《本硕双语》PPT课件

组织学,主讲:陈晓蓉教授,第一章组织学绪论,一、定义组织学是研究机体微细结构及其相关功能的科学。二、研究方法简介1、一般光学显微镜术2、组织化学和细胞化学术3、免疫细胞化学术4、同位素示踪术5、原位杂交术6、细胞和细胞化学定量术7、电子显微镜术8、组织培养术三、学习方法几要点,第二章上皮组织(EpithelialTissue)目的与要求1掌握上皮组织的特点、分类及上皮组织的特殊结构2了解各种上皮的形态、分布及腺上皮的功能授课提纲一、上皮组织的特点1、细胞排列密集，细胞间质很少。2、有极性。3、有基膜。4、无血管二、被覆上皮(CoveringEpitheleum)的类型和结构1.单层扁平上皮(SimpleSquamousEpitheleum)内皮衬贴在心、血管和淋巴管腔面的单层扁平上皮间皮分布在胸膜、腹膜和心包膜表面的单层扁平上皮其它肺泡、肾小囊壁层。,2、单层立方上皮(SimpleCuboidalEpithelium)分布:肾小管等处。肾小管、甲状腺滤泡,3、单层柱状上皮(SimpleColumnarEpithelium)胃肠、子宫输卵管上皮,4、假复层纤毛柱状上皮(PseudostratifiedCiliatedColumnarEpithelium)呼吸道腔面,5、复层扁平上皮(StratifiedSquamousEpithelium)角化复层扁平上皮皮肤表面未角化复层扁平上皮口腔、食管等腔面,6变移上皮(移行上皮)(TransitionalEpithelium)排尿管道腔面收缩状态：层数多扩张状态：层数减少、细胞变扁,三、上皮组织的特殊结构(SpecializedStructuresofEpithelialCell)1、游离面(FreeSurface)（1）细胞衣（糖衣）(Glycocalyx)：薄层绒毛状的复合糖。功能：粘着、支持、保护、物质交换、识别。（2）微绒毛(Microvilli)：上皮细胞游离面伸出的细小指状突起。功能：参与细胞吸收物质的作用。（3）纤毛(Cilia)：上皮细胞游离面伸出的能摆动的较长突起。功能：定向摆动，可排出细菌和灰尘。,2、侧面(LateralSurface)（1）紧密连接（闭锁小带）(Tightjunction)功能：机械性连接作用、封闭细胞顶部细胞间隙，防止大分子物质进入组织内。（2）中间连接（粘着小带）(Intermediatejunction)功能：粘着作用、保持细胞形状和传递细胞间收缩力。（3）桥粒（粘着斑）(Desmosome)功能：牢固的细胞连接（4）缝隙连接（通讯连接）(Gapjunction)功能：交换小分子物质和离子及传递电冲动,3、基底面(BasalSurface)（1）基膜(Basementmembrane)电镜下（EM）分三层：透明板、致密板（基板）、网织板（网板）薄者：透明板和基板功能：支持连接作用，引导上皮移动影响上皮分化（2）质膜内褶(Plasmamembraneinfolding)功能：扩大基底面表面积，有利水和电解质转运（3）半桥粒(Hemidesmosome):连接上皮和基膜,思考题1、上皮组织有哪些特点？2、上皮组织的分类依据及分类？3、内皮和间皮的概念4、上皮组织有哪些特殊结构及各种特殊结构的功能,CHAPTER2EPITHELIALTISSUEOUTLINEEpitheliumconsistsofcellsthatarecloselyappliedtoeachotherwithverylittleintercellularsubstance.Thecellsthatmakeupanepitheliumhavedistinctpolarity.Theyexhibitfunctionallydistinctsurfacedomains,namely,afreesurfaceandabasalsurface.,Bloodvesselsdonotpenetratethebasementmembranetoentertheepitheliallayers.Epithelialtissueshavethefollo-wingprincipalfunctions:protection，absorption,secretion,andexcretionetc.Epetheliumisclassifiedaccordingtothearrangementandshapeofitscells.Epitheliumwhichisonlyonecelldeepiscalledsimple;,epitheliumwhichismorethanonecelldeepiscalledstratified.Onthebasisofcellshapeepitheliumisdesignatedassquamous,cuboidal,orcolumnar,thusbyjoiningthesedescriptiveterms,wemaydescribeanepitheliumassimplesquamous,asstratifiedsquamous,orstratifiedcuboidal,etc.,Epitheliaarecustomarilyclassifiedaccordingtotheirstructureandfunctionintotwomaintypes:coveringepitheliumandglandularepithelium.Coveringepitheliaaretissueswhosecellsareorganizedinmembranouslayersthatcovertheexternalsurfaceorlinethecavitiesofthebody.Intwolocations,epitheliumhasspecialnames,endotheliumandmesothelium.,Endotheliumlinestheinnersurfaceoftheheart,bloodvessels,andlymphaticvessels.Mesotheliumlinestheserousmembranesofthebody,namely,thepleura,thepericardiumandtheperitoneum.Twospecialcategoriesofepitheliumarepseudostratifiedandtransitional.Pseudostratifiedepitheliumhastheappearanceofbeingstratified.,Someofthecellsdonotreachthefreesurface;however,allrestonthebasementmembrane.Thus,itisactuallyasimpleepithelium.transitionalepitheliumisanameappliedtotheepitheliumliningthepelvisofthekidney,theureters,theurinarybladder,andpartoftheurethra.,Itisastratifiedepitheliumthathasratherspecificmorphologiccharacteristicsandfunctionallyaccommodateswelltodistension.Thefreesurfaceofepithelialcellsmaycontaincilia,stereocilia,ormicrovilliaccordingtothefunctionofthecells.Ciliaenablethecellstomovemucusorothermaterialsalongthesurface.,Stereociliaarespecialsurfacemodificationsthatarefoundintheductusepididymisandtheface.Stereociliaarespecialsurfacemodificationsthatarefoundintheductusepididymisandtheductusdeferens.Microvilliarefoundonthesurfaceofcellsthatengageinabsorptiveactivity.,Therearefourtypesofcelljunctionsbetweenepithelialcells,includingtightjunction,intermediatejunction,desmosomeandgapjunction.Thestructureconsistingofatleasttwotypesofcelljunctionisthejunctionalcomplex.Separatingtheepitheliumfromtheunderlyingconnectivetissueisabasementmembrane.,Whenthebasementmembraneisexaminedwiththeelectronmicroscope,itisfoundtoconsistofathinamorphouslayer,designatedthebasallamina,andathickerlayercontainingdelicatereticularfibers,designatedthereticularlamina.Thebasallaminaisimmediatelysubjacenttotheepitheliumandthereticularlaminafacestheunderlyingconnectivetissue.,Accordingtothewaythesecretoryproductsleavethecell,glandsmaybeclassifiedasexocrineglandorendocrinegland.Exocrineglandshaveasecertoryportionandtheglandducts.Thisconnectiontakestheformoftubularductslinedwithepithelialcellsthroughwhichtheglandularsecretionspasstoreachthesurface.,Endocrineglandsareductless,andtheirsecretionsarepickedupandtransportedtotheirsiteofactionbythebloodstream.Theproductsofendocrineglandarecalledhormones.,第三章结缔组织(ConnectiveTissueCT)目的与要求1、掌握结缔组织的特点和分类；掌握疏松结缔组织的结构与功能。2、了解致密结缔组织、脂肪组织和网状组织基本结构特点和功能。,一、疏松结缔组织(LooseConnectiveTissue)(一)细胞(Cell):1、成纤维细胞(Fibroblast):LM：扁平、长突起、胞质弱嗜硷性、核卵圆、着色浅、核仁明显EM：丰富粗面内质网、游离核糖体和发达的高尔基复合体功能：产生纤维和基质纤维细胞：静止状态,2巨噬细胞(Macrophage)(组织细胞histocyte)LM：形态不规则、核小、着色深、胞质丰富、嗜酸性EM：表面皱褶、胞质内大量溶酶体、吞饮小泡、吞噬体、残余体功能：趋化性定向运动、吞噬、分泌多种生物活性物质、调节机体免疫反应。,3、浆细胞(PlasmaCell)LM：圆或卵圆，核圆偏位，染色质呈辐射状、胞质嗜硷性EM：丰富粗面内质网、游离核糖体、发达高尔基复合体功能：合成和分泌抗体,4肥大细胞(MastCell)LM：圆或卵圆、核小、胞质充满嗜硷性、异染性颗粒功能：引起过敏反应,5脂肪细胞(FatCell),6未分化的间充质细胞(UndifferentiatedMesenchymalCell),7、白细胞(Leukocyte,WhiteBloodCell)(二)纤维(Fiber),(三)基质(GroundSubstance)胶状1、蛋白多糖(Proteoglycan)构成分子筛透明质酸（长链大分子）、蛋白多糖亚单位、连接蛋白2、糖蛋白(Glycoprotin)3、组织液(Tissuefluid),二、致密结缔组织(DenseConnectiveTissue)1、规则的(RegularDenseConnectiveTissue),2、不规则的(IrregularDenseConnectiveTissue),3、弹性组织(ElasticTissue),三、脂肪组织(AdiposeTissue)大量群集脂肪细胞由疏松结缔组织分隔,四、网状组织(ReticularTissue)1、网状细胞(reticularcells)：星形有突起，核较大着色浅功能：产生基质、网状纤维2、网状纤维(reticularfiber)3、基质(groundsubstance),思考题1、疏松结缔组织的细胞组成2、成纤维细胞、巨噬细胞、浆细胞、肥大细胞的形态与功能3、疏松结缔组织中有哪些纤维4、何谓分子筛，简述其结构与功能,CHAPTER3CONNECTIVETISSUEPROPEROUTINEConnectivetissueincludesavarietyoftissueswithdifferentfunctionalpropertiesbutwithcertaincommoncharacteristicst-hatallowthemtobegroupedtogether.Se-veraltypesofconnectivetissuesareresponsibleforprovidingandmaintainingforminthebody,andprovidingamatrixthatconnectsandbindsthecellsandorgansandgivessupporttothebody.,Soitisnowprobablymoreappropriatetousethetermsupportingtissueinsteadofconnectivetissue.Connectivetissuesoriginatefromthemesenchyme,anembryonictissueformedbymesenchymalcellsandanabundantextracellularsubstance.,Structurally,connectivetissueisformedbytwomajorclassesofcomponents:cellsandanextracellularmatrixthatincludesextracellularfibers,groundsubstance,andtissuefluid.Accordingtothecom-positionandorganizationofcellularandextracellularcomponentsandtothespecialfunctions,connectivetissuesareclassifiedasconnectivetissueproper,cartilage,bone,andblood.,Theconnectivetissuepropercanbedividedintolooseconnectivetissueanddenseconnectivetissueaccordingtowhetherthefibersarelooselywovenordenselypacked.Inaddition,anumberofkindsofconnectivetissueproperwithspecialpropertiesarenamedsoastoindicatethepredominatingcomponentsoridentifyingfeature:adiposetissue,reticulartissueandmucoustissue,etc.,Looseconnectivetissue,alsocalledareolartissue,ischaracterizedbyarelativelylargenumberofdifferentcelltypes,looselyarrangedthinfibersandabundanceofgroundsubstance.Theprimarylocationoflooseconnectivetissueisbeneaththoseepitheliathatcoverthebodysurfaceandlinetheinternalsurfaceofthebody.Itisalsopresentinassociationwiththeepitheliumofglandsandsurroundsthesmallestvessels.,Thedenseconnectivetissuecanbesubdividedintoregularandirregulartypesaccordingtowhetherthefibershaveanorderedordisorderedarrangement.Skincontainsarelativelythicklayerofdenseirregularconnectivetissueinthedermis.Examplesofdenseregularconnectivetissueincludeligaments,tendons,andaponeuroses.,Adiposetissueisaspecializedformofconnectivetissueconsistingofadipocytesassociatedwitharichbloodsupply.Therearetwotypesofadiposetissue:yelloworwhite(orunilocular)andbrown(ormultilocular).Reticulartissueconsistsofreticularcellsandreticularfibers.Thetypesofcellsfoundinlooseconnectivetissuecanbecategorizedeitherasfixedcellsoraswanderingcells.,Thecellsthatcomprisethefixedcellpopulationarerelativelystable;theynormallyexhibitlittlemovementandcanberegardedaspermanentresidentsofthetissue.Theyincludefibroblasts,macrophages,mastcells,adiposecells,andundifferentiatedmesenchymalcells.Thecellsthatcomprisethewanderingortransientpopulationaremostlythosethathavemigratedintothetissuefromthebloodinresponsetospecificstimuli.,Theyincludeplasmacellsandleukocytes.Thetypesofcellsaswellastheirrelativenumbersinlooseconnectivetissuereflectthefunctionalactivityofthetissue.Forexample,thefibroblastisresponsibleforproducingthefibersandgroundsubstance.Othercelltypes,suchasmacrophages,plasmacells,mastcellsandleukocytesareassociatedwiththedefensesystemofthebody.,Connectivetissuefibersarepresentinvaryingamounts,dependingonthestructuralneedsorfunctionofthetissue.Fibersareproducedbyfibroblastsandco-mposedofproteinsformedbylongpeptidechains.Dependingontheircharacterandcompositiontheyarereferredtoascolla-genousfibers,reticularfibersandelasticfibers.Allthreetypesoffibersexistinlooseconnectivetissue.,Groundsubstanceisahighlyhydrophiliccomplexofanionicmacromole-culesthatoccupiesthespacebetweenthecellsandfibers.Groundsubstancecon-sistslargelyofproteoglycansandstructureglycopro-teins.Thephysicalproper-tiesofgroundsubstanceanditsabilitytopermitdiffu-sionofoxygenandnutrientsbetweenthemicrovasculatureandad-jacenttissuesisduetotheproteoglycans.,Connectivetissuesusuallycontainbloodvesselsandcanmediatetheexchangeofnutrients,metabolitesandwastepro-ductsbetweentissuesandthecirculato-rysystemthroughtissuefluid.Thefunc-tionsofconnectivetissuealsoincludeconnecting,supporting,protecting,de-fending,repairingandstoringofwater,etc.,第四章软骨(cartilage)和骨(bone)目的与要求1、掌握软骨细胞的形态与功能；三种软骨的纤维组成；密质骨骨板排列方式。2、了解骨细胞的形态与功能；类骨质和骨基质的概念一、软骨的结构(StructureofCartilage)1、软骨组织(Cartilagetissue)（1）软骨细胞(Chondrocyte)LM：小、扁圆、单个圆、大、成群（同源细胞群）软骨陷窝、软骨囊（2）基质(Cartilagematrix)（3）纤维(Fibre)2、软骨膜(Perichondrium)内层含骨祖细胞,(二)软骨分类(ClassificationofCartilage)（1）透明软骨(Hyalinecartilage):纤维为胶原原纤维、折光率与基质相近、光镜下不易区分,2、弹性软骨(Elasticcartilage):大量弹性纤维,3、纤维软骨(Fibrouscartilage):大量胶原纤维束,(三)软骨的生长方式(Growthofcartilage)1、间质生长（软骨内生长）2、外加生长（软骨膜下生长）二、骨(Bone)（一）骨组织(Osseoustissue)1、骨基质(bonematrix)钙化的细胞间质2、类骨质(osteoid)有机成分骨板的结构：同层纤维平行、相邻层纤维垂直。,2、骨组织的细胞(Cellsinosseoustissue)(1)骨细胞(Osteocyte)骨陷窝、骨小管,(2)骨祖细胞(Osteoprogenitorcell)干细胞(3)成骨细胞(Osteoblast)分泌类骨质,（4）破骨细胞(Osteoclast)溶解吸收骨质,（二）长骨(LongBone)的结构1、骨松质(Spongybone)针状、片状骨小梁相互连接形成的多孔隙网架2、骨密质(Compactbone)骨板排列方式（1）环骨板：（外环骨板、内环骨板）穿通管（2）骨单位（哈佛系统）中央管、同心圆骨板（3）间骨板3、骨膜(Periosteum)骨外膜：穿通纤维、穿通管骨内膜：骨小梁表面、骨髓腔、中央管、穿通管内表面,思考题1、骨细胞的形态及功能2、透明软骨在光镜下纤维不能区分的原因3、骨细胞包括哪几种细胞4、密质骨骨板排列方式有几种5、骨内膜分布在何处,CHAPTER4CARTILAGEANDBONEOUTLINECartilageisatypeofconnectivetissuecomposedofcellscalledchondrocytesandhighlyspecializedextracellularmatrix.Chondrocytessynthesizeandmaintainmatrix.,Themainfunctionsofcartilagearetosupportsofttissuesandprovideaslidingareasforjoints,thusfacilitatingbonemovements.Thecartilageisessentialforthegrowthoflongbonesbothbeforeandafterbirth.,Cartilageisdevoidofbloodvessels.Thelargeamountofglycosaminoglycansinthematrixpermitsdiffusionofsubstancesbetweenbloodvesselsinthesu-rroundingconnectivetissueandthechondrocytes.,Thethreetypesofcartilagearehyalinecartilage,thematrixofwhichcontainsanumberofcollagenousfi-brils,elasticcartilage,thematrixofwhichcontainsalargenumberofelasticfibers,andfibrocartilage,whchcontainscoarsecollagenousfibers.,Boneisaspecializedformofconnec-tivetissuethatconsistsofcellsandextra-cellularcalcifiedmaterial,thebonematrix.ThemineraliscalciumphosphateintheformofhydroxyapatitecrystalsCa10(PO4)6(OH)2.Thisproducesanextremelyhardtissuecapableofprovidingsupportandprotection,andservesasastoragesiteforcalciumandphosphatetomaintainappro-priatelevelsthroughoutthebody.,Therearefourtypesofcellspresentinbone.Theosteocytesarewithinspacesofthebonematrixcalledlacunae.Theosteocyteextendsnumerousprocessesintolittletunnelscalledcanaliculi.Theprocessesofadjacentosteocytescommunicatebygapjunctions.,Acontinuousnetworkofcannaliculiandlacunaecontainingthecellsandtheirpro-cessesisformedthroughouttheentiremassofmineralizedtissue.Inadditiontoosteo-cytes,therearethreeotherbonecells.Osteoprogenitorcellscangiverisetotheosteoblasts.Osteoblastssecretetheextra-cellularmatrixofbone.Osteoclastsaremultinucleatedgiantcellsinvolvedintheresorptionandremodelingofbonetissue.,Compactboneandspongybonemaybefoundinadultbone.Compactboneinalongboneislargelycomposedofosteons.Perforatingcanals(Volkmanscanals)arechannelsinlamellarbonethroughwhichbloodvesselstravelfromperiostealandendostealsurfacestoreachtheosteonalcanals.Besidesosteonscompactbonesalsocontainouterandinnercircumferentiallamellaeandinterstitiallamellae.,Boneformationistraditionallyclassifiedasintramembranousossificationandendochondralossification.Intramembran-ousossificationissocalledbecauseittakesplacewithinmembranesofmesenchymaltissue.Mostoftheflatbonesareformedbyintramembranousossification.Italsocontributestothegrowthofshortbonesandthethickeningoflongbones.,Thediameterofunmyelinatdfibersareusuallysmall.InthePNS,allunmyelinat-edfibersareenvelopedwithinsimplecleftsoftheSchwanncellswhichdonnotformmyelinsheath.Inthemesenchymalcondensationlayer,thestartingpointforossificationiscalledprimaryossificationcenter.Theprocessbeginswhengroupsofmesenchymalcellsdifferentiateintoosteoblasts,proteoglycansofthematrix(osteoid).,whichthensecretesthecollagenandThencalcificationfollows,resultingintheencapsulationofsomeosteoblastswhichthenbecomeosteocyets.EndochondralossificationtakesplacewithinacartilagemodelBasically,endochondralossificationconsistsoftwophases.Thefirstphaseishypertrophyanddestructionofthechondrocytesofthemodelofthebone.Inthesecondphase,.,anosteogenicbudconsistingofosteogenicprecursorsandbloodcapillariespenetratesintothespacesleftbythedegeneratingTheundifferentiatedcellsgiverisetoosteoblasts,whichformanosseousmatrixontheremnantsofthecalcifiedcartilagematrix.Inbothprocesses,thebonetissuethatappearsfirstisprimaryorimmature.,Primaryboneissoonreplacedbythedefinitivebone,referredtoassecondarybone.Duringbonegrowthareasofresorptionandareasoflamellarboneappearsidebyside.Thiscombinationofbonesynthesisandremovaloccursnotonlyingrowthingbonebutalsothroughoutadultlife,thoughitsrateofchangeisconsiderablyslow.,第五章血液(blood)目的与要求1、掌握血细胞中红细胞形态与功能；白细胞分类、光镜结构特点及功能；网织红细胞的染色、电镜特点及功能2、了解血液的组成与功能；造血干细胞的概念血液组成：血浆血细胞,一、红细胞(Erythrocyte,RedBloodCell)形态：双凹圆盘状、无核、无细胞器，充满血红蛋白，Wrights染色砖红色，中央浅、周围深功能：携带O2和部分CO2，细胞膜特点,网织红细胞(reticulocyte)：煌焦油蓝染色呈蓝色细网或颗粒EM：残留核糖体功能：继续合成血红蛋白功能,（二）白细胞(Leukocyte,WhiteBloodCell)1、正常值2、分类胞质有无特殊颗粒分为：有粒白细胞和无粒白细胞有粒白细胞分为：中性粒细胞50-70%、嗜酸性粒细胞0.5-3%、嗜碱性粒细胞0-1%无粒白细胞分为：单核细胞3-8%、淋巴细胞20-30%。,（1）中性粒细胞(Neutrophilicgranulocyte,Neutrophil)形态特点：球形胞质内细小、均匀的淡紫色和淡红色颗粒核杆状或分叶（2-5叶）,(2)嗜碱性粒细胞(Basophilicgranulocyte,Basophil)形态特点：球形胞质内大小不等、分布不匀紫蓝色颗粒核分叶或不规则，有颗粒覆盖功能：类似肥大细胞（致过敏）,（3）嗜酸性粒细胞(Eosinophilicgranulocyte,Eosinophil)形态特点：球形胞质内粗大，均匀嗜酸性颗粒核2-3叶功能：抗过敏、抗寄生虫,（4）单核细胞(Monocyte)血液中最大的细胞形态：圆或椭圆形、胞质丰富、灰蓝色，较多细小嗜天青颗粒，核马蹄形或肾形，染色淡功能：一定吞噬功能,（5）淋巴细胞(Lymphocyte)形态：圆或卵圆、胞质少、蔚蓝色、胞核大、着色深功能：参与免疫反应,三血小板(血栓细胞)(BloodPlatelet)骨髓巨核细胞脱落下的胞质小块形态：双凸扁盘状、血涂片中聚集成群、多角形功能：止血凝血中起重要作用造血干细胞（多能干细胞）：生成各种血细胞的原始细胞基本特征1、很强增残潜能2、多向分化能力3、自我复制能力造血干细胞造血祖细胞一个或几个血细胞系定向增殖分化,一定微环境某些因素调节,思考题1、试述红细胞的形态与功能2、网织红细胞形态特点及功能3、各种白细胞的分类依据及功能,CHAPTER5BLOODANDHEMATOPOIESISOUTLINEBloodisconsideredasaspecializedconnectivetissue,consistingofformedelements,orbloodcell,andafluidintercellularsubstance,thebloodplasma,inwhichtheformedelementsaresuspended.Theformedelementsincludeerythrocytesorredbloodcells,leukocytesorwhitebloodcellsandplateletsorthrombocytes.,Accordingtothespecificgranulesexistedincytoplasma,leukocytesmaybeclassifiedintotwoclasses,granulocytesandagranulocytes.Basedonthedifferentspecificgranulesintheircytoplasma,granulocytesmaybefurtherclassifiedintoneutrophils,eosinophilsandbasophils.Agranulocytesincludelymphocytesandmonocyteswhichdonotpossessspecificgranules.,Bloodsmearisusuallyusedtoexaminethesize,shapeandmaturityofbloodcellsandalsousedtodeterminetherelativepercentageofeachtypeofleukocytes.Bloodroutinelystainewithaspecialmixtureofacidicandbasicdyes,namedWrightorGiemsa.,Ifbloodisremovedfromthecirculatorysystem,itwillsoonclot.Eventuallythebloodclotbeginstocontractandexpressestheclear,yellowishfluidsupernatantcalledserum.Serumcontainsmanyofmoleculesfoundintheplasmaexceptfortheclottingfactorsandfibrinogen.Themostcommonandusefulwaytoseparateandanalyzethebloodanditscomponentsistoaddananticoagulant(e.gheparinorcitrate)tobloodremovedfrombody.,Intheearlieststagesofembryogenesis,bloodcellarisefromyolksacmesoderm.Sometimelater,theliverandspleenserveastemporaryhematopoietictissue.Bythefourthmonthandthereafter,redbonemarrowbecomesthepredominanthematopoieticsite.Redbonemarrowconsistsofhematopoieticcells,hematopoieticstromalcellsandsinusoids.,Hematopoieticstromalcellsarethecorecomponentsofhematopoieticinductivemicroenvironment,whichisnotonlyasaframeworktosupportthedevelopmentofbloodcells,butalsoasasecretivesiteofmanygrowthfactorstoregulatehemato-poiesis.Bonemarrowproducesmyeloidlineagecells,andalsoproduceslymphoidcellsthatmigratetothelymphoidorgansandlymphoidtissueswherethevarioustypesoflymphocyteareformed.,Hematopoiesisisthereforetheresultofsimultaneous,continuousproliferationanddiffererntiationofcellsderivedfromhemato-poieticstemcells.Self-renewalandpluripoten-tialdifferentiationarethepredominantfeatureofhematopoieticstemcells.Theproliferatingstemcellsformprogenitorsthatlosetheirpluripotentialityasdifferentiationprogressandmaintaintheirnumberbyactivityofstemcells.whichthemorpholo-giccharacteristicscanbeidentifiedforthefirsttime.,Therateofcelldivisionisacceleratedinprogenitorandprecursorcellsandlargenumberofdifferentiated,maturecellsareproduced.Theoriginandmaturationofbloodcellsaretermed,respectively,erythropoiesis,granulopoiesis,monocytopoiesis,megakaryocytopoiesisandlymphocytopoiesis.,Hmatopoiesisisaverycomplexbiologicprocessthatisstrictlycontrolledbyhematopoieticinductivemicroenvironment.Itinvolvesthedirectand/orindirectregulation,suchasintercellularcommunicationbetweenhematopoieticcellsandhematopoieticstromalcells,theeffectofhematopoieticgrowthfactorsandsomesmallbiologic,activemoleculesonhematopoieticcells.,第六章肌组织(M