I think that .有一个事实是，虽然我不支持的论点也有一些优点，但是我还是认为。13) Therefore/So/Hence/Thus, it is safe to draw the conclusion that.于是我们得出结论。14) To put all into a nutshell, I .综上所述，我。15) In my opinion, it is wise to support the statement that it is better to .我认为，最好同意的论点是明智的。16) From my point of view, it is wise to choose A rather than B.从我的观点来看，选择A而不是选择B将更加明智。17) At the risk of addressing the issue too direct, the advantages of A outweigh that of B.请原谅我说得直接一些，A的优点要大于B的优点。18) There are different views as to/concerning this topic. In my part, I would like to vote for .关于这样一个论题有各种各样的观点，就我个人而言，我倾向于同意。19) As far as I am concerned, I have a preference for A over B.就我个人的观点来看，我选择A而不是B。20) Both patterns of present advantages and disadvantages, however, .以上两种情况都有优缺点，然而。21) Certainly, I am aware of that both methods have shortcomings, nevertheless, from my point of view, I am for/vote for .确切地来说两种情况都有一些缺陷，然而从我的观点来看，我倾向于。22) The adva