Of Studies赏析.ppt

FrancisBacon,OfStudies,FrancisBacon,(1561-1626),Content,BaconsMainExperienceBaconsFamousWorksAnalysisofOfStudies,BaconsMainExperiences,BaconschiefcontributiontoposterityliesinhisroleasthefounderofmaterialisminphilosophyandscienceinEngland.,Essays(1597)TheProficiencyandAdvancementofLearning(1605)NovumOrganum(1620)TheNewAtlantis(1626),BaconsWorks,OfTruth(1625)OfDeath(1612,enlarged1625)OfUnityinReligion/OfReligion(1612,rewritten1625)OfRevenge(1625)OfAdversity(1625)OfSimulationandDissimulation(1625)OfParentsandChildren(1612,enlarged1625)OfMarriageandSingleLife(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfEnvy(1625)OfLove(1612,rewritten1625)OfGreatPlace(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfBoldness(1625)OfGoodnessandGoodnessofNature(1612,enlarged1625)OfNobility(1612,rewritten1625)OfSeditionsandTroubles(1625)OfAtheism(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfSuperstition(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfTravel(1625)OfEmpire(1612,muchenlarged1625)OfCounsels(1612,enlarged1625)OfDelays(1625)OfCunning(1612,rewritten1625)OfWisdomforaMansSelf(1612,enlarged1625)OfInnovations(1625)OfDispatch(1612)OfSeemingWise(1612)OfFriendship(1612,rewritten1625)OfExpense(1597,enlarged1612,again1625),OftheTrueGreatnessofKingdomsandEstates(1612,enlarged1625)OfRegimenofHealth(1597,enlarged1612,again1625)OfSuspicion(1625)OfDiscourse(1597,slightlyenlarged1612,again1625)OfPlantations(1625)OfRiches(1612,muchenlarged1625)OfProphecies(1625)OfAmbition(1612,enlarged1625)OfMasquesandTriumphs(1625)OfNatureinMen(1612,enlarged1625)OfCustomandEducation(1612,enlarged1625)OfFortune(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfUsury(1625)OfYouthandAge(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfBeauty(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfDeformity(1612,somewhataltered1625)OfBuilding(1625)OfGardens(1625)OfNegotiating(1597,enlarged1612,veryslightlyaltered1625)OfFollowersandFriends(1597,slightlyenlarged1625)OfSuitors(1597,enlarged1625)OfStudies(1597,enlarged1625)OfFaction(1597,muchenlarged1625)OfCeremoniesandRespects(1597,enlarged1625)OfPraise(1612,enlarged1625)OfVainGlory(1612)OfHonourandReputation(1597,omitted1612,republished1625)OfJudicature(1612)OfAnger(1625)OfVicissitudeofThings(1625)AFragmentofanEssayofFameOftheColoursofGoodandEvil,CharacteristicsofBaconsEssays,Baconsessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.YetthereisanobviousstylisticchangeintheEssays.Thesentencesinthefirsteditionarechargedandcrowdedwithsymmetries.Theyarecomposedinaratheraffectedway.However,thefinaleditionnotonlyenlargestherangeoftheme,butalsobringsforththelooserandmorepersuasivestyle.Theessaysarewell-arrangedandenrichedbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandcadence.,AnalysisofOfStudies,Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.,Readinghasthreefunctions.Itdelightsyou;itbeautifiesyou;anditstrengthensyourability.,Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.,Thedelightofreadingliesinyourprivatelifeandretirement.Thebeautifyingofreadingliesinhowyoutalktoothers.Thewayreadingstrengthensyourablityliesinyouractofjudging,howyouassessapersonorsituationoreventandhowyoudealwithit.,privateness:privatelife,discourse:carryingonaconversation,Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.,for:although,despite,expertmen:menofexperience(theEnglishadjectivebeingusedinitsLatinsense,experti),Althoughmenwithgreatexperiencecouldjudgetheaffairsfromeachsituationandaccomplishthemwell,menwhoarelearnedalwaysarethebestonetohavecommandofthegeneraldirection,theplanandthearrangement.,execute:carrythrough,accomplish,counsel:direction,plot:plan,marshal:arrangeinlogicalorder,Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrulesisthehumorofascholar.,sloth:laziness,inactivity,affectation:adeliberatepretenseorexaggerateddisplay,humorofascholar:mannerism,implyingabsurderror,Spendingtoomuchtimeinreadingmakesyouexhaustedandlazy.Usingreadingasatooltobeautifyyourselfispretending.Makingdecisionstoyourheartscontentistoosubjectiveandsilly.,Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.,perfect:makeperfectorcomplete,(studies),Readingmakesupforyournaturaldisadvantages,andexperienceisneededtocompensateforthedisadvantagesofreading.Wereadandknowhowtoweedouttheunwantedpartsofplants.Sodoesknowledge.Wereadandwedeletewhatwedontneed.Itisreadingthatgivesusdetaileddirections,exceptforsomedirectionsthatareonlyguidedbyexperience.,prune:weedoutunwantedorunnecessarythings,atlarge:ingeneral,Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.,craftymen:craftsman=apersonskilledinajob,contemn:lookdownonwithdisdain,Menskilledinajoblookdownonreading.Menwholackintelligencelookuptoreading.Menwithwisdomapplyreadingtotheirlife.However,booksdonotconvinceothersbytheirusage.Thewisdomofreadingdoesntlieinsideabook,butoutsidethebook.Youcouldjustgetitbyobservation.,2.Thesecondpartisfrom“Readnottocontradictandconfute,hehadneedhavemuchcunningtoseemtoknowthathedothnot”.,Howshallwereadbooks?,Inpart2,youcanknowmoreabouthowtoreadbooks.socomewithmetofindthemethodandbenefitofreading.,Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Dontdisagreehostilelywhenyouarereading,dontbelieveitwholly.Weshouldnotonlyfocusonthewordsandsentences,butalsothinkaboutitbackandforth.,superstition,MethodOne,Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.,MethodTwo,Threemethodsofreading,1.Taste-,Toreadinthewaythatyoutestthetasteoffood,toreadbitshereandthere,Toreadthewholebookorstory,butwithlittleattentionorwithoutthroughunderstanding,2.Swallow-,Toreadcarefullyandslowlyandthenthinkaboutandunderstandthemeaningorimportanceof,3.Chewanddigest-,Differentbooks,differentattitudes.Somebooksarejustforappreciation,someforentertainment,howover,someshouldbedigested.,Thatistosay:,-thatissomebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadywholly,andwithdiligenceandattetion.,extremly,carefully.itsarchaicmeaning.Inmodernusageiseagernesstolearnmore,Literaturestyle:,simpleprecisecompactaphoristic（格言式的)-themostimprtantEnglishrhetoric:parallismandellipticalsentence,Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Readingfulfillsaman,discussionmakesamanwitty,notemakesamanclear,Benefitofreading,conversations,ellipticalsentence,Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.,parallelism,Therefore,menwhodonttakenotesoftenshouldstrengthenthememory,menwhodontdiscussoftenshouldbesmarter,andmenwhodontoftenreadshouldbemoresophisticated.,Authortellshowtostudy.Somebooksare:a.tobetastedb.tobeswallowedc.tobechewedanddigestedd.Someshouldbereadonlyinpartse.Someshouldbereadonlyforentertainmentf.Someshouldbereadbydeputy,Inconclusion:,Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep,moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.,witty:imaginative,inventive,subtle:abletomakefinedistinctions,moral:concernedwithprinciplesofrightandwrongorconformingtostandardsofbehavior,grave:serious,Learninghistoriesmakesmenclear-minded;learningpoemsmakesmenclever;learningmathematicsmakesmencarefulandcautious;learningnaturalphilosophy,yourmindwillbebroadened,yourprincipleswillberegulated,andyourwayofthinkingwillbeserious;learninglogicandrhetoric,youwillbeabletoarguewithothersclearlyandeffectively.,rhetoric:usinglanguageeffectivelytopleaseorpersuade,contend:haveanargumentaboutsomething,Abeuntstudiainmores.Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies;likeasdiseasesofthebody,mayhaveappropriateexercises.,Abeuntstudiainmores:ThissentenceisadaptedfromtheverseHoroidesbytheRomanpoetOvid.Youmaycultivateyourowntemperamentwhilereading.,nay:notthismerelybutalso;notonlysobut;,stond:difficulty;,impediment:anystructurethatmakesprogressdifficult;,wit:theabilitytosayorwritethingsthatarebothcleverandamusing,wrought:thepasttenseofWORK,Youmaycultivateyourowntemperamentwhilereading.However,theremaybeobviousdifficultyordisadvantagesinyourmind.Youmaysolvethisproblembyproperreading.Justlikedoingphysicalexercisescouldgetridofthediseases.Theyarethesame.,Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead,andthelike.,Playingbowlingstrengthensyourstoneandkidney.Shootingstrengthensyourlungandbreast.Gentlewalkingstrengthensyourstomach.Ridingstrengthensyourheadandbrain.Theyareinthesamerule.,reins:gallbladderandkidneys,Soifamanswitbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.,wander:moveaboutaimlesslyorwithoutanydestination,demonstration:theactofpresentingsomethingtosightorview,Therefore,ifamancantconcentratehismind,lethimstudythemathematics.Heshouldpaygreatattentionduringtheprocess.Oncehisattentionrunsmilesaway,hellhavetorestart.,Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen,fortheyareCyminisectores.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermattersandtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyerscases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.,apt:proper,schoolmen:TheschoolmenwerephilosophersanddivinesoftheMiddleAges,whospentmuchtimeonpointsofniceandabstractspeculation.,cyminisectores:splittersofhairs,beatover:investigate,defect:afailingordeficiency,Ifheisnotpropertofindoutthedifferences,lethimlearnfromthephilosophersanddivinesoftheMiddleAges,becausetheyaresplit