曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件PPT参考课件.ppt

,2007ThomsonSouth-Western,MeasuringaNationsIncome,Microeconomicsisthestudyofhowindividualhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractwithoneanotherinmarkets.Macroeconomicsisthestudyoftheeconomyasawhole.Itsgoalistoexplaintheeconomicchangesthataffectmanyhouseholds,firms,andmarketsatonce.,MeasuringaNationsIncome,Macroeconomicsanswersquestionslikethefollowing:Whyisaverageincomehighinsomecountriesandlowinothers?Whydopricesriserapidlyinsometimeperiodswhiletheyaremorestableinothers?Whydoproductionandemploymentexpandinsomeyearsandcontractinothers?,THEECONOMYSINCOMEANDEXPENDITURE,Whenjudgingwhethertheeconomyisdoingwellorpoorly,itisnaturaltolookatthetotalincomethateveryoneintheeconomyisearning.,THEECONOMYSINCOMEANDEXPENDITURE,Foraneconomyasawhole,incomemustequalexpenditurebecause:Everytransactionhasabuyerandaseller.Everydollarofspendingbysomebuyerisadollarofincomeforsomeseller.,Figure1TheCircular-FlowDiagram,Spending,Revenue,Income,=Flowofinputs,andoutputs,=Flowofdollars,THEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)isameasureoftheincomeandexpendituresofaneconomy.GDPisthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.,THEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,Theequalityofincomeandexpenditurecanbeillustratedwiththecircular-flowdiagram.,THEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,“GDPistheMarketValue.”Outputisvaluedatmarketprices.“.OfAll.”Includesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandlegallysoldinmarkets“.Final.”Itrecordsonlythevalueoffinalgoods,notintermediategoods(thevalueiscountedonlyonce).“.GoodsandServices.”Itincludesbothtangiblegoods(food,clothing,cars)andintangibleservices(haircuts,housecleaning,doctorvisits).,THEMEASUREMENTOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,“.Produced.”Itincludesgoodsandservicescurrentlyproduced,nottransactionsinvolvinggoodsproducedinthepast.“.WithinaCountry.”Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionwithinthegeographicconfinesofacountry.“.InaGivenPeriodofTime.”Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionthattakesplacewithinaspecificintervaloftime,usuallyayearoraquarter(threemonths).,THECOMPONENTSOFGDP,GDPincludesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandsoldlegallyinmarkets.WhatIsNotCountedinGDP?GDPexcludesmostitemsthatareproducedandconsumedathomeandthatneverenterthemarketplace.Itexcludesitemsproducedandsoldillicitly,suchasillegaldrugs.,THECOMPONENTSOFGDP,GDP(Y)isthesumofthefollowing:Consumption(C)Investment(I)GovernmentPurchases(G)NetExports(NX)Y=C+I+G+NX,THECOMPONENTSOFGDP,Consumption(C):Thespendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing.Investment(I):Thespendingoncapitalequipment,inventories,andstructures,includingnewhousing.,THECOMPONENTSOFGDP,GovernmentPurchases(G):Thespendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,state,andfederalgovernments.Doesnotincludetransferpaymentsbecausetheyarenotmadeinexchangeforcurrentlyproducedgoodsorservices.NetExports(NX):Exportsminusimports.,Table1GDPandItsComponents,GDPandItsComponents(2004),REALVERSUSNOMINALGDP,NominalGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatcurrentprices.RealGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatconstantprices.,REALVERSUSNOMINALGDP,AnaccurateviewoftheeconomyrequiresadjustingnominaltorealGDPbyusingtheGDPdeflator.,Table2RealandNominalGDP,Table2RealandNominalGDP,Table2RealandNominalGDP,TheGDPDeflator,TheGDPdeflatorisameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100.IttellsuswhatportionoftheriseinnominalGDPthatisattributabletoariseinpricesratherthanariseinthequantitiesproduced.,TheGDPDeflator,TheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:,TheGDPDeflator,NominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:,Table2RealandNominalGDP,Figure2RealGDPintheUnitedStates,Billionsof,2000Dollars,$10,000,9,000,8,000,7,000,6,000,5,000,4,000,3,000,1970,1975,1980,1985,1990,2000,1995,2005,2,000,ISGDPAGOODMEASUREOFECONOMICWELL-BEING?,GDPisthebestsinglemeasureoftheeconomicwell-beingofasociety.GDPperpersontellsustheincomeandexpenditureoftheaveragepersonintheeconomy.HigherGDPperpersonindicatesahigherstandardofliving.GDPisnotaperfectmeasureofthehappinessorqualityoflife,however.,GDPANDECONOMICWELL-BEING,Somethingsthatcontributetowell-beingarenotincludedinGDP.Thevalueofleisure.Thevalueofacleanenvironment.Thevalueofalmostallactivitythattakesplaceoutsideofmarkets,suchasthevalueofthetimeparentsspendwiththeirchildrenandthevalueofvolunteerwork.,Table3GDPandtheQualityofLife,Becauseeverytransactionhasabuyerandaseller,thetotalexpenditureintheeconomymustequalthetotalincomeintheeconomy.Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)measuresaneconomystotalexpenditureonnewlyproducedgoodsandservicesandthetotalincomeearnedfromtheproductionofthesegoodsandservices.,GDPisthemarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.GDPisdividedamongfourcomponentsofexpenditure:consumption,investment,governmentpurchases,andnetexports.,NominalGDPusescurrentpricestovaluetheeconomysproduction.RealGDPusesconstantbase-yearpricestovaluetheeconomysproductionofgoodsandservices.TheGDPdeflatorcalculatedfromtheratioofnominaltorealGDPmeasuresthelevelofpricesintheeconomy.,GDPisagoodmeasureofeconomicwell-beingbecausepeoplepreferhighertolowerincomes.Itisnotaperfectmeasureofwell-beingbecausesomethings,suchasleisuretimeandaclean