高考英语代词和介词(全国通用)PPT课件

专题二代词和介词,代词思维流程,知识点一人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词及疑问代词的用法,1.人称代词和物主代词,2.含有反身代词的习惯用语,byoneself独自地cometooneself苏醒，恢复知觉helponeselfto随便吃/用enjoyoneself玩得开心teachoneself自学makeyourselfathome别客气saytooneself自言自语benotoneself身体不舒服behaveoneself举止规矩,用括号中所给代词的适当形式填空1.Ifyouwouldlikesomefish,dohelp_(you).2.IdontthinkthesejacketsareJohnsandToms._(they)mustbeinthenextroom.3.Everybodyisdoing_(they)bestforthefourmodernizations.4.Susan,goandjoinyoursistercleaningtheyard.Why_(I)？Johnissittingtheredoingnothing.,5.Mygrandpastilltreatsmelikeachild.Hecantimagine_(I)growingup.6.Sorry,its_(I)whoamimpolitetoyou,soIapologizetoyou.答案1.yourself/yourselves2.Theirs3.their4.me5.my6.I,4.one，ones,theone,theones,that，those,it作替代词时的区别,Thetrainwascrowdedsowedecidedtocatchalaterone.这趟火车太挤了，所以我们决定乘坐下一班。Hisownexperiencewasdifferentfromthatofhisfriends.他自己的体会和朋友们的体会不同。Ilovethespringitisawonderfultimeoftheyear.我喜欢春天这是一年中一段美妙的时节。Thebooksonthedeskarebetterthanthose/theonesunderthedesk.桌子上面的书比桌子下面的书要好。,解答考查it，one(ones),that(those)的用法和区别的题目的关键是明确以下几点：1.被替代的对象与上文出现的人或事物是否是同一个或同一类。2.被替代的对象表示泛指意义还是特指意义。3.被替代的对象是可数名词还是不可数名词，如果是可数名词，是单数还是复数。,用one,it或that填空7.Adeskmadeofwoodlastslongerthan_madeofplastics.8.Thisnewsislessexcitingthan_.9.Thereisonlyonedictionaryleftinthebookstore.Pleasegotobuy_.答案7.one8.that9.it,没有一个面包像这个通过自己的辛勤汗水挣来的一样甜。【误】Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasitearnedbyhisownlabour.【正】Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabour.误点：_,知识点二不定代词,1.3组不定代词对比识记,(1)either，both，neither，all，none，any,Asthetwodictionariesareuseful,Illtakebothandeitherofthemisveryimportanttome.由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都带走，每一本对我来说都非常重要。LarryasksBillandPetertogoonapicnicwithhim,butneitherofthemwantsto,becausetheyhaveworktodo.拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。Allhorsesareanimals,butnotallanimalsarehorses.所有的马都是动物，但是并不是所有的动物都是马。点津both，all，every与否定词连用表示部分否定；表示全部否定时应用neither，none。,(2)none,nobody/noone,nothing,(2016江西)Nobodycanbegoodatsomethingfor40yearsifhedoesntloveit.没有人能持续四十年把某件事做得很好，除非他热爱它。Noneofthemknewabouttheplanbecauseitwaskeptasecret.他们中没有人知道那项计划，因为它还是个秘密。,(3)theother,other,another,others,Ihavetwobooks；oneisEnglish,andtheotherisFrench.我有两本书，一本是英语，另一本是法语。ShoppingontheInternetenablespeoplenottosearchforgoodsfromonestoretoanother.网上购物使人们不必从一家店到另一家店地寻找商品。Youareateamstar！Workingwithothersisreallyyourcupoftea.你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。Somewantedtoseeoneprogrammewhileotherspreferredanother.Iwashappywithanyprogrammebuttheothersspentalotoftimearguing.一些人喜欢看一个节目，另一些人却喜欢看另外的节目。而我任何节目都看得很高兴，但是，其余人却花大量时间去争论,2.其他不定代词,(1)each，every的区别each表示两者或两者以上的“每一个”，强调“个体”，倾向于把整体分开来考虑，作代词或形容词，可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。Eachofthemhasamobilephone.(作主语)他们每一个都有一部手机。Eachroomcanseatatleastfiftypeople.(作定语)每个房间至少能坐50人。Weeachhaveatextbook.(作同位语)我们每个人有一本教科书。代词each作同位语，谓语动词与主语we保持一致。,(2)Every合成词与any合成词的区别Every合成词强调整体、全部；any合成词强调个体，任何一。-Whatdoyouwant,anappleorabanana?-Anythingisok.Thankyou.Hehandedoutbookstoeveryoneintheclass.,1.Look!_ofhishandsiscoveredwithmuddy.Whatanaughtyboy!2.Look!_ofhishandsarecoveredwithmuddy.Whatanaughtyboy!3._ofhisparentsisfromHawaii.They_comefromSanFrancisco.4._oftheanswersarenotright.Someofthemareapparentlywrong.答案1.Either2.Both3.Neither;both4.All,选用不定代词填空，体会其含义5.Somepeoplethinkplayingcomputergamesbenefitschildrenalotwhile_holdtheoppositeview.6.CanIhelpyou?Thisradiodoesntwork.Pleaseshowme_.7.Iamjustfamiliarwithoneofthetwovisitorstoourschool._isstrangetome.8.Helping_peopleindangerisagoodvirtue.答案5.others6.another7.Theother8.other,我不在家时有人找我吗？没有。【误】DidanyoneaskformewhenIwasout?None.【正】DidanyoneaskformewhenIwasout?Noone.误点：_,名词在eachof之后，前面要加定冠词。,每个学生都有一本英汉词典。【误】EachofstudentshasanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.【正】EachofthestudentshasanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.误点：_,若疑问句表示请求、建议，用some，不用any。如：MayIaskyousomequestions？(请求)Wouldyoulikesomecoffee？(建议),单句改错9.Howmanydidyouspendonit?改：_10.Manyworkhasbeendone.改：_11.Therewontbesometrouble.改：_答案9.manymuch10.ManyMuch11.someany,完成句子12._ofthemhavebeentoLondon.他们中几乎没人去过伦敦。13.Thereare_mistakesinhiscomposition.他的作文中有几处错误。14.Hurryup.Thereis_timeleft.快点，快没时间了。答案12.Few13.afew14.little,知识点三it的用法,1.指时间、距离、天气、日期、温度等。,Itsearlyspring,butitisalreadyhot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。,2.指代前面提到过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词this，that。,Althoughhedidntlikeit,Idecidedtoseethemovieanyway.尽管他不喜欢这部电影，我还是决定去看一看。,3.当说话者弄不清对方是谁，不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时，可以用it来指代。Whatwillyoucallitifitisaboy?要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？4.作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或名词性从句。Itisdangerousforyoutoswimintheriver.你在这条河里游泳是危险的。(it作形式主语，toswimintheriver是真正的主语)Hedidntmakeitclearwhenandwherethemeetingwouldbeheld.他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。(it作形式宾语，从句whenandwhere.是真正的宾语),【归纳总结】常用it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式：Itisapity/shamethat.真可惜/丢人Itisnowonderthat.难怪Itseems/appearsthat.似乎/看来Itlooks/seemsasif/though.看起来好像Ithappensthat.碰巧Itoccursto/comesto/strikes/hitssbthat.某人突然想起Itissaid/reported/announced/believed/hoped/suggestedthat.据说/据报道/据宣布/人们认为/人们希望/人们建议,Itisnouse/gooddoingsth做某事没有用/好处Ittakessbsometimetodosth做某事花费某人多长时间Itiscertainthat.是一定的主语表示情感倾向的动词(prefer,like,hate,dislike,appreciate等)itthat/if/when.,5.用于强调句型“Itis/was被强调部分that/who.”,Johnssuccesshasnothingtodowithgoodluck.Itisyearsofhardworkthathasmadehimwhatheistoday.约翰的成功和好运气没关系，是多年的努力工作才使他有了今天。,如果你把音乐关小一些，我将非常感激。【误】Iwouldappreciateifyouwouldturnthemusicdown.【正】Iwouldappreciateitifyouwouldturnthemusicdown.误点：_,用适当的词填空1.Thedoctorthought_wouldbegoodforyoutohaveaholiday.答案it此处itwouldbegoodforyoutohaveaholiday是宾语从句作thought的宾语。it在这个宾语从句中作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。句意：医生认为去度假对你是有益的。,2.Thefactthatshewasforeignmade_difficultforhertogetajobinthatcountry.答案it句意：她是外国人的事实使得她在那个国家很难找到工作。用it作made的形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾补之后，其他词没有这种用法。,3.填一填asitis_Itdepends._Dontmentionit._Takeiteasy._believeitornot_seetoitthat._,dependonitthat._takeitforgrantedthat._makeit_答案照现状视情况而定。不客气。别着急。信不信由你确保相信认为是理所当然的成功，做到,单句改错,1.ThedoctoradvisedVerastronglytotakeaholiday,buthedidnthelp.heit指代医生向Vera提的建议，用it。2.ThechairmanthoughtthatnecessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.thatit作形式宾语，真正的宾语为toinvitemeeting这个动词不定式短语。,3.Thebookisofgreatvalue.Everythingcanbeenjoyedunlessyoudigestit.EverythingNothing句意：这本书很有价值。如果你不认真读,你就无法从中得到乐趣。4.Ifourparentsdoeverythingforuschildren,wewontlearntodependonus.usourselves反指主语we用ourselves。dependononeself自力更生。,5.Neithersideispreparedtotalktootherunlesswecansmooththingsoverbetweenthem.,在other前加the指“两者中的另一个，对方”用theother。事实上，other本身是不能单独用的，后面一定要有名词，否则，前面必有the,each；但others可单独作代词用，泛指“别人或别的事物”。,6.Surprisingly,Susansbeautifulhairreachedbelowherkneesandmadeheralmostanovercoatforher.,madehermadeitself反指主语Susansbeautifulhair。句意：令人惊叹的是，Susan美丽的长发垂到她的膝盖下面，就像一件外套似的。,7.Newtechnologieshavemadethempossibletoturnoutnewproductsfasterandatalowercost.,themit作为形式主语，代替动词不定式短语toturnoutcost。,8.Thosewhosmokeheavilyshouldremindthemofhealth,thebadsmellandthefeelingsofotherpeople.,themthemselves用themselves反指主语those。句意：那些烟瘾很大的人应该提醒自己注意健康、难闻的气味以及他人的感受。,9.ThefilmthatIsawityesterdayisinteresting.去掉it关系代词that已经代替film在从句中作宾语了，it多余。10.WithMr.SmithtoteachourEnglish,ourspokenEnglishwillbeimproved.ourus由teachsb.sth.(教某人某东西)可知teach后接双宾语。,11.Ithinkthedogownersshouldbeawarethathisdogshavecauseddamagetotheenvironment.histheir因指狗的主人要明白“他们的”狗给环境造成的损害。12.Onhearingthis,theyoungmansfaceturnedredandsheimmediatelythrewthecigaretteintothedustbininthebus.shehe指代theyoungman。,13.Myteachersoftenencouragewetotakeafter-classactivities.weus作encourage的宾语要用宾格。14.Amancameinandaskedwhowasmonitorofourclass.Itoldhimthatmyselfwasmonitor.在myself前加I因为反身代词不能单独作主语，但可作主语的同位语。,15.WecanpracticeusingEnglishidiomsinyourdiary-writing.,yourour要与主语we一致；当然如果将主语We改为You也可以。,介词思维流程,巧记介词in,on，at表时间的用法：at用在时刻前，亦与正午、午夜连，黎明、终止和开端，at与之紧相伴。周月季年长时间，in须放在其前面，泛指一晌和傍晚，也要放在in后面。on指特定某一天，日期、星期和节日前，某天上下午和夜晚，依然要在on后面。今明昨天前后天，上下这那每之前，at,in,on都不填，此乃习惯记心间。注：“上下这那每之前”是指last/next/this/that/every之前。,当名词前有this，that，last，next，every，each，some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。thismorning今天上午，lastyear去年,1.汉译英在妇女节_在20世纪80年代_在一个下雪的夜晚_在清朝_答案onWomensDayinthe1980s/1980sonasnowynightintheQingDynasty,2.用in，after填空Shecameback_afewdays.Itwillbefinished_afewminutes.答案afterin,【图解方位介词】,如果指三个及三个以上的人或物中的每两个之间，仍然要用between。如：SwitzerlandliesbetweenFrance,Italy,AustriaandGermany.瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。,6.Youngchildrenareoftenadvisednottospoiltheirappetitebyeatingsweets_thethreemeals.答案betweenbetween指在两者之间。这里的三餐指的是早中餐之间和中晚餐之间，属于两者范畴。,7.FourChinesemodelswere_the14peopleawardedprizesonFridayattheWorldSupermodelCompetition.答案amongamong表示“三者或三者以上的同类事物之间”。根据题干中“在获奖的14个人里边，中国模特占4人”可知，填among。8.Weshouldtalkaboutthethings_thechildrensunderstandinginasimpleway.答案beyond句意：我们应该用一种简单的方式谈论超过孩子们理解能力的东西。,9.Theywalked_thesquare，andthen_thedarkforest.10.TheGreatWallwindsitswayfromwesttoeast，_deserts,overmountains，_valleys,tillatlastitreachesthesea.11.Seanhasformedthehabitofjogging_thetree-linedavenuefortwohourseveryday.12.Thereisalamphanging_thedesk.13.Thereisaglassonthetable,amapoftheworldonthewall,andaclock_thismap.答案9.across；through10.across；through11.along12.over13.above,三、工具、手段、方式介词1.by，in，on三词都可以表示旅行的方式。,(1)by与某些交通工具名词连用，但名词须用单数，其前不加冠词或任何修饰语。bybike，bytaxi，byplane，byship/boat，bytrain，byspaceshipin/on当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用in或on，名词前用冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰。inthisplane，inacar，onanearlytrain，onmybike，onthehorse,2.with，可表示“用”，不涉及交通和通讯工具。,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。Theyarediggingwithaspade.他们正在用铲子挖。Weseewithoureyes.我们用眼睛看东西。,表达“用方式”的介词短语有：inthis/that/thesameway,bymeansof，bythis/thatmeans,withthis/thatmethod,14.Iwentthere_air.15.Hebrokethewindow_astone.16.Wewillneverforgetthishistoricallessonwritten_blood.17.Theytalked_thetelephone.答案14.by15.with16.in17.on,五、几个高频介词的用法1.against的用法,2.beyond的用法,3.by的用法,单句改错23.Thecoatwasmadewithhand,notwithamachine.改：_24.Thefruitsaresoldbypound.改：_25.Theproblemisdifficulttoansweranditsagainstme.改：_,26.Everybodywastouchedbywordsaftertheyheardhermovingstory.改：_27.ThedictionaryiswhatIwant,butIdonthaveenoughmoneyonme.改：_答案23.第一个withby24.by后加the25.againstbeyond26.bybeyond27.onwith,短语互译28.beyondrecognition_29.beyondbelief_30.beyondrepair_31.手工_32.通过无线电_33.碰巧_34.错误地_35.故意地_36.抓住某人的手takesbby_,答案28.认不出来29.难以相信30.不能修理31.byhand32.byradio33.bychance/accident34.bymistake35.bydesign36.thehand,知识点二介词短语,一、介词搭配,介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一定的成分。介词的常用搭配形式如下：,1.介词名词：inturn轮流；indanger危险中；outoforder出故障；bynomeans决不2.名词介词：reasonfor的原因；effect/influenceon对的影响,3.形容词介词：angrywith对(某人)生气；concernedabout关心4.动词介词：laughat嘲笑；agreeon对达成协议5.动词副词介词：goinfor爱好；从事；putupwith忍受6.动词名词介词：takeadvantageof利用；payattentionto注意7.动词sb/sth介词：preventsbfrom.阻止某人做；remindsbof.提醒某人,二、复杂介词型1.表示原因,becauseof，owingto，dueto，onaccountof，dueto，thanksto等。,2.表示“除之外”的withtheexceptionof，exceptfor，apartfrom，inadditionto等。3.表示“有关，关于”concerning，withrespectto，asfor，asto等。,4.表示“在之前”aheadof，inadvanceof，infrontof等。5.表示“支持，赞成”insupportof，infavorof等。6.表示“鉴于；按照；依据”intermsof，accordingto,inviewof等。7.表示“尽管”；“不管”inspiteof，regardlessof等。,1.Whenaskedabouttheiropinionsabouttheschoolmaster，manyteacherswouldprefertoseehimstepaside_favorofyoungermen.答案in句意：在被问到他们对校长的看法时，很多老师说他们宁愿看到他让贤于更年轻的人。2.Moreandmorehigh-risebuildingshavebeenbuiltinbigcities_lackofspace.答案forforlackof(由于缺乏)。,3.Wegivedogstime，spaceandlovewecanspare，and_return，dogsgiveustheirall.答案in介词名词构成的固定短语也是高考的常考点，因此，熟记介词短语的意义是辨析语意的关键。常见的介词短语主要由by，for，in，on等活跃介词名词构成，如bychance/accident(偶然)，onpurpose(故意)，inreturn(作为回报)。,易错点4固定句式记忆不牢固,Youhavenoideahowshefinishedtherelayrace_herfootwoundedsomuch.答案with【即时小练】Iwas_thepointoftelephoninghimwhenhisletterarrived.答案ononthepointofdoingsth是固定搭配，另外注意这个句子中并列连词when连接的固定句型：onthepointofdoing.when.，意思是“正要干这时”，这样的句型还有beabouttodo.when.;wasdoing.when.。句意：我正要给他打电话，他的信到了。,单句填空请填入一个适当的词。,灵活运用,1.So,Ijustlookedather_aquestioningexpressiononmyface.表示脸上“带着”疑问的表情。2.Duringthewinter,theyremindthemselves,“Thiswontlastlong；wellsoonbeoutofhere.”And_thefirstwarmday,theantsareout.表示“在”具体的某一天。,with,on,3.Thenewboylookedattheteacher_afewsecondsandalltheotherstudentswonderedwhattheboywoulddo.表示某个动词或状态延续了多久，用“for+时间段”。4.IdidntwanttobelaughedatfortalkingtohimbutIdidntlikeleavinghim_hisowneither.因ononesown(=alone)是固定搭配。,for,on,5.Histeachertookadeepdrinkandthankedhisstudentverymuchforthesweetwater.Theyoungmanwenthome_ahappyheart.,名词ahappyheart在句中不作主语,也不作动词的宾语,就应是作介词的宾语,空格处应填介词;由句意可知,是指这个年轻人“带着”愉快的心情回家,表示“带着”用with。,with,6.Janestoppedwhereasmallcrowdofmenhadgathered.Shefoundsomegoodqualitypipes_sale.,固定搭配onsale,表示“出售”。,on,7.WhenJanegothome,withhersmallbutwell-chosenpresentinherbag,herparentswerealready_tablehavingsupper.,名词(table)在句中不作主语,也不作动词的宾语,很可能就是作介词的宾语;由havingsupper可知,填at;因为attable表示“在餐桌边,在进餐”,也是习惯搭配。,at,8.Hewasverytired_doingthisforawholeday.,因“他感到很累”应是“在他做了一整天事之后”,表示“在之后”,用介词after;另外betiredfromdoing表示“因做某事而累”，所以也可填from。,after/from,9.Irealizedthatthevillagerswhohadgatheredaroundmewerearguingastowhoshouldhavethehonourofreceivingme_aguestintheirhouse.,意思是“把我当作客人”来接待,表示“当作,作为”,用介词as。,as,10.Whenthetimecameformetosaygoodbyetomyfriendsinthevillage,Iwantedtorewardtheoldwoman_thetroubleIhadcausedher.,表示“因而酬谢/报答某人”是rewardsb.forsth.。,for,11.IoncetookawalkalongthestreetonaSaturdaydusk,_aPepsicaninmyhand.构成with复合结构，表伴随。,with,12.Weshouldtakesomemeasurestofight_pollution.短语：fightagainst同作斗争。13.Duringonevisit_thePacificislandsofTonga，aspecially-prepareddinnerwasarrangedinherhonor.名词visit有“参观某地”之意，后接介词to，再接地点。,against,to,14.Wedbetterdiscusseverything_detailbeforeweworkouttheplan.搭配：indetail详细地。句意为：我们在执行计划之前最好详细地把所有事情讨论一番。,in,15.Tryonthisredskirt;youwilllookgreat_it.表示“穿着”。,in,单句改错,1.Iworkedlikeapostmanforashorttime,butIamafraidofdogsandIhadalotoftrouble.likeas因为workasapostman表示“当邮递员”。2.NosoonerhadIgotoffmybicyclethanalargedograntowardsthegate,barkingloudlytome.toat指狗“朝”我大声叫，用at。,3.Theterrible-lookingdogpickedthecardimmediatelyandcarrieditinthehouse.Thedogwasagoodpostman.,ininto把明信片叼“进”房子里。into表示“进入”，in表示“在里”。,4.Inaverycoldandwindymorning,MissJoneswalkedtotheschool,andthecoldwindwentintohereyes,andbigtearsbeganrollingoutofthem.,InOn通常说inthemorning/afternoon/evening，但是当它们与形容词连用表示“在一个样的上午/下午/晚上”时，或表示具体某天的上午/下午/晚上时，要用