英汉对比与翻译好PPT课件

.,1,翻,译,欢迎光临,英,对,比,与,翻,译,汉,English-ChineseContrastandTranslation,.,2,AChinesepoemsays,“Abosomfriendafarbringsadistantlandnear.”海内存知己，天涯若比邻,Wishingyouhappinesseveryday!,.,3,翻,译,欢迎光临,英,对,比,与,翻,译,汉,ThreeParts1.Languagetransfer（语言迁移）2.Linguisticcontrast（语言对比）3.Contrastandtranslation（对比与翻译）,.,4,PartOneLanguageTransferinFLLearning:InterferenceorFacilitation?外语学习中的语言迁移：干扰还是促进？,.,5,WhatIsLanguageTransfer?,Transferistheinfluenceresultingfromthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviouslyacquired.Odlin(1989:27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。奥德林,.,6,TwoTypesofTransfer,NegativeTransfer(负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.类推会产生错误。,PositiveTransfer（正迁移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.分析能减少错误。,KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。,.,7,NegativeTransfer(负迁移):Interference(干扰),Causes:analogicaluseofonespriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母语先知结构的类推运用scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages对两种语言的差异所知甚少unconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯Chinglish=Englishwords+Chinesestructure汉语式英语=英语单词+汉语结构,.,8,NativeLanguageTransferDoesExist.母语迁移现象确实存在,Theageofthelearner:around20学习者的年龄：20上下Thelearningcontext：Chinese学习的语境：汉语,.,9,ExamplesofNegativeTransfer,Phonologicaltransfer(语音迁移)Thesound/n/or/f/doesnotexistinsomeChinesedialectsand/l/or/h/servesasasubstitute.在有些中国方言（如南京/闽南方言）中没有辅音/n/或/f/，而用辅音/l/或/h/来替代。,1、这位作家喜欢晚上写作。,Thewriterlikeswritingatlight.,(night),他不怕死。Hedoesnotheartodie.,(fear),.,10,ExamplesofNegativeTransfer,Heonlyeattwomealaday.,2、他一天只吃两顿饭。,Morphologicaltransfer（词形迁移）NeithernounsnorverbshaveinflectionsinChinese.在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。,(eats)(meals),我去年到北京去了三次。IgotoBeijing3timelastyear.,(went)(times),.,11,ExamplesofNegativeTransfer,Shanghaiissaidtohavethirty-threemillionpopulation.,3、据说上海有三千三百万人口。,Collocationtransfer(搭配迁移)Thenounrenkou,theChineseequivalentofpopulation,canhaveanumericalpre-modifier.Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。,Shanghaiissaidtohaveapopulationofthirty-threemillion.,Shanghaiissaidtohavethirty-threemillionpeople.,.,12,ExamplesofNegativeTransfer,Measuresmustbetakentonarrowthegapbetweenthepoorandtherich.,4、要采取措施缩小贫富差距。,Wordordertransfer(词序迁移),东南西北或迟或早悲欢离合衣食住行废寝忘食水陆交通饥寒交迫田径项目生老病死,therichandthepoor,.,13,ExamplesofNegativeTransfer,Hesuggestedmetoacceptthisoffer.,5、他建议我接受这个报价。,Syntacticaltransfer(句型迁移)Theverbjianyi,theChineseequivalentofsuggest,canbeusedinVOCpatterninChinese.Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用“动词+宾语+补语”的结构。,HesuggestedthatI(should)acceptthisoffer.,Hesuggestedmy(me)acceptingthisoffer.,.,14,ExamplesofNegativeTransfer,6.-YourEnglishiswonderful.-Oh,no.MyEnglishisstillpoor.,Pragmatictransfer(语用迁移)ThenegativereplytoacomplimentisconsideredinChineseasmodestandcourteous.对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。,-YourEnglishiswonderful.-Thankyou,butIstillhavealongwaytogobeforeIreallymasterit.,.,15,TwoTypesofTransfer,NegativeTransfer(负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.类推会产生错误。,PositiveTransfer（正迁移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.分析能减少错误。,Wecouldturnnegativetransfer(interference)intopositive(facilitation)bymakinganalysisondifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandarousethelearnersawarenessofavoidingorreducingerrorsfromanalogy.,我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。,.,16,PartTwoAContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChinese英汉语对比研究,.,17,DifferenceBetweenComparativeStudyandContrastiveStudy,ComparativeStudylaysemphasisonthesimilaritiesbetweenlanguagesandappliesthediachronicmethodofresearch.比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。,ContrastiveStudylaysemphasisonthedifferencesbetweenlanguagesandappliesthesynchronicmethodofresearch.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。,.,18,语义型与形态型,.,19,Pleasetranslatethefollowing:,不要人云亦云。Dontsaywhatothershavesaid.这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。Whetheryoudothematterorhedoesit,Imafraidneitherwilldoitwell.支农惠农政策不断加强。Policieswereconstantlystrengthenedtosupportandbenefitagriculture.必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。Measuresmustbetakentodevelopnewenergyresourcesbeforepetroleumresourcesareusedup.,.,20,Pleasetranslatethefollowing:,你再不起床，我要掀被子了。Ifyoushouldrefusetogetup,Iwouldpulloffyourquilt.本拉登不死，美国就不会停止对他的追杀。IfbinLadenhadntdied,theUSwouldnthavestoppedhuntingforhim.,.,21,Pleasecomparetheunderlinedwords:,不要人云亦云。这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。支农惠农政策不断加强。必须采取措施在石油耗尽之前开发新能源。你再不起床，我要掀被子了。本拉登不死，美国就不会停止对他的追杀。,Dontsaywhatothershavesaid.Whetheryoudoitorhedoesit,Imafraidneitherwilldoitwell.Policieswereconstantlystrengthenedtosupportandbenefitagriculture.Measuresmustbetakentodevelopnewenergyresourcesbeforepetroleumareusedup.Ifyoushouldrefusetogetup,Iwouldpulloffyourquilt.IfbinLadenhadntdied,theUSwouldnthavestoppedhuntingforhim.,Tense（时态）,Voice（语态）,Mood（语气）,.,22,Lackinginflectioninthestrictsense缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们认真的态度、认真地学习,Retainingsomeinflections保留一些形态变化v.（动词）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名词）:number,case,genderpron.（代词）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容词）:degreead.（副词）:degree,Chinese,English,.,23,病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。,Sicknesscomeslikeanavalanche,butgoeslikereelingsilk.,Iwontgosolongashedoes.,他去我不去。,人无远虑，必有近忧。,他人老心不老。,Althoughhehasagedphysically,heremainsyoungatheart.,Ifonehasnolong-termconsiderations,hewillfindtroubleathisdoorstep.,我来他已去。,HehadleftwhenIarrived.,(Condition条件),(Contrast,Opposition对照、转折),(TimeOrder时间先后),(Concession让步),.,24,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,Chinese语义型语言(以意统形)Meaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隐性连贯),English形态型语言(以形驭意)Form-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（显性联接）,.,25,翻,译,欢迎光临,AnotherMajorDifferenceLookatthesentencestructuresofthetwolanguagesfromanotherperspective.,.,26,Lookatthesentencestructuresofthetwolanguagesfromanotherperspective:,*我的小孙子他很调皮。Mylittlegrandsonisverynaughty.*彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。Thecolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.*那辆破车，你早该把它淘汰了。Youshouldhavethrownawaytheclunker.Theclunkershouldhavebeenthrownaway.*英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。ItisbynomeanseasytolearntheEnglishlanguage.,.,27,Comparethesentencestructuresofthetwolanguages:,我的小孙子他很调皮。彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。那辆破车，你早该把它淘汰了。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。,Mylittlegrandsonisverynaughty.Thecolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.Youshouldhavethrownawaytheclunker.ItisbynomeanseasytolearntheEnglishlanguage.,ChineseStructure:Topic-Comment话题-评论,EnglishStructure:Subject-Predicate主语-谓语,.,28,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,ChineseTopic-prominentLanguage话题突出型语言Topic-CommentSentenceStructure（话题-评论结构）,EnglishSubject-prominentLanguage主语突出型语言Subject-PredicateSentenceStructure（主语-谓语结构）,.,29,波浪型与树枝型,.,30,Chinese:wave-likediscoursestructure（汉语的波式语段结构）,汉语的语段结构犹如大海的波浪，流泻自由，似分似合，可断可连，主谓难辨，形散神聚。,开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。,.,31,开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。,AtfirstMotherandIwouldntletFathersmoke.After()contractedthefataldisease,()thoughtdifferently.()Just()smoke,()buythebestcigarettes,()smokewhenever()likedto.,AtfirstMotherandIwouldntletFathersmoke.After(Father)contractedthefataldisease,(we)thoughtdifferently.(Wewould)Just(lethim)smoke,(andwewould)buythebestcigarettes,(andlethim)smokewhenever(he)likedto.,Chinese:wave-likediscoursestructure（汉语的波式语段结构）,.,32,Rhythmicspeechorwritingislikewavesofthesea,movingonwardwithalternatingriseandfall,connectedyetseparated,likebutdifferent,suggestiveofsomelaw,toocomplexforanalysisorstatement,controllingtherelationsbetweenwaveandwave,wavesandsea,phraseandphrase,phrasesandspeech.,H.W.Fowler(18581933):,.,33,H.W.Fowler(18581933):,节奏感强的语言或文字（指汉语），浪峰、浪谷似分似合，彼此相像，又各不相同；隐含着某些规律，但却过于复杂，难以分析或表述；这些规律规范着波浪与波浪、波浪与大海、词组与词组、词组与语段之间的各种关系。,.,34,Chinese:wave-likediscoursestructure（汉语的波式语段结构）,王力（1984）指出，“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”,吕叔湘（1979）说，“汉语口语里有特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连。”,.,35,English:tree-likesentencestructure（英语的树式句子结构）,英语的句子结构好似一棵大树，树干、树枝、分枝、树叶互相连接，结构紧密，形式规范。主谓必须一致，构成树干；定语、状语等其余成分均为枝叶，由连接词语与树干相连，形成一棵完整的大树。,.,36,English:tree-likesentencestructure（英语的树式句子结构）,Branchesandsub-branches:Adverbialsandattributes,Trunkline:S+V+(O),.,37,English:tree-likesentencestructure（英语的树式句子结构）,Asanationofgiftedpeoplewhocompriseaboutone-fourthofthetotalpopulationoftheearth,Chinaplaysinworldaffairsarolethatcanonlygrowmoreimportantintheyearsahead.-JimmyCarter,Branchesandsub-branches:Adverbialsandattributes,Trunkline:S+V+(O),Asanationofgiftedpeoplewhocompriseaboutone-fourthofthetotalpopulationoftheearth,Chinaplaysinworldaffairsarolethatcanonlygrowmoreimportantintheyearsahead.-JimmyCarter,Asanationofgiftedpeoplewhocompriseaboutone-fourthofthetotalpopulationoftheearth,Chinaplaysinworldaffairsarolethatcanonlygrowmoreimportantintheyearsahead.-JimmyCarter,.,38,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,Chinesewave-likediscoursestructure（波式结构）withdifferentsectionsriseandfallfreelylikewaveswithoutregularrules,Englishtree-likesentencestructure（树式结构）withdifferentpartsconnectedcloselylikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunkline,.,39,语序固定与语序灵活的差异,.,40,ChineseOrderofLinguisticElements汉语语序（1）Relativelyfixed（相对固定）,Orderoftime（时间先后顺序）Words:古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死Idioms:冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静Phrases:进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书Sentences:我们在美国读书的时候，结识了一位木匠。有一天，木匠开车接我们去他家，路上所谈，尽是木匠的事，深得其乐,.,41,ChineseOrderofLinguisticElements汉语语序（2）,Orderofspace（空间大小顺序）Words:大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦Idioms:大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今Addresses:中国上海闵行区江川路690号Sentences:一到上海，我们首先想到浦东这片改革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴金融开发区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼令人眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视塔,.,42,ChineseOrderofLinguisticElements汉语语序（3）,Orderofimportance（重轻顺序）Words:天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱Idioms:国破家亡、天久地长、优胜劣汰、恃强凌弱、一人得道，鸡犬升天Phrases:红色的圆木桌、圆形的红木桌、木制的红圆桌Sentences:我用这把刀切肉。这把刀我用来切肉。切肉我用这把刀。,.,43,ChineseOrderofLinguisticElements汉语语序（4）,Orderoflogic（逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果）志同道合，友谊才会持久。名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。天下雨，运动会延期了。他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。,.,44,EnglishOrderofLinguisticElements英语语序,Relativelyflexibleorder（语序相对灵活）resultingfromtheuseofinflectionsandconnectives,theRussianpeople,thepeopleofRussia,thepeoplelivinginRussia,thepeoplewholiveinRussia,animportanteventaneventofimportance,Phrases:,.,45,EnglishOrderofLinguisticElements英语语序,志同道合，友谊才会持久。Friendshipwilllastonlyifitisbasedonacommongoal.Onlyiffriendshipisbasedonacommongoal,itwilllast.,天下雨，运动会延期了。Thesportsmeetwaspostponedbecauseofrain.Becauseofrain,thesportsmeetwaspostponed.,Relativelyflexibleorder（语序相对灵活）resultingfromtheuseofflectionsandconnectives,Sentences:,.,46,Pleasecompare:,我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。,WesawmanysignsofoccupationwhilestrollingalongastreetpastamajorconcentrationofthehutsnotfarawayfromtheCentralAvenue.,PayattentiontoChineseorderoftimeandspace.,我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中央大道不远。,我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。,我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。,.,47,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,ChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）（语序相对固定）,EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（积木）（语序相对灵活）,.,48,狮子型与孔雀型,.,49,Chinese:left-extending,heavy-headedlikealion,树,一棵树,一棵大树,一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,临港新城海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,.,50,Limitedleft-extendingstructure,青岛是一座气候宜人、风景秀丽、建筑风格多样、令人流连忘返的海滨城市。,青岛是一座海滨城市，这里气候宜人，风景秀丽，建筑风格多样，令人流连忘返。,.,51,English:right-extendingheavy-tailedlikeapeacock,Thisisthecat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehouse.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatwasbuiltbyJack.,.,52,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,ChineseChinese:left-extending,heavy-headedlikealion(limitedlyso)狮子型语言,EnglishEnglish:right-extendingheavy-tailedlikeapeacock(almostunlimitedlyso)孔雀型语言,.,53,流动与固定,.,54,English:fixedpointofsight（视点固定）,“我会揍你的。”“不，你不会。”“是的，我会的。”“不，你不会的。”“我会的。”“你不会的。”“会！”“不会！”,“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcant.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcant.”“Ican.”“youcant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,.,55,“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcant.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcant.”“Ican.”“youcant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！,Chinese:movingpointofsight（视点流动）,.,56,我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！,“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcant.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcant.”“Ican.”“youcant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,Pleasecompare:,.,57,can,can,can,can,cant,cant,cant,cant,揍,敢,试,瞧,怕,逃,.,58,Pleasecompare:,“Tomdidntgotoschooltoday,didhe?”askedthemother.“No,hedidnt,”Marysaid.,“汤姆今天没去上学，是吗？”母亲问。“不，他没去。”玛丽说。“是的，他没去。”玛丽说。,.,59,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,Chinesemovingpointofsight（视点流动）,Englishfixedpointofsight（视点固定）,.,60,SixMajorDifferencesBetweenEnglishandChinese英汉六大差异,.,61,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,ChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形),EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意),.,62,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,ChineseTopic-CommentSentenceStructure（话题-评论结构）,EnglishSubject-PredicateSentenceStructure（主语-谓语结构）,Topic-prominentLanguage话题突出型语言,Subject-prominentLanguage主语突出型语言,.,63,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,Chinesewave-likediscoursestructure（波式结构）withdifferentsectionsriseandfallfreelylikewaveswithoutregularrules,Englishtree-likesentencestructure（树式结构）withdifferentpartsconnectedcloselylikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunkline,.,64,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,ChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）（语序相对固定）,EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（积木）（语序相对灵活）,.,65,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,ChineseChinese:left-extending,heavy-headedlikealion狮子型语言,EnglishEnglish:right-extendingheavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型语言,.,66,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,Chinesemovingpointofsight（视点流动）,Englishfixedpointofsight（视点固定）,.,67,PartThreeContrastandTranslation对比与翻译,Enlightenmentontranslationfromthecontrastbetweenthetwolanguages从两种语言的对比中获得的有关翻译的启示,.,68,请翻译并作对比分析Pleasetranslateandmakecontrastiveanalysis.,.,69,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,Astonishmentandevenhorroroppressedhim.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.Thesightofthebigtreealwaysremindsmeofmychildhood.,他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。我一看到那棵大树就回想起童年的情景。,Difference1English:Impersonal(物称)Chinese:Personal(人称),.,70,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,Theyarepaidforthis.Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,andtheproblemsolved.TabletennisisplayedalloverChina.Whyshouldalltheseunpleasantjobsbepushedontome?,他们拿钱就是干这事的。（他们干这事是有偿的。）困难克服了，问题也解决了。乒乓球运动风靡全中国。为什么总要把这些麻烦事推给我？,Difference2English:Passive(被动)Chinese:Active(主动),.,71,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,Ifyouhaveanyproblems,sheisagoodlistener.Thereisacryingneedforanewremedy.Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal.,如果你有麻烦事，她会倾听你诉说。现在急需想出新法子来补救。要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。,Difference3English:Static(静态)Chinese:Dynamic(动态),.,72,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,ItisadvisedthatthemanwhowasseentotakeanumbrellafromthelecturetheatrelastSundayputitbackifhedoesnotwishtogetintotrouble.,上星期日有人看到某人在演讲厅取走雨伞一把，取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，劝他还是将伞放回原处为好。,Difference4English:？Chinese:？,.,73,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,2.Theimageoftherollingwatercarryingthemanandhiscarawayinaninstantisstillimprintedonmymind.,顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水连人带车一古脑儿都给冲走了。这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。,Difference4English:Complex(繁复)Chinese:Simple(简明),.,74,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,LiKuangwasouthuntingonetimewhenhespiedarockinthegrasswhichhemistookforatiger.Heshotanarrowattherockandhititwithsuchforcethatthetipofthearrowembeddeditselfintherock.Later,whenhediscoveredthatitwasarock,hetriedshootingatitagain,buthewasunabletopierceitasecondtime.BurtonWatson,广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。史记,Difference4English:Complex(繁复)Chinese:Simple(简明),.,75,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese,Theydiscussedgreatnessandexcellence.Theireccentricityoftenmakesyoufrown.Westeppedontothemysteriouslandwithcautionanduneasiness.,他他们探讨了伟大和优秀的涵义。他们的古怪行为常常令人皱眉。我们怀着谨慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的国土。,Difference5English:Abstract(抽象）Chinese:Concrete（具体）,.,76,Howtomakeabstractideasconcrete?,1.Byaddingcategorywords,chaosstabilityjealousyflexibilitydecisivenesslightheartedness,混乱状态稳定