LatinAmerica(拉丁美洲介绍).ppt

WelcometoLatinAmerica！,SouthAmerica,theplanets4thlargestcontinent,includes(12)independentcountriesand(3)majorterritories;TheFalklandIslands（福克兰群岛）,GalapagosIslands（加拉帕戈斯群岛）andFrenchGuiana（法属圭亚那）.Thecontinentcontainstheworldshighestwaterfall,AngelFallsinVenezuela;Thelargestriver(byvolume),theAmazonRiver(亚马逊河);Thelongestmountainrange,theAndes(安第斯山脉),andthedriestplaceonearth,theAtacamaDesert（阿塔卡玛沙漠）inChile.Inaddition,itincludesthelargestrainforest（热带雨林）,theAmazonRainforest;Thehighestcapitalcity,LaPaz,Bolivia;Thehighestcommercialnavigablelakeintheworld,LakeTiticaca(的的喀喀湖)，andexcludingresearchstationsinAntarctica（南极洲）,theworldssouthernmostpermanentlyinhabitedcommunity,PuertoToro,Chile.,Agricultureandanimaldomestication(驯养)Pre-ColumbianhistoryEuropeancolonizationIndependence(18041825),Consolidationandliberal-conservativeconflicts(18251900)WorldWars(19141945)ColdWar(19461990)WashingtonConsensus,SimnBolvar(西蒙玻利瓦尔),oneofthemainIndependencemovementleaders,Venezuelanmilitaryandpoliticalleader.TogetherwithJosdeSanMartn,whoplayedonekeyroleinLatinAmericassuccessfulstruggleforindependencefromtheSpanishEmpire,andisconsideredasoneofthemostinfluentialpoliticiansinSouthAmericanhistory.,SpanishandPortuguesearethepredominantlanguagesofLatinAmerica.NativeAmericanlanguagesarewidelyspokeninPeru,Guatemala,Bolivia,Paraguay,andtoalesserdegree,inMexico,Panama,Ecuador,andChile.OtherEuropeanlanguagesarealsospokeninLatinAmerica.,ThevastmajorityofLatinAmericansareChristians(基督教徒),mostlyRomanCatholics（罗马天主教徒）.About71%oftheLatinAmericanpopulationconsiderthemselvesCatholics.MembershipinProtestantdenominationsisincreasing,particularlyinBrazil,Chile,Guatemala,andPuertoRico(波多黎各),CrimeandviolencepreventionandpublicsecurityarenowimportantissuesforgovernmentsandcitizensinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanregion.,AccordingtoGoldmanSachsBRICreviewofemergingeconomies,by2050thelargesteconomiesintheworldwillbeasfollows:China,UnitedStates,India,Brazil,andMexico.OnapercapitabasismostofLatinAmericancountries,includingthelargestones(Argentina,Mexico,Brazil,Chile,Peru,Venezuela,andColombia),havepercapitaGDPsgreaterthanthatofChinain2012.Asof2012LatinAmericaincludedfivenationsclassifiedashigh-incomecountries:Argentina,Chile,Uruguay,MexicoandPanama,TourismhasincreasinglybecomeasignificantsourceofincomeformanySouthAmericancountries.,Historicalrelics,architecturalandnaturalwonders(建筑与自然奇观),adiverserangeoffoodsandculture,vibrantandcolorfulcities,andstunninglandscapesattractmillionsoftouristseveryyeartoSouthAmerica.SomeofthemostvisitedplacesintheregionareMachuPicchu（马丘比丘）,theAmazonRainforest,RiodeJaneiro（里约热内卢）,Salvador,Fortaleza,Macei,Bogota,Florianpolis,IslaMargarita,Natal,BuenosAires,SoPaulo,AngelFalls,Cuzco,LakeTiticaca,Patagonia,CartagenaandtheGalpagosislands.,SanAlfonsodelMar.LuxuryhotellocatedinAlgarrobo(Chile)andcontainstheworldslargestpool.,CarnivalisthemostfamousholidayinBrazilandhasbecomeaneventofhugeproportions.Thecountrystopscompletelyforalmostaweekandfestivitiesareintense,dayandnight,mainlyincoastalcities.Theconsumptionofbeeraccountsfor80%ofannualconsumptionandtourismreceives70%ofannualvisitors.ThegovernmentdistributescondomsandlaunchesawarenesscampaignsatthistimetopreventthespreadofAIDS.,Latindanceisagenerallabelthatreferstovariousformsofballroomdanceandfolkdance,andcanincludeawiderangeofdancesoriginatinginLatinAmerica(includingPuertoRicoandCuba).Ballroomexamplesincludethecha-cha-cha,rumba(伦巴舞),samba（桑巴舞）,mambo（曼波舞）,danza,merengue（梅伦格舞）,tumba,bachata,bomba,plena,pasodoble（斗牛舞）andbolero.Somealsoconsidertango（探戈舞）andArgentinetangointhislist,SouthAmericashareswithEuropethesupremacy(最高主权)overthesport,asallnationalteamwinnersinFIFAWorldCup（国际足联世界杯）historyandallwinningteamsattheFIFAClubWorldCupcamefromthesetwocontinents.BrazildetainstheworldrecordattheFIFAWorldCupwithfivetitlesintotal.ArgentinaandUruguayalsohavetwotitleseach.SofarfourSouthAmericannationshostedthetournament（锦标赛）includingitsfirsteditioninUruguay(1938).TheotherthreewereBrazil(1950),Chile(1962)andArgentina(1978).Brazilisalsosettobeahostcountryforthesecondtimein2014.SouthAmericaishometothelongestRunninginternationalFootballtournament;CopaAmrica,whichhasbeenregularlycontestedsince1916.ThecontinenthasproducedmanyofthemostfamousandmosttalentedplayersincludingPel,DiegoMaradona,AlfredoDiStfano,Ronaldo,Ronaldinho,TeofiloCubillas,CsarCueto,EnzoFrancescoli,ArsenioErico,CarlosValderrama,EliasFigueroa,AlexAguinagaandLionelMessi.,LatinAmericanCuisineisaphrasethatreferstotypicalfoods,beverages,andcookingstylescommontomanyofthecountriesandculturesinLatinAmerica.LatinAmericaisaverydiverseareaoflandthatholdsvariouscuisinesthatvaryfromnationtonation.,ThepeoplelivinginSouthAmericatodaycomefrommanyheritages.Rememberthough,whenyoutravelinSouthAmerica,getpermissiontophotographsomeonefirst.Youmaybeaskedtopayafeeinthepoorersections.CulturaldiversityisatitsbestinSouthAmericaanditistheSouthAmericanpeoplewhoshowcasethisculturaldiversity.,AseverydefinitionofLatinAmericaconnotesy（意味着）asharedculturalandlinguisticlegacywithrootsinSpainandPortugal,andtoalesserextentFrance,manypointsofetiquetteinEuropeareapplicable,especiallythosespecifictothosenations.ComparedtomuchoftheEnglish-speakingworld,peoplefromareasofLatinAmericamaydemonstratemorerelaxedandcasualbehaviorandbemorecomfortablewithloudtalk,exaggeratedgesturesandphysicalcontact.Inaddition,manyLatinAmericanpeoplehaveasmallersenseofpersonalspacethanpeoplefromEnglish-speakingcultures.Itmayberudetostepawayfromsomeonewhentheyaresteppingcloser.,Inadditiontovaryinggreatlyfromoneindividualtoanotherandalongvariousdemographiclines,thistendencytowardscomparativelywarmandrelaxedbehaviordoesnotnecessarilyholdtrueamongmanycommunitiesofindigenouspeoples（土族名族）,includingthosewhohaveadoptedSpanishorPortugueseastheirprimarylanguage.Atsomefinerrestaurants,itmaybeconsideredrudeforthestafftobringacustomerthecheckwithoutthecustomerfirstrequestingit.Gettingthelastsnackorcanapeleftinaplatewithoutofferingitaroundfirstmakesthepersonseemrude/greedy.,Itisconsideredimpolitetotossobjectstopeopleinsteadofdirectlyhandingittothem.Attheworkplace,indiscretions,errorsoroverallpoorperformanceshouldbepointedoutinprivate.Mentioningtheminfrontofothercolleagues(suchasinameeting)isperceivedashostile.TheAmericancomeheregestureofpalmupwardswiththefingerscurledbackcanbeconsideredaromanticsolicitation.ThroughoutLatinAmerica,therearecommunitiesofpeoplewithstrongethnicandculturaltiestootherpartsoftheworld.Inmanyinstances,pointsofetiquetteapplicabletoLatinAmericawillalsoholdtruewithLatinopeopleintheUnitedStates.,SundayiscommonlythedayArgentinesgatherinfamilyforlunchordinner.TablemannersareContinental-holdtheforkinthelefthandandtheknifeintherightwhileslicing.Donotbegineatinguntilthehostessinvitesyoutodoso.Ifyouhappenupponothersthatareabouttoeat,itisveryconsideratetosaybuenprovechoorsimplyprovecho(lit.Ihopethefoodisgoodforyou).Thesameshouldbesaidifyouneedtoexcuseyourselfearlyfromameal.Inaformalsetting,waitforatoasttobemadebeforetakingthefirstsipofyourdrink.Ifatoastismade,whichcanhappenatvariouspointsduringadinner,makesureyourglassisntemptybeforejoiningin,asitisconsideredbadlucktotoastwithanemptyglass.Likewise,youshouldtakeatleastasipofyourglassaftertoastingandbeforeplacingyourglassbackonthetable,asnotdoingsoisconsideredbadluck.Ifatoastisdoneinaformalsetting,youwillhavetosoftlybumpglasseswiththepeoplenearyou.Inalessformalsettingyouwillprobablyhavetobumpglasseswithpeoplebeyondarmslength,forwhichalltheguestswillraisefromthechairsandtravelaroundthetable.Akissinthecheekwithorwithoutahugisastandardgreetingamongstbothmenandwomen,withbothpeopleofthesameortheoppositesex,exceptinveryformalsettings.Twokisses(oneineithercheek)arecommoninsomeareas,againregardlessofthegenderoftheparticipants.Handshakesarealsocommonbutgenerallyreservedtomen.Adifferentversionofthehandshakeinwhichthehandiswrappedaroundtheotherpersonsthumbandbackofthepalmiscommonamongstyoungerpeoplebutstrictlyinformal.Gracias(Thankyou)shouldbefollowedaresponseofdenada(lit.itsnothing,equivalenttoyouarewelcome),exceptfortheinstancesmentionedbelow.,Whensomeonesneezes,youshouldsaySalud(lit.health,equivalenttoblessyou).Theappropriateresponseforthisisgracias,whichshouldnotbefollowedwithdenada.Ifyouareofferedmateandyoudonotwishtopartakeofit,youmightsayNo,gracias(no,thankyou).If,however,youstartdrinking,youareexpectedtocontinueacceptingmatesuntilyousignalthatyouhavehadenough.Youdothisbysayinggraciasafterfinishingandreturningyourlastmate.Thiswillnotbefollowedbydenada.Itisoftenconsideredrudetopointatapersonorevenanobjectwiththeindexfinger.Peopletypicallypointwiththewholehandorwithamovementoftheheadandapuckeringofthelipstowardsthatwhichisbeingindicated.Youareexpectedtogreetthepeopleyoumeet,andifvisitingsomewhere,orinaworkenvironment,sayinggoodbyebeforeyouleave.Anumberofexpressionsareavailablethatvaryaccordingtofamiliaritywiththeotherpersonsorwiththetimeofday.Buenosdas/Buenda(goodmorning),buenastardes(goodafternoon)andbuenasnoches(goodevening)areformalandadequateineveryoccasion.Hola,qutal?(Hello,whatsup?),hastaluego,(seeyoulater),hastamaana(seeyoutomorrow)andalargenumberofsimilarvariantsaremoreinformalbutgenerallyadequate.Buenas(shortforbuenosdas/buenastardes/buenasnoches,chau(bye,derivedfromtheItalianciao),etc.,areveryinformal,thoughnotnecessarilyimproper.Youngerpeopleareexpectedtogivetheirbusseatstotheelderly,andmentowomen.Punctuality(严守时间)isnotgenerallyobserved,atleastininformalsettings.Giftsaregenerallyopenedwhenreceived,andthereceiverisbothexpectedtomakesomedegreeoffussaboutit,aswellasinsistingthatthegivershouldnothavebothered,thusshowingtheirgratitude.Thiswontbethecaseinlargeparties(weddings,somebirthdayparties)werethegiftsareplacedinspecialtablesandopenedlater,inprivate.Publicdisplaysofaffectionaregenerallyfine.,BraziliansspeakPortuguese,notSpanish.AddressingsomeonewhospeaksPortugueseinSpanish,althoughmostBraziliansunderstandSpanishtoareasonabledegree,maybeconsideredveryoffensive.InBrazil,aformoftheAmericanokaygesturemaybeobscenewhendirectedatsomeone.However,thestandardokaygestureisalsoused,asisthethumbsupgesture.Thenumber24isstronglyassociatedwithhomosexuality(同性恋)inBrazil.Givingsomeoneanythingwiththatnumber(i.e.ajersey)mightbebadlyunderstood,butplayfulamongclosefriends.Thegestureofflippingsomeoneoffbyhittingthewristagainsttheinsideoftheelbow(sometimescalledabananainBrazil)isconsideredplayfulandnotveryoffensive(insomeotherpartsoftheworld,thisismoreakintothefinger).Givingsomeoneoftheoppositegenderagiftmaybemisinterpretedasaromanticoverture,exceptinbirthdays.Menshakehandsonmeetinganddeparting.Theymayshareahugiftheyareclosefriends.Menandwomenkissonthecheekwhengreeting,womenkisseachotheronthecheek.Thenumberoftimespeopleshouldkiss,alternatingsides,variesaccordingtotheregion,beingthree,twotimesorjustonce.,PersonalquestionsmaybeaskedatanearliertimethanwhatNorthAmericansandEuropeansareaccustomedto.Nevertheless,questionsaboutfinancesandpersonalgainsareoftenconsideredrude.Whenofferingsomething,especiallyfood,Brazilianswilloftenrepeattheofferseveraltimesandwithincreasingenthusiasm.Offeringsomethingonlyoncecanberude.Itisnotimpolitetorefusesuchoffers,andinsomecasestheymaybemadejusttobepolitewithoutreallyhopingapersonwillaccept.Insomepartsofthecountry,mostnotablyinruralareasinwhichhomesmaynothavedoorbells,theappropriateactionistostandintheyardandclaponeshands.Ifnoonecomestothedoor,thenthevisitormayapproachthedoor,knock,andthenstepbackawayfromthedoorandawaitaresponse.Thisisespeciallyapplicableinregardstosmall,thin-walledcottagesthatofferlessprivacythanhomesinNorthAmerica.PeopleinBrazilusetobeveryreceptiveandnotformal.Callingayoungwoman“Senhora”maybeconsideredoffensive.Theword“Senhorita”(lit.littlemiss)isnotusedandisseenasanarchaism（古语）.PunctualityisnottakentooseriouslyinBrazil.Showingupexactlyonscheduleforapartyisveryuncommon.,InChile,goodetiquettecallsforwinetobepouredwiththerighthandandwineglassesshouldalwaysbeheldbythestem.Thecustomerofarestaurantmustaskforthecheck,otherwiseitwontbebrought.Inpastgenerationsitwassomewhatcommonforwomenandyoungmentogreetmaleandfemalefriendswithakissonthecheek.However,formanyyearsthetrendhasbeenforacheek-kissonlybetweenmenandwomen(i.e.,notbetweenmen,buttypicallyyesbetweenwomen).Closemalefriendsmoretypicallygreetoneanotherwithanabrazoormalehug,whichusuallydoesnotinvolvefacecontact.Chileanstendtostandclosetooneanotherwhiletalkingandwheninqueues(lines).ThisisinpartbecausechilenostypicallydonotrecogniseEuropeanqueueetiquetteanddiscipline.Openingthedoorforawomanorhelpingherwithherluggage,etc.,arenotconsideredflirtatious(轻浮的)actions.Itiscommonformentostareatwomen.(Itisharmlessandmeanttoflatter).Womenshouldbepreparedtobebombardedwithcatcalls.(Itisharmlessandmeanttoflatter),Wheneatingincompanyyoushouldnotputyourhandsunderthetable.Tippingtobellboysandpeoplewhopackthingsonthesupermarketcanbeconsideredamustsometimes,thuswhennotdoingsoitisveryrecommendabletostateyoudonothavemoney,butneverthatyoudonotwanttodoso.Itiswelllookedupontogiveyourseattoelderlypeopleorpregnantladieswheninsidepublictransport.Chileans,bothmaleandfemale,tendtouselotsofrudewordswheninconfidence.Donottakethisasaninsult,itsmeanttobeendearing,butdonottrytousethosewordsyourselfasitwillappearhighlyhumoroustothem.Whensmoking,offeracigarettetoeveryone.Chileanshaveasayingforthosewhoneglecttoshare:Didyoulearntosmokeinjail?Iftwoormorepeoplearehavingaconversationandyouneedtoleaveorwanttoleaveitiswelllookedtosaydisculpeorpermiso(excuseme).Itisusualtogreetfamilymemberswithakissonthecheek.,Itiscommonforchildrentobepromptedtogreeteveryonewhoalreadyhasgreetedtheadultthatiswithhimorher.Avoiddiscussionaboutpolitics(inregardstoahistoryofdemocracywithcivilunrest),authoritarianleaders(i.e.Pinochet),andcommentsonChilebeingbackward(eventhoughmanychilenoswillagreewithsuchanobservation).Similarly,avoidotherthird-worldreferencessuchasthehighcrimerate,andthedeplorablestateofpubliceducationandprisonsinChile.Thetermcaballeroismorecommonlyusedthanseortopolitelyaddressorrefertoamaleinpublic.,Giftsareneveropenedinpublicunlessthegiverinsists.Groupwavesareextremelyunacceptable.Afterfinishingdinner,expecttostayforafewhours.Leavingrightawaymightbeperceivedasthatyouwerethereonlyforafreemeal.Avoiddiscussingthedrugtrade.ThisisadelicatesubjectinColombia.Theelderlyaregivenhighrespect;menareoftenreferredtoasDonandwomenasDoa,followedbytheirfirstnames.ThereisastrongsenseofculturalregionalisminColombiansociety.ManyColombians(especiallybutnotexclusivelytheoldergeneration)identifythemselvesfirstwiththeirhomeregion,thentheirnationality.ThisisparticulartrueinAntioquiaandValledepartments.BogotaforbeingColombiasmixingpotmightnotnecessarilyreflectsuchregionalidentity.Colombiansthatdonotknoweachothertypicallybegineveryissuewithsmalltalk,nomatterhowtrivial.Gettingtothepointimmediatelymightbeseenasimpatientandimpolite.Colombianshaveagreatvarietyofregionalaccents.IfyouspeakfluentSpanish,donottrytoimitatetheaccents,foritmaybeviewedunfavorablybysome.,Itisconsideredimproperandslightlyimmatureforadultmentowearshorts(exceptinrecreationalareas,suchasparks,thebeach,orpools).Itisnotusuallyacceptabletodropbysomeoneshousewithoutcalling.Inmostareas(i.e.Bogot)itiscommonformentogreetwomenfriendskissingonceonthecheekiftheyarefriends.Kissingastrangewomanisconsideredimpolitesometimes(moreifyouareinabusinessgathering),especiallyifsheiselder.Itisconsideredpolitetosaythanksaftercommonactionssuchassomeoneopeningadoor,offeringorgivingsomethingtodrinkoreat,orwhenplatesaretakenfromthetable,andaftermostroutineactionswhenevertheyarenotexpected.Whenreferringtosomeonesheightinaconversation,Colombiansusuallymakeadistinctionbetweenanimalsandhumansinavisualmannerbypositioningtheirhandwiththepalmfacingthefloorwhentalkingaboutanimalsandwiththepalmfacingtotheside(likewhenoneistogiveahandshake)whentalkingabouthumansheight.,MostColombianwomeninurbanareasrespondgladlytodecentmaleflattering(knownaspiropo).Thisisquitedifferentfromothercountrieswheresuchexpressionscouldbeseenassexualadvances.PeopleinBogotaandthecenterregionofColombiaandtoalesserdegreeinsomeotherpartsofthecountrycouldbesensitivetotheuseofformalandinformalSpanish.Forexampleinabusinessmeetingitmightnotbeappropriatetousetheinformalyou(tu)insteadtheformalyouisused(usted).SeeSpanishconjugation.InBogotathewearingofsandalsoropenshoesbywomenisfrowneduponinsomeexclusivecommerciallocations.UnliketheUS,most(ifnotall)restaurantsincludethetipinthetotalamounttobepaidbythecustomer,youmaychoosetonotpayitanyway.,Whenaninvitationisissued(suchastogotodinnerortoabar),inviteestypicallyassumethateverythingwillbepaidfor.ThesameistrueinMexicoandinotherpartsofLatinAmerica.Dominicanareextremelyfriendlypeople.Theyusuallyshakehandsthiswillbeperceivedasmockingthelocalculture.Onlythenativesareentitledtodoso,notevenEcuadoriansfromthecity(non-Indiansandruralareas).Beachwearshouldonlybewornatthebeachandnotintowns.Thesamewithshortpantsforgrown-ups.(menandwomen)NeverrefertosomeoneasanIndian,unlesstheyhappentoconsiderthemselvesso.Mengreetwomen,andwomengreetwomen,touchingrightcheektorightcheekandmakingakissingsound.Notdoingitisconsideredimpolite.Wheninvited,itisconsiderimpolitenottobringapresent.(Ifnotasked,neverbringfood,moreappropriatewouldbeflowers,wine,chocolatesorasmalltoyforthehostschild)Thesamewhenyouare(evenforashorttime)meetingsomeoneattheirhomeandtheyoffersnacksorsomethingtodrink.Itisoftenpolitetodeclinethefirsttime,butnotacceptinglater