外贸函电保险

Objectives,1.保险在外贸业务中的重要性2.国际贸易中的主要险种3.涉及保险的商业信函的撰写,通过本章的学习，帮助学生掌握:,Humanbeingsaresubjecttovariousunpredictablerisksriskofdeathordisabilityduetonaturaloraccidentalcauses,riskoflossofordamagetoonesproperty,etc.Riskhastheelementofunpredictability,butlossescanbemitigatedthroughinsurance.Therearemanytypesofinsuranceproductsavailableforlifeandnon-lifepropertyinsurance,lifeinsurance,liabilityinsurance,bondinsurance,tonamejustafew.Cargoinsurancebelongstopropertyinsurance.Cargoinsurancecoversphysicaldamagetoorlossofyourgoodswhilstintransitbyland,seaandairandoffersconsiderableopportunitiesandcostadvantagesifmanagedproperly.Itbringsthepotentiallossofordamagetogoodsintocostandtheinsurer,onthebasisofapremiumreceived,undertakestoindemnifytheinsuredagainstlossfromcertainrisksorperilstowhichthecargoinsuredmaybeexposed.Cargoinsurancehasbecomeamustininternationaltrade.Withoutit,internationaltradecannotbeguaranteed.,Overview,Whatisthepurposeofinsurance?,houseagainstfire.Youcaninsureyourcaragainstaccident/theft.noseagainstharm.lifeinsurance.healthinsurance.Youcaneffectaendowmentinsurance.养老保险accidentinsurance.burglaryandrobberyinsurance.,InsuranceContract(保险合同)1.Definition(1)保险合同是投保人与保险人约定保险权利义务关系的协议Aninsurancecontractisanagreementwherebytheinsurancerightsandobligationsarespecifiedandagreedbytheapplicantandtheinsurer.(2)投保人theapplicant是指与保险人订立保险合同，并按照保险合同负有支付保险费义务的人。Anapplicantreferstothepartywhoentersintoaninsurancecontractwithaninsurerandisobligatedtopaythepremiumsundertheinsurancecontract.(3)保险人theinsurer是指与投保人订立保险合同，并承担赔偿或者给付保险金责任的保险公司。Aninsurerreferstotheinsurancecompanywhichentersintoaninsurancecontractwithanapplicantandisobligatedtomakeindemnityorpaymentsoftheinsurancebenefits.,(4)被保险人theinsured被保险人是指其财产或者人身受保险合同保障，享有保险金请求权的人，投保人可以为被保险人。Theinsuredreferstoanyonewhosepropertyorpersonisprotectedbytheinsurancecontractandwhoisentitledtoclaimforcompensation.Anapplicantmaybetheinsured.(5)保险标的Thesubjectmatter保险标的是指作为保险对象的财产及其有关利益或者人的寿命和身体。Thesubjectmatteroftheinsurancereferseithertothepropertyoftheinsuredandrelatedinterestsassociatedtherewith,ortothelifeandthebodyoftheinsured,whichistheobjectoftheinsurance.(6)保险利益insurableinterest保险利益是指投保人对保险标的具有的法律上承认的利益。Aninsurableinterestreferstotheinterestwhichtheapplicanthasinthesubjectmatteroftheinsuranceandisrecognizedbylaws.(7)保险事故insuredevent保险事故是指保险合同约定的保险责任范围内的事故。Aninsuredeventreferstoaneventfallingwithinthescopeofcoverundertheinsurancecontract.,(8)保险金额theinsuredsum保险金额是指保险人承担赔偿或者给付保险金责任的最高限额。Thesuminsuredreferstothemaximumamountwhichtheinsurerundertakestoindemnifyorpayunderitsinsuranceobligation.(10)保险费thepremium保险费是指投保人向保险人支付的保险合同规定的费用。Thepremiumreferstothechargethattheapplicantpaystotheinsurerasspecifiedintheinsurancecontract.(11)保险价值insuredvalue保险价值是指保险标的的保险价值，保险价值可以由投保人和保险人约定并在合同中载明，也可以按照保险事故发生时保险标的的实际价值确定。Theinsuredvalueofthesubjectmatteroftheinsurancemaybeagreedbytheapplicantandtheinsurer,andspecifiedinthecontract;oritmaybeassessedbasedontheactualvalueofthesubjectmatteroftheinsuranceatthetimeoftheoccurrenceoftheinsuredevent.,FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoesInsurance（保险的基本原则）(1)保险利益原则Theinsurableinterest投保人对保险标的应当具有保险利益。Anapplicantshallhaveaninsurableinterestinthesubjectmatteroftheinsurance.投保人对保险标的不具有保险利益的，保险合同无效。Aninsurancecontractisnullandvoidiftheapplicanthasnoinsurableinterestinthesubjectmatteroftheinsurance.(2)最大诚信原则TheUtmostGoodFaith订立保险合同，保险人应当向投保人说明保险合同的条款内容，并可以就保险标的或者被保险人的有关情况提出询问，投保人应当如实告知。Theinsurershall,priortotheconclusionofaninsurancecontract,explainthecontracttermsandconditionstotheapplicantandmayinquireaboutthesubjectmatteroftheinsuranceorpersontobeinsured.Theapplicantshallmakeafullandaccuratedisclosure.,(3)赔偿原则Indemnity保险金额不得超过保险价值；超过保险价值的，超过的部分无效。Thesuminsuredshallnotexceedtheinsuredvalueofthesubjectmatteroftheinsurance,andanyportionexceedingtheinsuredvalueofthesubjectmatteroftheinsuranceisnullandvoidasamatteroflaw.TwoSubsidiaryPrinciplesUndertheindemnityprinciple,therearetwosub-principles:1)Contribution(分摊)2)Subrogation(代位追偿)4.TheDoctrineofProximateCause(近因原则),风险：risks,perilstotalloss损失：lossesparticularaveragepartialloss(单独海损）generalaverage（共同海损）险别：risks,perils,coverages保险公司按照不同险别包括的风险所造成的损失和发生的费用承担赔偿责任，所以在保险业务中风险、损失和险别三者有着紧密的联系，为此，我们对保险公司所能承保的风险与损失的种类和内容必须有准确的理解。,RisksandLossesinCargoTransport,Inmarinecargotransportinsurance,risksfallinto:1.PerilsoftheSea海上风险1)NaturalCalamity自然灾害(theperilsunderforcemajeuresuchasvileweather,thunderstormandlightening,earthquake,flood,etc.)2)FortuitousAccidents意外事故(riskssuchasshipstranding,strikingupontherocks,shipsinking,shipcollision,fire,explosion,etc.)2.ExtraneousRisks外来风险1)GeneralExtraneousRisks一般外来风险(riskscausedbytheft,rain,leakage,shortage,dampness,heating,hooking,rusting,etc.)2)SpecialExtraneousRisks特殊外来风险(riskscausedbyondeck,war,strikes,failureofdeliveryandrejection,etc.),RisksinMarineCargoTransport,Heavyweather,lightening,earthquake,Volcaniceruption,tunami,NaturalCalamities,Fortuitousaccidents,fire,explosion,collision,stranded,sunk,grounded,LossesinMarineCargoTransport,Thelossesanddamagesdonetothegoodscanfallinto:1.TotalLoss全部损失1)ActualTotalLoss实际全损（thewholelotoftheconsignmenthasbeenlostordamagedorfoundvaluelessuponthearrivalattheportofdestination)2)ConstructiveTotalLoss推定全损(theactuallossoftheinsuredgoodsisunavoidable,ortheshiportheconsignmenthastobeabandonedbecausethecostofsalvageorrecoverywouldexceedthevalueoftheshipandtheconsignmentinsoundconditionuponthearrivaloftheportofdestination.)2.PartialLoss部分损失1)GeneralAverage(G.A.)共同海损(whenboththeshipandtheconsignmentsonboardareengagedandthecaptain,forthesafetyoftheshipandtheconsignments,intentionallyandreasonablydoessomesacrificesormakessomeexpenses.)2)ParticularAverage(P.A)单独海损(aparticularconsignmentispartiallydamaged),TheconditionforformingG.A.,1.Thesafetyoftheshipandthecargoisthreatened;2.Themeasurestakenareconsciousandreasonable;3.Thesacrificeisparticularandexpensesareextra;4.Thesacrificeandexpensesmustbeeffectiveintheend,Expenses,Expensesherefallintothefollowingkinds:Sueandlaborexpenses施救费用(madebytheinsuredorhisagenttopreventthemfromsufferingfurtherlosses)Salvagecharges救助费用(madetothoseotherthantheinsured,thecarrierandtheinsurerwhocometothesalvageoftheshipandtheconsignments.,OceanMarineInsuranceunderC.I.C,TheChinaInsuranceClauses(C.I.C)issuedbyPeoplesInsuranceCompanyofChina(PICC)providesbothbasicriskscoverageandadditionalriskscoverageformarinecargotransport.Theformercanbefurtherdividedintothreeconditions:FreeFromParticularAverage(F.P.A),WithParticularAverage(W.P.A.)andAllRisks（A.R.）andthelatterincludesgeneraladditionalrisksandspecialadditionalrisks.,ChinaStateInsuranceOrganization,InChina,ChinaInsuranceClauses(C.I.C.）issuedbythePeoplesInsuranceofChina(PICC)ismainlyadoptedforinternationalcargotransportationinsurance.,FPA:(FreefromParticularAverage)平安险自然灾害造成的全部损失+意外事故造成的全部和部分损失+海上费用WPA:水渍险FPA+自然灾害造成的部分损失AllRisk:一切险WPA+一般外来风险所造成的全部损失和部分损失（一般附加险）,OceanTransportInsuranceClauses,OceanMarineCargoClausemodifiedon1January1981provides:,AllRisks=F.P.A.+W.A.+GeneralAdditionalRisksScopeofinsuranceresponsibilities:ARWPAFPA,AdditionalRisksCoverageforOceanTransportunderC.I.C,1)GeneralAdditionalRisks2)SpecialAdditionalRisks,附加险AdditionalRisks,GeneralAdditionalRisks一般附加险,SpecialAdditionalRisks特殊附加险,Fallinto8types,suchaswarrisksandstrikerisks.,Fallinto11typescoveredinAllRisks,OceanMarineCargoClausemodifiedon1January1981provides:,Generaladditionalriskscoverlossescausedbyextraneousrisksandcanbeclassifiedintofollowingtypes:1.TheftPilferageandNon-Delivery,T.P.N.D.偷窃、提货不到险；2.RainFreshWaterDamage,F.W.R.D.淡水雨淋险；3.RiskofShortage短量险；4.RiskofIntermixtureandContamination混杂、玷污险；5.RiskofLeakage渗漏险；6.RiskofClashandBreakage碰损、破碎险；7.RiskofOrdour串味险；8.DamageCausedbysweatingandHeating受潮受热险；9.HookDamage钩损险；10.LossandDamageCausedbyBreakageofPacking包装破裂险；11.RiskofRust锈损险.,GeneralAdditionalRisk,Specialadditionalriskscoverlossescausedbyspecialextraneousrisks.Normallytheyareclassifiedintofollowingtypes:1.WarRisks战争险;2.Strikerisks罢工险;3.Aflatoxin黄曲霉素险;4.Failuretodeliver交货不到险;5.OnDeck舱面险;6.ImportDuty进口关税险;7.Rejection拒收险;8.FireRiskExtensionClause,F.R.E.C.forstorageofcargoatdestinationHongKong,includingKowloon,orMacao货物出口到香港（包括九龙）或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条款（）。,SpecialAdditionalRisks,Exclusions(除外责任)refertolossesandexpensesforwhichtheinsurancecompanydeclaresclearlynottoberesponsible.Theyusuallyinclude:1)Lossordamagecausedbytheintentionalactorfaultoftheinsured;2)Lossordamagefallingundertheliabilityoftheconsignor;3)Lossordamagearisingfromtheinferiorqualityorshortageoftheinsuredgoodspriortotheattachmentofthisinsurance;4)Lossordamagearisingfromnormalloss,inherentviceornatureoftheinsuredgoods,lossofmarketand/ordelayintransitandanyexpensesarisingtherefrom;5)Risksandliabilitiescoveredandexcludedbythewarrisksclauseandstrikes,riotandcivilcommotionclausesunderC.I.C.,Exclusions,CommencementandTerminationofBasicInsurance,ThecommencementandterminationofbasicinsuranceareusuallystipulatedbyadoptingthecustomaryWarehousetoWarehouseClause,W/W.BytheW/Wclause,theliabilityoftheinsurerisextendedtocoverpre-shipmentandpost-shipmentrisk.Theinsuredgoodsarecoveredfromthetimewhentheyleavethewarehouseattheplacenamedinthepolicyforthecommencementofthetransitandcontinuetobecovereduntiltheyaredeliveredtothefinalwarehouseatthedestinationnamedinthepolicy,butthepolicyprovidesanoverridingtimelimitof60daysafterthecompletionofdischargeoftheinsuredgoodsfromtheseagoingvesselatthefinalfortofdischarge.Ontheexpirationofthattimelimitof60daysthecoverceasestoprotectthegoodseventhoughtheyhavenotreachedthefinalwarehouse.,InsuranceofLand,AirandParcelPostTransport,OverlandTransportCargoInsurance,OverlandTransportInsurance2)Thepackingofthecargo;3)Themodeoftransport;4)Thelineandportoftransport;5)Theseasonoftransport;6)Possiblelossesanddamagesintransit.,Whatinsurancecoverwouldyouchooseforthefollowingproducts?,1)shoes,2)Logsofwood.,3)Woodentoys.,4)Heavymachinery,5)Plywood,6)Bicycles,Probably,youwillgivethefollowinganswers(1),(3),(4)and(6)wouldprobablybeinsuredagainstAllRisksbecausetheyarepronetobedamagedintransit.Mostmanufacturedgoodsfallintothiscategory.(2)wouldbeinsuredagainstF.P.A.,forwhileitcouldbelostitisnotlikelytobedamaged.(5)ontheotherhandwouldbeinsuredagainstW.P.A.becauseitcouldbedamagedintransit,butislesspronetobedamagedthanthefinishedproductsmentioned.,3)InsuredAmountandInsurancePremium,Theinsuredamountthehighestcompensationamountundertakenbytheinsurerthefoundationforcalculatingtheinsurancepremium.usuallycalculatedonthebasisoftheCIFinvoicevalueplus10%or15%representingananticipatedprofitforthebuyer.TheformulaforcalculatingtheinsuredamountunderCIFtradeterms:,InsuredAmount=CIFpricex(1+markuppercentage),Theinsurancepremiumtheamountofmoneypaidbytheinsuredinordertomaketheinsurancecontractcomeintoforcethebasicproceedscaredbytheinsurerusuallycalculatedaccordingtotwokindsofrates:thegeneralpremiumrateandthenamedcargopremiumrate.TheformulaforcalculatingthepremiumunderCIFtradeterms:,InsurancePremium=insuredamountxpremiumrate=CIFpricex(1+markuppercentage)xpremiumrate,保险费=CIF价x（1+投保加成率）保险费率,例如，某CIF合同价值为USD12000，投保一切险与战争险，费率分别为0.6%和0.4%，请问保险金额和保险费各多少？,Answer:InsuredAmount:USD12000 x110%=USD13200InsurancePremium:USD13200 x(0.6%+0.4%)=USD132,关于投保加成,国外买方一般要将预期利润和有关费用加入货价内一并进行投保，以防货物万一遭损后，可从保险公司得到应有的赔偿。这种在货价之外的金额即为加成。一般按CIF价值加一成(即10)。也可根据具体情况加二成或三成。不过如按二成三成加保，其保费的差额部分应由买方负担，如国外要求超过三成时，应征求保险公司意见。在签订贸易合同时不能贸然接受。,InsuranceDocuments,InsuranceCertificate保险凭证,OpenPolicy预约保险单,InsurancePolicy保险单,4)InsuranceDocuments,CombinedCertificate联合凭证,Endorsement批单,4)InsuranceDocuments,theevidencedocumentsonthestrengthofwhichtheinsurancecontractissignedbyandbetweentheinsurerandtheinsured.Commonlyusedinsurancedocumentsininternationaltrade:(1)Insurancepolicy:themostlyusedinsurancedocument.(2)Insurancecertificate:asimplifiedinsurancedocument.Thecertificatecarriesthesamecontentsastheinsurancepolicyexceptfortheobligationsandrightsoftheinsurerandtheinsured.(3)Combinedcertificate:thecombinationoftheinvoiceandinsurancepolicy,muchsimplerthantheinsurancecertificate.Itisnotoftenusednow.(4)Openpolicy:alsoknownasopencover,thegeneralcontractbetweentheinsured(normallytheimporter)andtheinsurer,oftenusedinimporttransactionsinChina.(5)Endorsement:Aftertheinsurancepolicyisissued,iftheinsuredwantstoaddorchangesomeitemsofthepolicy,theinsuredcan,withtheinsurancecompanysconsent,applyfortheadditionandchange.Thedocumentissuedtostatetheadditionalitemsorchangesisknownasendorsement,whichisconsideredanindispensableparttothepolicy.,openpolicy预约保单,预约保单又称“开口保单”、“敞口保单”，是保险公司承保被保险人在一定时期内发运的，以CIF价格条件成交的出口货物或以FOBCFR价格条件进口货物的保险单。预约保险单载明保险货物的范围、承保险别、保险费率、每批运输货物的最高保险金额以及保险费的计算办法。凡属预约保单规定范围内的货物，一经起运保险合同即自动按预约保单上的承保条件生效，但要求投保人必须向保险人对每批货物运输发出起运通知书，也就是将每批货物的名称、数量、保险金额、运输工具的种类和名称、航程起讫点、开航或起运日期等通知保险人，保险人据此签发正式的保险单证。预约保单主要适用于大量进出口货物运输保险。,TheinsuranceclauseinaS/Cshouldspecifytheinsuredamount,andtheriskstobecoveredbytheinsurer.,1)InthecontractsunderFOB,CFR,FCAandCPTtradeterms,thebuyeristoarrangeinsuranceandpaypremium.Inthecontractregardinginsurance，itcanonlystipulates:,“Tobeeffectedbythebuyers”.,InsuranceClauseoftheContract,2)IntheCIForCIPcontract,theinsuranceclausecanstipulate：,Insurancetobecoveredbythesellersfor110%ofthetotalinvoicevalueagainstallrisksandwarrisks,asperOceanMarineCargoClausesandOceanMarineCargoWarRisksClausesofthePeoplesInsuranceCompanyofChina,dated1/11981.,Moreexamples,InsuranceshallbeeffectedfortheamountofthesellersCIFinvoicevalueplus10%againstW.P.A.Anyadditionalinsurancerequiredbythebuyershallbeathisownexpense.ThesellermayinsureagainstWarRiskatthebuyersrequestandathisexpense.Incasetherateofrelevantinsurablepremiumshallberaisedbetweenthetimeofconcludingcontractandthatofshipment,thisexcesspremiumshallbeonthebuyersaccount.,MarineinsurancetobeeffectedbytheselleragainstW.P.A.forCIFinvoiceamountplustenpercentonly,anyadditionalinsurancerequiredbythebuyershallbeeffectedbyhimandathisownexpense.,TheinsuranceshouldbeeffectedbythebuyerifthecontractisconcludedonFOBorCFRbasis.However,thesellershould,immediatelyafterthegoodsarecompletelyloadedatportofshipment,faxtonotifythebuyeroftheconsigneeofthecontractnumber,nameofthecommodity,quantity,grossweight,measurement,invoicevalueandnumberofB/L,nameofthevessel,thedateofshipment,etc.Incasethegoodsarenotinsuredintime,owingtothesellersfailuretogiveshippingadvicetimely,anyandallconsequentlossesshouldbebornebytheseller.,InsuranceClaimSettlementforDamagestoExportedGoods,Iftheexportedgoodsaredamagedorlostduringtransit,theconsigneeorhisagentshouldsettleclaimsagainsttheSurveyandClaimSettlementAgentoftheinsurerattheplaceofdestination.TheSurveyandClaimSettlementAgentwillcometoexaminethedamagesandlossesoftheconsignmentandpayindemnitytotheconsignee.Inconductingclaimsettlementwiththeinsurer,theinsuredshoulddothefollowing:1.Informthedamageorloss2.Makeaclaimagainstthepartiesconcerned3.Takenecessaryorreasonablemeasures4.Preparethefollowingdocumentsfortheclaiminsurancepolicyorthelike;billoflading,airwaybill,orthelike;invoice;packinglistandweightmemo;cargodamageorlossreport;cargosurveyreport;seaprotest;statementoftheclaim;documenttestifyingtheclaimagainstthethirdparty.,Follow-upPractice,1.ReviewandDiscussionQuestions.1)Whyisinsuranceindispensabletointernationaltrade?2)Whatarethefundamentalprinciplesofinsurance?3)Whatarethemajortypesofrisksinmarinecargotransport?4)Whatisconstructivetotallossandwhatisthedifferencebetweenactualtotallossandconstructivetotalloss?5)WhatsthedifferenceofGeneralAverageandParticularAverage？6)Whatarethemajortypesofbasicriskscoverageandadditionalriskscoverage?7)ExplainthescopeofcoverageofF.P.A.andW.P.A.?8)WhatisW/WClause?9)Whatisthedifferencebetweentheinsurancepolicyandinsurancecertificate?10)Howtochoosetherightinsurancecoverage？.,DifferentInsuranceClausesInsuranceCoverageThreeBasicRisksOtherAdditionalRisksInsurancePolicy/Certificate（保险单/凭证）OpenPolicy（预约保险单）Differentwaysofexpressingtheinsuredamount（保险金额）InsurancePremium（保险费）,Main&DifficultPoints,insurancen.保险,insuranceclause保险条款insurancecoverage保险范围/险别insuranceamount保险额insurancepremium保险费insuranceagent保险代理人insurancebroker保险经纪人Underwriter保险商Insurancecompany保险公司Insurer保险公司，保险人theinsured被保险人insuredcargo/goods投保货物insurancedeclaration保险声明书；保险通知书insurancepolicy保险单,俗称大保单，正规保单-保险单除载明投保各项内容外，还列有保险公司的责任范围及双方的权利义务。insurancecertificate保险凭证,分保单，俗称小保单-简式保单，对双方的权利义务未加叙述，常用于双方订有预约保单的情况下。,TypesofInternationalcargotransportinsurance国际货物运输保险种类,Airtransportationinsurance航空运输保险Overlandtransportationinsurance陆运险Parcelpostinsurance邮包运输险Marineinsurance水险，海运险,1.ChinaInsuranceClauses中国保险条款（C.I.C）(madebyPICC)OceanMarineCargoClauses中国海洋运输货物保险条款（OMCC）2.InstituteCargoClauses协会货物保险条款（I.C.C）ICC(A)InstituteWarclauses-CargoICC(B)InstituteStrikeclauses-CargoICC(C)MaliciousDamageClause恶意损害险条款,InsuranceClauses保险条款,ScopeofMarineInsurance1.Risk:(1)perilsofthesea海上风险1)NatureCalamities自然灾害2)Accidents意外事故(2)ExtraneousRisks外来风险1)GeneralExtraneousRisks一般外来风险2)SpecialExtraneousRisks特殊外来风险2.Cost(1)TotalLoss全部损失1)ActualTotalLoss实际全损2)ConstructiveTotalLoss推定全损(2)PartialLoss部分损失(1)GeneralAverage共同海损(2)ParticularAverage单独海损3.MarineCharge海上费用(1)SueandLaborCharge施救费(2)SalvageCharge救助费用,1.BasicRisks基本险：FPA(FreefromParticularAverage)平安险WAorWPA(WithaverageorWithParticularAverage)水渍险AllRisks一切险，综合险2.GeneralAdditionalRisk一般附加险3.SpecialAdditionalRisk特殊附加险WarRisk战争险S.R.R.C(strikes,Riots,CivilCommotions)罢工、暴动、民变险ImportDutyRisk进口关税险RejectionRisk拒收险FailuretoDeliverRisk交货不到险,InsuranceCoverageofCIC,Generaladditionalrisks(一般附加险）,Theft,Pilferage&Non-DeliveryRisks(T.P.N.D)偷窃提货不着险Freshand/orRainWaterDamageRisks(FWRD)淡水雨淋险ShortageRisk=RiskofShortage短量险Intermixture&ContaminationRisks混杂，沾污险LeakageRisk=RiskofLeakage渗漏险Clash&BreakageRisks碰损，破碎险TaintofOdorRisk串味险Sweating&Heating受潮受热险HookDamageRisk钩损险RustRisk=RiskofRust锈损险BreakageofPackingRisk包装破损险,FPA:(FreefromParticularAverage)平安险自然灾害造成的全部损失+意外事故造成的全部和部分损失+海上费用WPA:水渍险FPA+自然灾害造成的部分损失AllRisk:一切险WPA+一般外来风险所造成的全部损失和部分损失（一般附加险）,InsurancePolicy/Certificate,保险单（InsurancePolicy)，俗称大保单。保险人和被保险人之间成立保险合同关系的正式凭证。内容除载明被保险人、保险标的（如是货物段填明数量及标志）、运输工具、险别、起讫地点、保险期限、保险价值和保险金额等项目外，还附有关保险人责任范围以及保险人和被保险人的权利和义务等方面的详细条款。如当事人双方对保险单上所规定的权利和义务需要增补或删减时，可在保险单上加贴条款或加注字