《林业资源配置》PPT课件

ChapterfiveAllocationofforestryresource第五章林业资源配置,SectiononeTheprincipleofforestresourceallocation第一节林业资源配置的原理,1.Generalprincipleofresourceallocation(资源配置的一般原理),基数效用理论,第一定律:边际效用递减第二定律:各种商品边际效用相等,总效用极大,序数效用理论:用无差异曲线和预算线确定,对最优配置的解释:旧福利经济学理论:任何一种生产资源在各种用途上的边际社会纯产值相等.新福利经济学理论:社会资源的配置如果达到这样一种状态,即任何一种配置的改变,都会至少降低一个企业或一种产品的产量,则这种生产资源的配置就是帕累托最优状态或最有效率的状态.,2.1Themaintypeofforestresourceallocationa.Forestresourceallocationamongdifferentdepartment:(部门配置)三大基本生产部门:departmentofforestmanagementandforestresourceexploitation(营林业与森林资源开发部门);departmentofforestproductindustry(林产工业部门);departmentofforestenvironmentresourceexploitation(森林环境资源开发部门).另外还有基础建设系统、商业服务系统等派生部门.,2.Thetypeandcharacteristicofforestresourceallocation(森林资源配置的种类和特点),b.Forestresourceallocationamongdifferentarea(区域配置)原则是:扬长避短,让有限的林业资源产生最多的林产品c.Forestresourceallocationamongdifferententerprise(企业配置)原则:效率最高的企业得到最充分的林业资源供应.,2.2Themainprinciplesofforestryresourceallocation(林业资源配置的主要原则)a.Ensuretheevenlydistributionofforestresourceoverthewholecountry(保证森林资源在全国的均匀分布)b.Promotethecoordinatedgrowthofcommercialandnoncommercialforest(促进商品林业和非商品林业比例协调发展)c.Promotetheconcentrationandspecializationofforestryproduction(促进林业生产的集中化与专业化)d.Trytogiveplaytoabundantlaborresourcewhilethecapitalisrelativeshort(在资金不足情况下发挥劳动力充裕的优势).,3.Themainmethodsofresourceallocation(资源配置的主要方法),3.1Decentralizeddecisionmakingmethod(分散决策配置方法)Theresourceallocationandproductsdistributionaretotallydependonmarketmechanism(资源配置和产品分配完全依靠市场机制),对应的是市场经济体制3.2Centralizeddecisionmakingmethod(集中决策配置方法)由中央计划部门通过计划进行资源配置和产品分配.对应的是计划经济体制3.3Thecombinationofcentralizedanddecentralizeddecisionmakingmethod(分散决策和集中决策相结合的配置方法),SectiontwoThemacro-allocationofforestryresource第二节林业资源的宏观配置,1.1Thesignificance(意义)a.Assurethebalancebetweenthetotalsupplyandtotaldemandofforestproduct(保证林业供求总量平衡)b.Promotethemacro-structureofforestrytobereasonable(促进林业宏观结构合理)c.Providepublicforestproducts(提供林业公共产品)d.Arrangethemajorforestryproject(布置林业重点建设工程),Thesignificanceandprincipleofmacro-allocationofforestryresource(意义和原则),1.2Theprincipleofthemacro-allocationofforestresource(原则)a.Theprincipleofcombinationoflocalinterestsandwholeinterests(区域利益与全国利益相结合的原则)b.Theprincipleofcombinationofshortruninterestsandlongruninterests(短期利益与长远利益相结合的原则)c.Theprincipleofcombinationofforestproductsproductionandconservativeresourcemanagement(林产品生产与保护性资源相结合的原则)d.Theprincipleofcombinationoftotaloutputsincreasingandstructureimprovement(总量增长与结构优化相结合的原则),2.Therelationbetweenforestresourcemacro-allocationandforestrydevelopmentstrategy(林业资源宏观配置与林业发展战略的关系),2.1Forestresourcemacro-allocationistheoneoftheimportantmeanstorealizethetargetofforestrydevelopmentstrategy,2.2Forestresourcemacro-allocationandforestrydevelopmentstrategyisconsistent(一致)2.3Forestresourcemacro-allocationisoneofthekeypointstojoin(衔接)thedifferentstagesofforestrydevelopmentstrategysmoothly2.4Forestresourcemacro-allocationisthemainpartofforestrydevelopmentstrategycountermeasure(对策),3.Themainformsandmethodsofforestresourcemacro-allocation(形式与方法),3.1Mainforms(主要形式)a.Stateownedforestenterpriseinvestedbygovernment(政府投资的国有林业企业)b.Theinvestmenttoprotectionandspecialpurposeforestbygovernment(国家对防护林和特种用途林建设投资)c.Theinvestmenttobackwardmountainandforestareaasasupportandanexploitation(对落后山区,林区的支持性开发性投资),3.2Themainmethodsofforestresourcemacro-allocationa.Forestryinstructiveplan(林业指令性计划)b.Forestrydevelopmentstrategy(林业发展战略)c.Forestryoverallarrangement(林业布局)d.Forestryindustrypolicy(林业产业政策),NaturalforestareainNortheast(东北)b.NaturalforestareainSouthwest(西南)c.Artificialforest(人工林)d.Forestshortedareainmiddleandwest(中西部少林区),4.Theforestresourcemacro-allocationinChina,SectionthreeTheallocationofforestryproductionfactors第三节林业生产要素配置,1.Thebasictheoryandmethodofproductionfactorsallocation,1.1Thebasictheoryofproductionfactorsallocation生产要素分为:a.Labour(劳动)b.Land(土地)c.Capital(资本)d.Thetalentofenterpriser(企业家才能)市场机制起基础作用,加政府适当的宏观调空,1.2Mainmethodsa.Productionfunction,Inwhich:Q:productionoutput(产出量)x1,x2,xn:productionfactorsfordifferentinvestmentThecompositionproportion(配合比例)ofdifferentproductionfactorsiscalledtechniquecoefficient(技术系数),whichcouldbefixedorvariable.,b.Economiesofscale(规模经济):,Increasingreturntoscale(规模经济),Decreasingreturntoscale(规模不经济),Internal,External,Internal,External,Reasonablescaledependon:TechniquelevelMarketsituationc.Costofenterpriseinvestment,2.Theconceptofforestryproductionfactoranditseconomiccharacteristics(概念与特点),2.1Characteristicofcapital(资本)2.1.1TheturnoverofCapitalinvestedinforestryisslow(周转慢)2.1.2Continuousinvestmentsbutonlyharvestonce(连续投入,一次性收获)2.1.3Bigriskofrevenueforcapitalinvestedinforestry(高风险),2.2Characteristicsofforestrylabour(林业劳动特点)2.2.1Theforestrylabourdemandisseasonal(需求的季节性)2.2.2Theworkersinforestryisscatteredoverbigarea(分散性)2.2.3Theforestrylabourisnotspecializedononeworkprocessbutshouldfamiliarwiththewholeprocess(专业化程度低,综合性强)2.2.4Theforestrylabourtendtoholdtwoormorepostconcurrently(具有兼业性质),2.3Characteristicsofforestresource2.3.1Therewardfromforestlandisdecreaseprogressively(林地报酬递减性)2.3.2Theforestlandisscarce(林地稀缺)2.3.3Thevariationofforestpriceisslow(林价变动缓慢),3.1Forestryfundsystemhasbeenestablishedforcapitalallocation(林业基金制度)育林基金,森保基金,林价,贴息贷款,森林资源补偿费等.3.2Theallocationofforestrylabourisemphasizetheefficiencybutalsogiveconsiderationtoemployment(效率优先,兼顾就业)3.3Theallocationofforestresourceisfollowtheruleofevenlydistributionprinciple(森林资源配置遵循均匀分布原则,但不能机械地执行),3.Thecharacteristicandmethodofforestryproductionfactorsallocation(林业生产要素配置特点),4.Thedeterminationoftheboundaryofagriculturalandforestlandduringtheallocationofforestlandallocation(林地要素配置中农林界限地的确定),Thedistancefromthecitycenter,Landrent,acommercialland,bresidenceland,cagriculturalland,dforestryland,SectionfourThefunctionalrelationshipamongforestryproductionfactors第四节林业生产要素之间的函数关系,Forestryproductionandforestryproductionfactorsallocation(林业生产函数与林业生产要素配置),Thecommonforestryproductionfactors:forestland,productionequipmentandtools,seed,fertilizer,pesticide,labour.(常见林业生产要素:林地,生产设备与工具,种子,化肥,农药,劳动力)可分为两大类:人的要素:工人,技术员,管理人员物的要素:土地,种子化肥,工具等,Therelationamongforestryproductionfactors:(林业生产要素之间的关系)a.Theforestryproductionfactorsaredependoneachother,theusevalueofforestryproductistheresultfromthecombinationofdifferentproductionfactors(相互依赖,林产品的使用价值是各要素结合共同作用产生的结果)b.Theincreaseofinvestmentofoneproductionfactor,mayreducetheinvestmentofanotherproductionfactor,giventhesameproductionlevel(同一生产水平下,一种生产要素的增加可以使另一要素投入减少)c.Sometimesomeproductionfactorscannotbesubstituted(有时要素之间不能替代)Theoptimalinvestmentlevelofproductionfactorscouldbeanalyzedthroughproduction,herearetwoexamples:,Seedamount(kg),Numberofseedling,y,y0,O,x,x0,Thelinerelationbetweeninvestmentandproduction,Fertilizer(kg/hm2),Forestproduction(m3/ha),A,B,Q1,Q2,y,x,Thecurverelationbetweenforestproductionandfertilization,SectionfiveThedeterminationofeconomicrotationofcommercialforest,1.Definitionofrotationandrelatedbasictheories,Rotation:Undertheprincipleofsustainingyield,thetimeneededforclearcuttingalltheforestinthemanagementunit,andthenewforestaregrowupandreadytobeharvested.Rotationandageofmaturationisdifferent(page129),buttherotationiscalculatedfromtheageofmaturation(seefigureonnextslide)Rotation=ageofmaturationregenerationperiod,0,10,20,30,40,50,10,20,30,40,50,轮伐期,A、更新期=0,此图为采伐后及时更新，因此v=0，轮伐期u=50（年）,B、更新期=10,轮伐期,0,-10,10,20,30,40,50,60,10,20,30,40,50,60,此图为伐后更新，v=10（年），则u=60年,0,10,20,30,40,50,0,10,30,40,50,20,0,10,20,30,40,50,伐前更新,轮伐期,此图为伐前更新，v=-10，则u=40年，这种情况常见于渐伐作业的采伐更新,Sothetasktocalculaterotationistryingtofindtheageofmaturation,thefollowingaremethodstocalculatetheageofeconomicmaturation,2.Calculationmethodsofageofeconomicmaturation,2.1NetprofitofforestAverag