国际经济与贸易英语论文

国际经济与贸易论文 The contribution of foreign trade to Chinas economic growth analysisSummary: Although in recent years, Chinas exports continued strong growth, rapid expansion of trade surplus, rising position in international trade, import and export commodity structure further optimize. But our economy still shows four uncoordinated: uncoordinated, uncoordinated merchandise trade and trade in services, foreign trade of the eastern and western uncoordinated, uncoordinated trade and industrial speed and efficiency. These uncoordinated has seriously affected Chinas foreign trade growth in the quality and efficiency of foreign trade $ 2 trillion by 2020, by the number of goals, the traditional mode of growth is difficult to achieve. This paper analyzes the status of Chinas trade from the start, to clarify the new situation adhere to quality realistic options strategies to improve the quality awareness of products and services, changes in competitive strategy of low prices, and strive to build the core competitiveness of Chinese enterprises, Chinas manufacturing to China from the realization of create change. Keywords: international trade, our manufacturing, our creationFirst, the current development of Chinas foreign tradeChinas foreign trade has made remarkable achievements. Chinas current trade growth mode presents the following characteristics:（1） To expand the number of typeSince the reform and opening up, Chinas foreign trade developed rapidly, with an average annual growth over the same period the average annual growth rate in the world of international trade. Scale to promote the export of Chinas ranking in world exports（2） the processing tradeAfter Chinas reform and opening up, the development of processing trade very quickly, once reached more than 50 percent of Chinas total imports and exports, up 56.9 percent. In the 21st century, the processing trade has been gradually replaced by general trade, became the dominant position in Chinas foreign trade. And the concern is the rapid rise of Chinas processing trade and foreign direct investment behavior is closely related.（3） three capital enterprises have become the main exportSince the reform and opening up, Chinas foreign trade by guiding policy and industrial policy, foreign direct investment continues to grow. Foreign investment in China is mainly to fancy our huge market and low labor costs. Foreign-invested enterprises to adopt the great quantities of production, procurement of raw materials in foreign countries, domestic processing, production and export of products. Foreign exports accounted for more than 50% of the countrys exports.（4） the export market structure is relatively simpleWith the development of economic globalization and regional economic integration, China and neighboring countries and regions and regional economic cooperation with other trade partners booming market diversification to achieve greater development. However, the proportion of the top ten trading partners of Chinas total imports and exports, total exports and total imports are still relatively large, top ten trading partners trade has accounted for more than 80% of Chinas total imports and exports, have declined until 2011 . The United States remained Chinas largest export market, Japan is still the largest source of imports.Second, the contribution of foreign trade to economic growth and the main problem of the existence of（1） Contribution of the Foreign Trade and Economic Growth 1 imported factors of production can directly increase the supply of factors of a country, for most countries, due to differences in resource endowments, the production can not completely have all the elements required for production, then the imports of production factors become a prerequisite for economic growth; for most developed countries, in the course of its economic take-off, without exception, have obtained through imports from less developed countries stable and cheap industrial raw materials, importing large quantities of these factors of production, on the one hand make up the lack of domestic supply of relevant elements, it also greatly increased the production of corporate profit margins, which is to maintain the level of domestic investment and thus promote economic growth played a significant role in promoting; for most developing countries, not only with the Like developed countries, the need to import some domestic scarce natural resources, and more importantly, developing countries generally lack the ability to produce modern machinery and equipment, advanced equipment imported by obtained from the developed countries, its economic development played a crucial role. Chinas foreign trade in the process of rapid development, some enterprises lack of scientific management, the overall strength is weak; single means to participate in international competition; product non-price competitiveness is not strong, the lack of its own brand and marketing network; low export levels, many products are still in the low end of the international division of the value chain links, the added value is not high. Extensive trade growth mode has not changed fundamentally, economic and social benefits to be further improved.2 export development can be driven to increase domestic and foreign investment Factor income of a countrys export sector factor income is much higher than import-competing sectors. That is, the average profit margin of the export sector level higher than the average profit margin of import-competing sectors. Thus, it will have a substantial increase in domestic investment, cause part of the domestic export sector inflows factor in domestic factor mobility mechanism is relatively smooth conditions, a large number of elements of the inflow means export sector. In addition to the increase driven by domestic investment outside the rapid development of the export sector will attract some foreign investors to enter. As an important component of the foreign demand for capital formation, which directly affects the formation of capital, which is directly related to the speed of economic growth. Coupled with the operation of foreign capital into the domestic counterpart funds, so active in the entire national chain and become an incentive for economic growth. 3 can be driven by the expansion of exports to increase domestic employment Foreign trade impact on a countrys domestic employment levels, especially as our country such a large developing country with rich labor resources, the significance is undoubtedly a far-reaching and significant. American economist Anne. Kruger has made a study of this system. Professor Kruger that the choice of open trade strategy will also help job growth in developing countries. 30 years of reform and opening up, Chinas foreign trade to GDP growth rate higher than the rate of rapid development, while the export commodity structure has also undergone major changes, from the export of primary products to manufactured goods into the main productive labor time intensive products industry has developed rapidly. Exports increased requirements to increase production, increase production and thus increasing employment needs. Professor Kruger believes compatible with different trading strategies trade policies will directly affect technology choice for all industries, thus affecting the industrial capital / labor ratio.4 Foreign trade can promote the formation of economies of scale Traditional international trade theory usually assumes constant returns to scale, that foreign trade does not exist economies of scale. In practice, however, the reality is assumed that the development of international trade is not consistent. U.S. economist Paul Krugman R believes that countries are increasingly similar, more imperfect market competition today, instead of the economies of scale factor endowments differences have become the main reason for the promotion of trade development. We know that many industry only reach a certain size in order to reduce costs, relying solely on the size of a small domestic market often can not be achieved. And one country to vigorously promote exports, expand the international market, the domestic industry can be formed that economies of scale to create the conditions.（2） At present the problems of Chinas foreign trade1. A low price competition caused by the gradual increase in anti-dumping investigation According to Chinas Ministry of Commerce statistics, in June 2011, Chinas state-sponsored by other anti-dumping investigations has reached more than 600 since. In 2010 alone, Chinas anti-dumping investigation of 51 cases, involving 1.79 billion U.S. dollars, has for 13 consecutive years as the worlds anti-dumping investigations than any other country. Anti-dumping is for dumping purposes, the so-called dumping refers to the export price of a product at a price lower than the normal value of the market into another country. Dumping appeared, some countries are considered to be unfair trade practices and to be resisted by the legislative anti-dumping measures to protect the domestic industry. According to Anti-Dumping Agreement, the implementation of anti-dumping measures must have three basic elements: dumping, the causal link between the damage, dumping and injury.Because our products generally have a clear price advantage, making international competitors and trading partners to take defensive or offensive trade measures against Chinese products, and anti-dumping measures is most likely to be used. Also according to Anti-Dumping Agreement provides for products from non-market economy countries, the normal price in determining the dumping, the importing countries generally use the price alternative country as the base price. Many trading partner of our products, as a non-market economy country, in determining the margin of dumping of the product is often deviated from WTO rules, select the price of other alternative country as determined in accordance with the normal price of the product. As the alternative country system flexibility and irrationality, so as to abuse of the importing country, cut right amount of freedom in determining the dumping country when looking for an alternative to open the door.2. Economies of scale and social imbalance Currently, there are 172 kinds of commodity production in the world, Chinas manufacturing has been in many countries around the world, penetrated into every corner of life, many countries consumers irresistible products. The scale of Chinas manufacturing expanded rapidly in the rapid increase in the share of world manufacturing the same time, there is a lot of regret: product exports nearly 30% share in total exports, the common feature of these products is the low value-added, the price is very low , net of costs, the profit is very low, some products even price gains of only a few cents. U.S. exports equivalent to a Boeing airliner of 200 000 -30 million color TV sets exports. Chinas economic development is still stuck on to consume natural resources at the expense of environmental quality development model. Rely on putting in a lot of natural resources and social resources in many areas has made the worlds market share, but also caused a rather severe environmental problems. Environmental pollution and ecological destruction is increasingly becoming the impact of global economic and social development issues, and to become the focus of peoples attention.Third, adhere to the quality win strategyImprove the quality of trade growth quality and efficiency of export goods is a sign of the national spirit, not only related to the efficiency of enterprises, but also related to the international image of our products. To better implement the quality win strategy, companies must the consumers point of view, the product selectivity in durability, aesthetics, functionality, reliability, service, compliance, reputation and other aspects of comprehensive improve product and service quality, and increase the added value of export products, and further optimize the export structure, to create its own brand of high-value and enhance the international competitiveness of export enterprises.（1） increase the export of non-price competitivenessProvided to meet the needs or desires of the target consumer products is the key to successful operation. Products are anything to offer to the market to meet the needs and desires in the market include physical goods, services, experiences, events, people, places, property, organization, information and ideas. Non-marketing guru Philip. Kotler believes Products include core interests, basic product, expected product, additional products and potential products five levels, each level adds more customer value, customer value hierarchy constituted. From the essence of todays product competitiveness is not what companies in factory production, but other than that they increase the plant in the form of other values, such as packaging, services, advertising, customer advice, financing, delivery arrangements and people seriously. Consumers generally from the factor characteristics and quality of products, product mix and quality of service, product prices and other judges he contacted products.1. Grasp customer price psychology, clever set commodity prices As the product information asymmetry, as well as non-professional consumers to buy, consumers in the purchase of goods, especially in the less familiar items to buy their own, always consciously or unconsciously, with the price and quality of goods intrinsic value linked to the price of goods as an important yardstick to measure the quality of the merits and value of size. They tend to believe that commodity prices are high, it means that the product is good quality, great value; low commodity prices, then the difference in the quality of goods, small value. Enterprises in the correct pricing strategy, the price must be in-depth study of the psychological impact on consumers, their prices grasp the psychological characteristics and can not take the low-price strategy. 2 manufacturing customer perceived valueConventional wisdom is that as long as the price of the product is lower than competitors can seize more market . Reflect changes in the market price is the most sensitive factor for competitive products on the market position and market share has a direct impact . However, this effect is only limited in the industrial economy era , when corporate mission is to manufacture products and sell products , but in the knowledge economy era , the task has become a manufacturing enterprise value and transfer value to the enterprise market competition into energy consumer competitive price competition rather than the value created by the product . The key goal of marketing is to correctly determine the customers needs and desires , and more effective than competitors better target customers transferred the desired product or service , these products or services to meet consumer needs or solve the problems they face tool. If the competition between enterprises blindly stuck in price competition stage , it will not only damage the interests of enterprises , and consumers are not necessarily derive a higher value because of price competition is necessarily accompanied by low-quality products and services and may also undermine the corporate image. With differentiated products , high value-added services , such as core technical capabilities to compete , the benefits accruing to compete more generous than the low bleed . Companies can earn huge profits , but also to compete for market share is more than the low significance. With the success of the enterprise should be a strength , corporate prof