英语专业级作文写作指南PPT课件

.,1,英语专业四级作文写作指南,.,2,三段式的作文写作手法综述,作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种：1)开门见山，点明主题在“WideningGapBetweentheRichandthePoor”(日益拉大的贫富差距)的范文的开头一句是：Thesedaysweoftenhearaboutthewideninggapbetweentherichandthepoor,.,3,2)正反表态法例如，1999年的专四作义考题“AMajorAdvantage/DisadvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision”(电视广告的一个主要优点缺点)可以采用正反表态的方法开篇：NowadaysmoreandmoreadvertisementsareseenonTVeverydaySomepeoplethinkthatadvertisingonTVcanbringusalotofbenefits，butothersholdthedifferentopinionsInmyopinionIaminfavoroftheformer,.,4,在“WhereWouldYouGoafterGraduation?”(大学毕业后到何处发展?)的范文的开头一段采用了正反表态法：Aftergraduation，somestudentschoosetogotosupercitiesforcareerdevelopmentMeanwhile，somestudentsprefertoreturntotheirhometownsAsforme，Iwouldliketogobacktomyhomecity,.,5,1）“一些人认为”Some无数的numerous/myriad(anumber/myriadof)大量的Aconsiderable/significant/noticeableamount/quantity/portionof对半的almost/nearly/approximatelyhalfof大多的the(vast/overwhelming)majorityof,.,6,“一些人认为”people公众thepublic各行各业peoplefromallwalksoflife/community/education/background支持/反对者followersobjectors；consentersdissenters参与者participants/candidates/interviewees,.,7,“一些人认为”think认为assume/claim/declare/assert/state/insist/maintainthat支持express/show/demonstrateonessupportfor赞成/反对castonesballotfor/against；standonthesideof意见是onesviewpointisthat/bewiththeviewthat,.,8,导致利弊Advantage/disadvantage;merit/drawback;blessing/curse;benefit/harm;outweighleadto,contributeto,resultin,bringabout,giverisetoowingto,dueto,thanksto,resultfrom,inthat,attributeto,.,9,句式Manypeopleconsideritappropriatethatmoreemphasisshouldbeputonthedevelopmentofstudentscapacityforreasoningandlogicalthinking,whileothersthinkthatmorebenefitswouldbegainedfromaneducationthatalsotaughtthemtoexploretheirownemotions.Thosewhoarguethatwhileotherswhoclaimthat,.,10,3)让步法也称为先抑后扬法，先把反方观点引出来，做一个肯定的评价，然后笔锋一转，回到自己的观点上来。比较适用于“对比选择型”题目。,.,11,例如，2004年的专四作文考题“WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?”(电话是否会使书信消失?)的开头可以采用让步法：Nowadays，youngpeoplechoosetophoneeachotherratherthanwritelettersSomeareworriedthatletterwritingwillbeuselessinthefutureEvenso,Istillmaintainthatletterwritingwillneverbekilledbyphones，despitethefactthatwehavealreadysteppedintotheinformationage,.,12,再如，在“DegreeandUniversityStudy”(学位与大学学习)的范文的开头一段采用了先抑后扬的手法，首先肯定学位的重要性，然后提出了“学位并不是大学学习的一切”这样的观点：Inoursociety，themostcommonlyrecognizedstandardofastudentsacademicachievementisthedegreeConsequentlysomepeopleregardthedegreeastheonlythingvaluablewhilestudyingincollegeAdmittedly，thedegreeisessentialforstudentswhowantaprosperousfuture，butitisbynomeanstheonlypurposeatuniversity,.,13,4)背景法即对一个现象进行分析时，先把这个现象事件的原因、结果、发展等背景信息介绍一下，然后再给出自己的看法。这种写法适合“给定观点型”和“自由发挥型”。,.,14,例如，2003年的专四作文考题“TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood”(保持良好心态的重要性)可以采用如下一段作为开头，先介绍背景，然后提出观点：Themodernsocietyischaracterizedbyrapidpace，andpeopleinsuchasocietyhavetocopewithalotofpressuresfromeitherouterworldorinnerwillThemostdifficult，butnecessarythingforthemistokeepagoodmoodunderwhatevercircumstances,.,15,再如1998年的专四作文考题“OneWaytoSolvetheProblem”(解决问题的一个方法)的首段可以先介绍机动车是城市污染的主要来源，接下来亮出自己的观点发展公共交通：VehiclesareamajorsourceofairpollutionincitiesInmyopinion，thesolutiontothispollutionproblemisdevelopingthemodernpublictransportation,.,16,再如，在“HowtoDealwiththeProblemofUnemployment”(怎样处理失业的问题)的范文的开头一段：Inrecentyears，ChinahasexperiencedanalarmingincreaseinunemploymentrateUnemploymentismorethananeconomicproblemIfitwerenothandledproperly，itwouldresultinserioussocialproblemsEffectivemeasuresmustbetakentosolvetheunemploymentproblem,.,17,5)提问式要讨论什么就先把话题以问句形式提出，然后通过回答问题表达自己的观点。或者，对自己的观点做个理由概述先写出反方观点，对其进行反驳，顺势提出自己的观点。比较适用于“对比选择型”题目。,.,18,例如，在“FactorsInfluencingYoungAdults”(影响青年人成长的因素)的范文的开头一段：Ofthevariousfactorsthatcanhaveinfluenceonyoungadults，thefamilyandfriendsstandoutmostWhichofthetwoismoreimportant?Myviewisthatitisfriendswhohavemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults,.,19,再如，在“ChoosingaJobProfitableoraJobILove”(选择赚钱的工作还是自己喜欢的工作)的范文第一段：Howcanonefindadesirablejob?ThisquestionpuzzlesnearlyeveryoneInpractice，mostpeoplelookforwell-paidjobswhileafewsearchforjobstheylove,.,20,2作文主体部分的写作,(1)论证手法当段落的主题为一理论性论点时，就需要举例或例证来加以支持，以说服读者。举例和例证使抽象的概念具体化，而所举的事例也应该具有充分的说服力，同时逻辑严密。,.,21,例如，2001年的专四作文考题“TravelBroadenstheMind”(旅游开阔视野)的主体段可以通过“自己到西安旅游”的例子进行论证，如下：ConsidermyownexperienceasanexampleTwoyearsago，IvisitedXian，anancientcityXianisacityofrichculturalinheritanceTherearesomanyplacesofintereststhere，suchastheoldcitywalls，thetomboftheEmperorQinandsoonItseemsthateverythingtheretellthestoriesandhistoryoftheancientChinaInthisway,Ihavegainedknowledgeofhistoryandculture，whichismorevividandimpressivethanwhatislearnedinclass,.,22,再如，在“OpportunityandSuccess”(机遇与成功)的范文的论证过程中，以牛顿发现万有引力定律为例，说明了获得机遇只是获得了成功的可能性，只有加上不懈的努力，可能性才会变成现实：Whenanopportunitycomes，itbringspromiseforsuccess，butthatpromisenevercomestruebyitsownThepopularstoryofhowNewtonwashitbyafallingappleandthusfindingtheUniversalLawofGravitationalsoprovesthisIsupposemanypeoplebeforeNewtonsawapplesfall，butnonefoundanythingaboutgravityHowever，Newtontooktheopportunitytothinkaboutthephenomenonfurther，proposeanddemonstrateatheorytoexplainitThisindicatesyoumustmakeeffortsbefore，duringandafteryougetanopportunityThus，whenitiscoming，youcanrecognizeit；whenitisthere，youcangraspit；whenitisinyourhand，youcanturnitintosuccess,.,23,(2)因果法(CauseandEffect)例如，2004年的专四作文考题“WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?”(电话是否会使书信消失?)的一个参考写法，作者持否定态度，他给出了三个理由，如下：First，peoplecannotonlygreeteachotherbutalsoexchangetheirthoughtsinlettersBecausewhenapersonwrites，hemustorganizehismindandexpresshisideasandfeelingsmorelogically，whiletelephoneoftenmakespeoplelazySecond，letterscanbekeptasarecordofmemory，whilephonecannotYoucanimagine，whenyoureadsomeoldletters，alotofbeautifulandindeliblememorieswillbebroughtbacktoyouLast，sendingaletterismuchcheaperthanhavingatelephonecall，especiallywhenwhomyouwanttocommunicatewithisinanothercity,.,24,再如，在“HowtoGetAlongwithYourRoommates?”(如何与你的室友相处?)的范文，采用了因果法的方式论证了室友关系的重要性：RoommatesconstitutethemostintimatepartnersinourcollegelifeTheyenableustohaveaccesstodifferentregionalsubculturesofChina，differentpersonalitiesanduniqueness，andsomeofthemwillbecomeourlifefriendsTheyalsocompriseourwarmdormitoryforfouryearsTheseadvantages.,.,25,(3)比较与对比法(ComparisonandContrast)例如，1996年的专四作文考题“TheMainDifferenceBetweenMyCollegeLifeandMyMiddleSchoolLife”(我的大学生活和中学生活的主要不同)的范文，对比了大学牛活和中学生活在课外活动方面的不同，如下：.thesociallifeincollegeiscolorfulVariousclubsandcommunitieswelcomeanystudents，whereasinmiddleschool，chancesforextracurricularactivitieswerelittle,.,26,再如，在“InternetorLibrary?”(上网还是去图书馆?)范文，采用了对比论证的方式说明了选择图书馆学习的原因：Foronething，IamofopinionthatlibraryismoreofareliablesourceofinformationAsisknown，publicationswillhavetogothroughstrictcensorshipbeforetheycomeoutInschoollibraries，librarianswillorderbooksaccordingtotherequirementofteachingandlearningInthisway，readerscanhaveaccesstoreliableinformationFurthermore，libraryisabetterplacetostudyinWhenyouareinthelibrary,withalmostallthestudentsabsorbedintheirstudies，youwillbeabletoconcentrateonyourbooksinsuchanatmosphere,.,27,Foranother，althoughusingtheIntemetismoreconvenient，IfindstudyingbeforecomputerscreenanunhealthyexperienceTherearewarningsthatradiationfromcomputermaydodamagetoourbodyTakingmyselfforinstance，mysighthasbecomeweakerandweakeraftersemestersofunrestrictedlyusingtheIntemetInconsequence，IhavesetarulethatlimitsmyusingtheInternettoonehoureachtime,.,28,(4)引用论证(QuotationsofProverbsorFacts)恰当地引用，可以是某人的一句话、一句名言或一个谚语，以加深读者对文章的感受。通过合适地引入事实数据，既为文章添彩，又增强了说服力。例如，在“WideningGapBetweentheRichandthePoor”(日益拉大的贫富差距)的范文的论证过程中，引用了孔子的一句名言“国不患寡而患不均”：TheConfuciusoncesaid，“Anationisnottroubledbypoverty，butbydisparity”Unfairnessindistributionofwealthputsthesocietyatstake,.,29,(5)综合法(CombinationofMethods)在段落发展中同时应用以上介绍的几种不同手段即为综合法。事实上，在多数情况下，段落写作都是各种不同方法的综合应用，很少单纯采用一种方法来展开段落或文章，常见的为两、三种方法混合使用，例如因果法与例证法合用，因果法与引用论证同时使用等。,.,30,3作文结尾部分的写作1)总结式对全文做简短的归纳、概括，得出结论。例如，在“AMajorAdvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision”(电视广告的优点1999年真题)的范文的最后一段总结了中间段落的两个分论点，就电视广告所传达的信息、而言，制造商和消费者都能受益：Fromtheabove，wecaneasilyseethatTVadvertisingisbeneficialbothtomanufacturersandconsumersonaccountoftheabundantinformationitprovided,.,31,再如，在“TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood”(保持良好心情的重要性)的范文的最后一段，同样也总结了中间两段的分论点，保持良好心情既有助于建立友谊，也有助于保持健康：Takingintoaccountofallthesefactors，wemaydrawtheconclusionthatkeepingagoodmoodbringsyounotonlyfriendship，buthealthaswell,.,32,2)重申式重申主题，即再次强调和肯定文章引言段中阐述的中心思想。例如，在“SchoolandMajor?”的范文中的最后一段再次强调作者观点(Ipreferaprestigiousuniversity)：Asforme，choosingagooduniversityiswiser，asfarasthefuturejob-huntingisconcerned,.,33,再如，在“FactorsInfluencingYoungAdults”的范文中的第一段就已表述了作者观点：Myviewisthatitisfriendswhohavemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults最后一段再次强调作者观点：But，generallyspeaking，inmostcases，friendsarethemoreimportantinfluenceonyoungadults,.,34,3)引申式提出建议，提供解决办法。这种方法特别适用于讨论问题的文章，例如对某事的原因或结果的分析，提出建议和解决办法，也可展望未来。住文章结尾处表示对未来的展望或号召读者采取行动。,.,35,例如，在“WideningGapBetweentheRichandthePoor”(日益拉大的贫富差距)的范文的最后一段中提出建议，为了解决贫富差距问题，必须加大教育投资，创造就业机会：.Thegovernmentshouldmakemoreinvestmenttoensureequalchancesofeducation.Weshouldcreatemorejobopportunities.,.,36,再如，在“HavingaCompanybeforeGraduation”(毕业前开公司)的范文中，在说明了大学生在开公司前要慎重考虑后，在最后一句话提出，大学生应该记得自己的身份，大学学习才是他们毕业后走向社会的必要准备，主题有所深化：Fromtheabovediscussion,IholdtheviewthatcollegestudentsshouldbecarefulwhentheydecidewhethertheyshouldhaveacompanyornotTheyshouldremembertheyarestudents，andtheirstudyinuniversityistheessentialpreparationfortheirsuccessinsocietyaftergraduation,.,37,1词的变化如要表示“使”，不要仅依靠make:a)Thissocietystillmakeswomenunabletoenjoyequalrights.b)Womenarestilldeniedequalrights.a)Theincidentmademerecalloneofmypastexperiences.b)Theincidentremindedmeofoneofmypastexperiences.,.,38,如要表达“越来越”，不要只使用moreandmore:a)MoreandmorestudentsfindlearningEnglishhasbecomemoreandmoredifficult.b)Studentsingrowingnumbersfindlearninghasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.a)Moreandmoreteenagerssmokecigarettesinrecentyears.b)Teenagesmokingisontheriseinrecentyears.a)Moreandmoreteachersaredemandedwiththedevelopmentofeconomy.b)Thereisanincreasingdemandforteacherswiththedevelopmentofeconomy.,.,39,例4如要表达“大多数”，不要一味用most:a)Moststudentstakeapart-timejobafterclass.b)Thevastmajorityofstudentstakeapart-timejobafterclassa)Mostpeopletakepartinsportsofdifferentkinds.b)Theconsiderableproportionofpeopletakepartinsportsofdifferentkinds.a)Mostcollegestudentstakeanegativeattitudetowardssmoking.b)Thelargepercentageofcollegepopulationtakeanegativeattitudetowardssmoking.,.,40,例5如要表达“不仅，而且”不要只用notonly.butalso:a)Thefactorsforariseinteenagesmokingisnotonlysocialbutalsopsychological.b)Thefactorsforariseinteenagesmokingispsychologicalaswellassocial.a)Takingaparttimejobcannotonlyearnalittlemoney,butalsohaveanopportunitytocontactwithsociety.b)Takingaparttimejobmeansmorethanalittlemoneyyoucanearn.Italsomeansanopportunitytocontactwithsociety.a)Oldpeoplegotoparknotonlytodoexercisebutalsotomakefriends.b)Oldpeoplegotoparkasmuchforcompanionshipasforexercise.,.,41,TV:ABlessingoraCurse一篇作文的主体段如下：Asisoftenpointedout,televisionkeepsonebetterinformedaboutthecurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinpoliticsandscience,andoffersendlessseriesofprogrammeswhicharebothinstructiveandstimulating.Themostdistantcountries,thestrangestcustomsandattractivescenesofnaturearebroughtrightintoonesroom.Yethereagain,thereisdanger.ThemainproblemwithTVhasbeenitsnegativeeffectonpeopleingeneral.Forexample,rubbishycommercialsandharmfulprogramscontributingtotheriseinviolenceandcrimeinthestreets.,.,42,以下a)句显得不够简炼，而b)句就是真正的简炼，但又不流于简单：a)TheprogressIhavemademakesmesurprised.b)TheprogressIhavemadesurprisesme.a)Thismakesmeconcludethatmoneydoesntmeaneveything.b)Thisleadsmetotheconclusionthatmoneydoesntmeaneverything.,.,43,2.句型的变化不要连续使用几个简单句（如例9中的a),要学会使用复杂句（如例9中的b)。例9a)Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers.Undersuchcircumstances,theyresorttosmoking.Butsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.b)Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,teenagersoftenresorttosmoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.,.,44,a)Collegestudentsnowareprimarilyinterestedingradesandeconomicsuccess.Theyareexpectedtocheatonexamsmorefrequently.Thisisnotlikethosewhograduated10yearsago.Theyareonlyconcernedwiththeirownpersonalfuture.Theyconsiderlittleproblemsofsociety.Allthesearereportedbyarecentstudy.b)Arecentstudyreportsthatcollegestudentsnowareprimarilyinterestedingradesandeconomicsuccess,thattheyareexpectedtocheatonexamsmorefrequentlythanthosewhograduated10yearsago,andthattheyaremoreconcernedwiththeirownpersonalfuturethanwithproblemsofsociety.,.,45,不要总是以有生命的名词和人称代词开头（受汉语表达习惯的影响，不少考生总喜欢以I,People,We等开头），如例10中的a).例10a)ManypeoplethinkbirthcontrolisquitenecessaryinChina.b)Itiswidely(commonly)thought/believed/held/accepted)thatbirthcontrolisquitenecessaryinChina.,.,46,a)Moreandmorepeopleagree(realize/areaware)thatwomenshouldenjoyfullequalitywithmen.b)Thereisagrowingagreement(realization/awareness)thatwomenshouldenjoyfullequalitywithmen.a)ManyChinesepeoplehavegonetotheUnitedStatesinthepast15years.b)Thepast15yearshavebroughtmanyChinesepeopletotheUnitedStates.a)Wealmostforgetthisevent.b)Thiseventisnowalmostfadingfromourmemory.,.,47,a)Studentsshouldcertainlymakecontinuousefforts.b)Continuouseffortsonthepartofstudentsarecertainlyrequired.a)Weeasilydrewtheconclusionthroughtheinvestigation.b)Theinvestigationeasilyledustotheconclusion.,.,48,不要千篇一律地使用主动态（英语中被动结构的使用频率远高于汉语），如例11中的a).例11a)WearemakinggreateffortstoimproveourEnglish.b)GreateffortsarebeingmadetoimproveourEnglish.a)Weknowverylittleaboutthenatureofhumanbeings.b)Littleisknownaboutthenatureofhumanbeings.,.,49,a)Becauseofsocialdemands,thereappearmanyeveningschools.b)Manyeveningschoolsarecalledintoexistencebysocialdemands.a)Wemaythinkmoreoftheelderlywholiveapartfromtheirchildren.b)Morethoughtmaybegiventotheelderlywholiveapartfromtheirchildren.,.,50,不要总是用if（如果），because（因为），when（当）等口语意味较重的句子，如例12中的a)；要注意使用书面语体的句子，如例12中的b)。例12a)Ifyoucomparebicycleswithcarscarefully,youwillfindbicyclesaresuperiortocars.b)Carefulcomparisonofbicycleswithcarswillshowthesuperiorityoftheformeroverthelatter.,.,51,a)Ifweonlyapplybookknowledge,wewillnotgetgoodresults.b)Theapplicationofbookknowledgealonewontbringyougoodresults.a)Ifwecanbetterunderstandthegreaterpressureofpopulationgrowth,wewillhaveacorrectatitudetowardsfamilyplanning.b)Abetterunderstandingofthegreaterpressureofpopulationgrowthisessentialtoacorrectattitudetowardsfamilyplanning.,.,52,a)Whenawomanseesthatsheisgoingtobelaidoff,shebeginstoworryalldayandnight.b)Themereprospectoflay-offwouldsetawomantoworryalldayandnight.a)Whenourteacherhadleft,theheateddiscussionthenended.b)Thedepartureofourteacherbroughttheheateddiscussiontoanend.a)Onlywhenwemakecontinuousefforts,canweseizeanopportunitywhenitoccurs.b)Continuouseffortsmustbemadebeforeitispossibleforustoseizeanopportunitywhenitoccurs.,.,53,a)Becausewecannotapplybookknowledgetopractice,wecannothandlerealproblemsinsociey.b)Theinabilitytoapplybookknowledgetopracticepreventsusfromhandlingrealproblemsinsociey.a)Becausethedecisionrecognizestherightsofstudents,sotheyallwelcomeit.b)Studentsallwelcomethedecisionwhichrecognizestheirrights.,.,54,不要对动词过分依赖，如例13中的a）；要学会用名词结构来表达意思，如例13中的b)。例13a)Thestyleoflivinghasbecomemoreandmorepopularandacceptedbymoreandmoreyoungpeople.b)Thestyleoflivinghasfounditsgrowingpopularityandacceptanceamongyoungpeople.a)Itistimeforustoreviseeducationalsystemandthenprovideittooursociety.b)Itistimeforustoprovideoursocietyarevisededucationalsystem.,.,55,a)IfwearewatchingtoomuchTV,ourreadingabilitywillbeseriouslyaffected.b)HeavyexposuretoTVwillexertannegativeeffectonourreadingability.a)Ifwedontrecognizetheseriousproblemofgrowingpopulation,wewillmakeabigmistak