The-Taboos-in-Western-EtiquettePPT课件

.,1,TheTaboosinWesternEtiquette,.,2,Thepurposeofthisthreadisnottoagreeordisagreewithtaboos.Justtolistthem.Itisadmissibletoanextenttodebatewhetherornotsomethingisataboo,butpoststhatagree/disagreewithtaboos(orpoststhatrepeatstuffothershaveposted)willgetdeleted.,.,3,Whatisataboo?,Youknowhowtheysaythereretwosidestoeveryissue?Well,atabooisanissuewhereonesideprovokessomuchanger,hysteria,andfearthatnobodydarestoadmithavinganyotheropiniononthatissuethantheoneeveryoneelseclaimstohave.,.,4,TaboosinAustralia,-Bigbusinessesrunningsmalleronesoutofbusiness-BigAustraliancompanies(i.e.VEGEMITE)sellingouttooverseas-Dobbingonyourmates-Bragging-Sleepingwithamatespartner-AtleastwhereImfrom:Goingoutwithaclosematesex(withoutaskingfirst)-Beingaposer-issayingyoucansurfwhenyoucant-(youwouldntbelievethenumberofpeoplewhohangoutatsurfbeachesanddothis.IdontknowifevenallAustraliansknowjusthowmanyofthemthereare-AlthoughtherearelittleracistpocketsofAustraliahereandthere-itisconsideredVERYun-Australiantoberacistordiscriminatory(inanyway)inthevastmajorityofthecountry,.,5,TaboosDecayinAustralia,.,6,Thingshavechangedalittle-forthebetterinAustralia.DebateisonceagainpermittedontheroleofimmigrationinAustralia.Thetriumphalismoftheopen-borderslobbyhasbeenshattered,perhapsirrevocably.Thishappenedinpartbecauseofthecourageandhonestyofourgreatestlivinghistorians,AnaccountofthesavageassaultProf.BlaineysufferedfromAustraliaselitesandhisrecent,unexpectedrehabilitationpermitsanaccuratecameoofhowopinionsarechanginginmycountry.Yes,westillhaveanimmigrationsystemthatignoresournationalinterests,andrespondstopressuregroups.,.,7,Ofcourse,wereceivesteadydosesofgovernmenbromidestoutingmulticulturalismas“theAustralianwayoflife.”Ourpublicfundsstillsupportflamboyantswindlers,suchasKaziZafarAhmed.(This“refugee”isactuallytheformerPrimeMinisterofaforeigncountry.AhmedlootedBangladeshfrom1989-1991,andnowlivesonanAustraliandisabilitypensioninSydney.)Butatleastnowoppositiontotheseidiociescanbeeffectivelyexpressed.Itallbegan20yearsago,onMarch18,1984.Onthatnight,GeoffreyBlaineytookthestageataRotaryClubintheunremarkabletownofWarrnamboolapleasantenoughmetropolis(boasting28,500people)insouthwesternVictoriatospeaktheunspeakable.Tospeakaboutimmigration.,.,8,BeforeItellyouwhathesaidanditwasprettymildstuffyoushouldknowhowimportantandrespectedBlaineywasatthetimeofhisremarks.Bornin1930,Blaineyhadmadenationalliteraryheadlinesin1954withthefirstofhisbooks(hehaswritten36atlastcount):ThePeaksofLyell.Hissubsequentbest-sellinghistoriesincludedTheRushThatNeverEnded(1963),TheTyrannyofDistance(1966),andTheTriumphoftheNomads(1975).Blaineyswritingwassomethingnew.Hecombinedexceptionalgiftsinscrupulousprimaryresearchwithagenuinepoetseyefordesolatelandscapes.SeethefollowingsegmentfromTheTriumphoftheNomads.,.,9,AmericanTaboos,.,10,Americansarefairlyeasy-goingandareusuallyreadytohelp.Mostofthemarefriendlyandopen-minded.ButculturalmeltingpotastheUSis,U.S.societyharborssomeuniquetaboos.,.,11,Thesestemfrommanylong-heldbeliefsandrangefrompuritanicalattitudestowardsocialandsexualbehavior,toadeeprespectforhorsesandpets,torecentattitudestowardpersonalprivacy,racism,andbeyond.,.,12,TabooCategory,TaboosonspeakingthenamesofcertainsupernaturalbeingsTaboosofunpleasanttopicsTaboosaboutpersonalprivacyTaboosoffoodandbeverage,.,13,TheFirstCategory,Taboosonspeakingthenamesofcertainsupernaturalbeings-TheseincludemainlyGod,theDevil.,.,14,TaboosoverGodandDevil,ThemotivationbehindthetabooofGodmighthavesomethingtodowithrespect,whiletheclearesttaboomotivatedbyfearmustbethatoftheDevil.,.,15,EuphemismsforGodandDevil,Godcouldnotbereferredtobyname,whichhasresultedinexpressionssuchastheLord,theKingofKingsandtheAll-Mighty.TheeuphemisticexpressionsassociatedwiththeDevilaresomewhathumoristicandfriendly,perhapstomaketheDevilseemlessfrighteningandunfamiliar,asforexamplein:WhatintheSamHillareyoudoing?(Western).Hughes(44)listssomeBritishEnglishexamplessuchasOldNickandLordoftheFlies.,.,16,TheSecondCategory,Taboosofunpleasanttopics-Underthecategoryofdelicacyfallsuchtopicsasdeath,disease,physicalandmentaldefectsandcriminalactionsaswellasreligionandrace.,.,17,Death,Americanuseeuphemismslike“hepassedaway”or“welosthimlastyear.”Thebaldstatementthat“hedied”isjusttooblatantforoursensitivities.AlthoughmostAmericansprofessabeliefinanafterlife,theyareveryreluctanttodwellonthefactofdeath.,.,18,Otherwaystorefertodeath,passon,gotoonesMakerandjoiningthemajoritytoresignonesbeing,tomoveintouppermanagementBeingnolongereligibleforthecensus(Death),.,19,Race,NegativeremarksregardingsomeonesracecanbeseenasatabootopicintheUnitedStates.Eventhoughsuchwordsorphrasesmaybeapartofpopculture,itisstillcommonlyfrownedontousethemincausalconversation.,.,20,Itisatabootocalltheblack“negro”,.,21,Thethirdcategory,Taboosaboutpersonalprivacy-easy-goingandout-goingasAmericansare,they,asotherwesterncountries,harborsomecertaintaboosoverprivacylikeage,weight,income,religion,mattersofheartandcosmicsurgery.,.,22,Age,AgeisaverysensitivesubjecttomanyAmericans,especiallytowomenoverage30.Inthisyouth-upheldculture,thethoughtofgrowingolderisapainfuloneandmostAmericans,ifpossible,wouldliketohavenothingtodowithit.,.,23,SomanyAmericansworkhardtomaintainayouthfulappearance.Thelastthingtheywanttobeaskedisunthinkable,“Howoldareyouexactly?”,.,24,Thisquestionmayresultinreplieslike:“HowolddoyouthinkIam?”“Iminmythirties.Letsjustleaveitatthat.”“Icannotremember.”“Oh,dontaskmethat.”“IstoppedkeepingtrackafterIturned30.”“AlotolderthanwhatIwouldliketobe”.,.,25,Anyhow,ifyouaredyingtoknowsomeonesage,thisishowyoucouldgoaboutfindingout.,Firstyouestimatetheiragebytheirappearanceandspecialhabit.Thenyoutaketenyearsawayfromthatestimation.,.,26,Youwillgetabigsmilefromthatpersonwhowillalsogetredandsay,“Wow,Youaremybestfriend.Im38already.Canyoubelieveit?”You,ofcourse,reply,“No.Ireallycant.Yourekidding.Youdontlooklikeover28.Thisisamazing.”Nowthatsonecertainwaytomeetsomeonesego!,.,27,Weight,Chinesepeopleoftensay“Yougotfat”asacomplimenttooneshealth.ButthatdoesntapplytoAmericans.Whatwasworse,itcouldbeoffensivesayingso.,.,28,Thisisoneofthetouchiest(最敏感的)subjects.InAmerica,itisokay,evendesirable,tobethinbutitisasinandahugeembarrassmenttobeoverweight.,.,29,Infact,thethinneryouare,theprettieryouareconsidered.LookingthroughanyAmericanfashionmagazines,youllnoticethatmostmodelsarenothingmorethanskinandbones.,.,30,Ifyouabsolutelyhavetocommentonthissubject,itsalwayssafetosay,“Oh,youlooklikeyouhavelostweight.”than“Oh,youlooklikeyouputonafewpounds.”However,ifyouwouldliketobehonestbutnothurtful,Isuggestyouchooseyourwordscarefully,perhapsbysaying,“Hey,youlookgreat.Veryhealthylooking.”Andalwaysremember,itsnotfat.Itsmuscular.,.,31,However,ifyouwouldliketobehonestbutnothurtful,Isuggestyouchooseyourwordscarefully,perhapsbysaying,“Hey,youlookgreat.Veryhealthylooking.”Andalwaysremember,itsnotfat.Itsmuscular.,.,32,Income,Youshouldnevereveraskhowmuchsomeonessalaryis.Theresnowayaroundthisone.However,itsperfectlysuitabletoaskabouttheirjobtitleandwhattheydoforaliving.Thisinformationshouldgiveyousomeideashowmuchtheymakeayear.,.,33,Theforthcategory,Taboosoffoodandbeverage-Americansdonteathorses,dogsandcatsandalsooffal.,.,34,DogmeatadvertisedasaGuizhouspecialtyinHubei,PeoplesRepublicofChina.,.,35,GenerallyinallWesterncountrieseatingdogorcatmeatisconsideredtaboo,thoughthattaboohasbeenbrokenunderthreatofstarvationinthepast.,.,36,In2008,itwasreportedthatcatswereastaplepartofthelocaldietGuangdong,China,withmanycatsbeingshippeddownfromthenorthandoneGuangzhou-basedbusinessreceivingupto10,000catsperdayfromdifferentpartsofChina.,.,37,American,aswellasotherwesterncountries,donoteathorsemeat.,.,38,Offalistheinternalorgansofbutcheredanimals,andmayrefertopartsofthecarcasssuchastheheadandfeet(trotters)inadditiontoorganmeatssuchassweetbreadsandkidney.,.,39,InAmerican,organmeatsthatareconsiderededibleinotherculturesaremoreoftenregardedasfitonlyforprocessingintopetfoodundertheeuphemismmeatby-products.Exceptforheart,tongue(beef),liver(chicken,beef,orpork),andintestinesusedasnaturalsausagecasings,organmeatsconsumedintheU.S.tendtoberegionalorethnicspecialties.,.,40,BusinessEtiquetteandTaboosinUK,.,41,TheHandshake,whenyoufirstmeetbusinesspeople,andalsoonleaving,therewillbetheusualroundoffirm(butnotbone-crunching,andnotprotracted（延长的）)handshakes.Asyet,theEnglishhavenotadopterthefrenchhabitofroutinelyshakinghands.Typicalgreetingsare:”Hello;nicetomeetyou.”orthetraditional”Howdoyoudo?”,.,42,BusinessCards,Thehandshakeisgenerally,butnotalways,followedbytheexchangeofbusinesscards.Cardsfortheprofessionalclasses,includingcivilservants,areususllydiscreet,simpledesignswithblackinkonawhitebackground.Forthoseinvolvedin,say,manufacturing,marketing,orpublicrelation,theyaremorecolorfulandincludethecompanylogo.UnliketheJapanese,theBritishtendsimplytoglanceatthecardwithoutstudyingit,pocketit,andreciprocate(交换)withoneoftheirown,iftheyhaveone.,.,43,FirstNames,Taketheleadfromyourhostregardingtheuseoffirstnames;asdageneralruleitisbesttotakethingsgradually.Agedifferencesarealsoadeterminant.Asnotedearlier,American-style,butyouneedtobesureofyougroundbeforeassumingthisisthelevelofcommunicationpreferredbyyouhost.Itisafact,too,ofcourse,thatthewideuseofe-mailhashadasignificantimpactoncommunications;theAmericanprotocolof“hi,Peter”iswidespread,butEnglishtraditionalistsoftenprefertheconventionalletter-writingformat,using“DearPeter.”,.,44,DressandAppearance,TheBritisharetraditionallyrestrainedanddignified,andtheirclothingreflectsthesecharacteristics.Businesstravelersshouldwearsuitsindarkcolorsformeetings.IntheU.K.,businesscontactsnoticehigh-qualityfabrics,well-shinedshoesandotherdetailsofdressing.Darkbrownsuits,tweedsandcorduroyareviewedascolorsandtexturesforthecountryorforhunting.Leavethemoutoftheboardroom.Avoidstripedties.IntheU.K.,manyschoolsorassociationshavetheirownstripedpatterntodenotemembership.,.,45,Gifts,GiftsarenottypicallyexchangedwhiledoingbusinessintheU.K.Ifyoufeelthatatokenofthanksisinorder,apenorbookwithashortinscriptionwillbeappreciated.Ifyouareinvitedtoaclientshome,bringflowers,wineorchocolate.ChristmaspresentsarenotexchangedinthebusinessworldoftheU.K.,.,46,SomeOtherTips,1.Dostandinline:InEnglandweliketoformorderlyqueues(standinginline)andwaitpatientlyforourturne.g.boardingabus.Itisusualtoqueuewhenrequired,andexpectedthatyouwilltakeyourcorrectturnandnotpushinfront.Queuejumpingisfrownedupon.,.,47,2.Dotakeyourhatoffwhenyougoindoors(menonly)Itisimpoliteformentowearhatsindoorsincludingrestuarantsandchurches.3.Donotgreetpeoplewithakiss:Theyonlykisspeoplewhoareclosefriendsandrelatives.4.Nevereatoffaknifewhenhavingameal.5.Avoidtalkingloudlyinpublic,.,48,6.Itisimpolitetostareatanyoneinpublic.Privacyishighlyregarded.7.Donotpickyournoseinpublic:Theyaredisgustedbythis.Ifyournostrilsneedde-bugging,useahandkerchief.8.AvoiddoinggesturessuchasbackslappingandhuggingThisisonlydoneamongclosefriends.9.DonotaskpersonalorintimatequestionsTheyliketheirprivacy.PleasedonotaskquestionssuchasHowmuchmoneydoyouearn?Howmuchdoyouweigh?orWhyarentyoumarried?,.,49,10.DonotburpinpublicYoumayfeelbetterbyburpingloudlyaftereatingordrinking,butotherpeoplewillnot!Ifyoucannotstopaburpfromburstingout,thencoveryourmouthwithyourhandandsayexcusemeafterwards.11.DonotpasswindinpublicNowhowcanwesaythispolitely?Letssaythatyouwanttopasswind.Whatdoyoudo?Gosomewhereprivateandletitout.Ifyouaccidentlypasswindincompanysaypardonme.,.,50,12.NobargaininginBritain.13.Nostripe-ties14.Nevertaketheroyalfamilyaffairsasajoke.15.Theyregardthenumber“13”and“friday”asunfortunate.Andmostofthemprefertostayathome.16.AvoidtoengagedinbusinessinJulyandAugust(manybusinessmenareontheirvacation),sodoesChrismasfestivalandEasterDay.,.,51,17.TheBritisharenotfondofphysicalcontactinpublic.Avoidhugging,backslappingorothertouchingbeyondafirmhandshake.18.Avoidtalkingwithyourhandsorgesturingwildly,butkeepyourhandsoutofyourpocketswhileconversing.19.Queues,orlines,arecommonintheU.K.,andaparticularetiquetteisrequired.Ifyouencounteraqueue,godirectlytothebackofthelineandwaitquietly.Itisnotconsideredgoodformtodiscussthelengthoftimespentwaitingwithyourqueuematesoreventoengageinsmalltalkwiththoseyoudonotknow.,.,52,France,.,53,Socialactivities,Ontable1法国人在餐桌上敬酒先敬女后敬男，哪怕女宾的地位比男宾低也是如此。(,.,54,5如嘴里有东西要吐出来，应将叉子递到嘴边接出，或以手指取出，再移到碟子边沿。整个过程要尽量不要引别人注意，之后自然地用餐便可。6遇到豆类或饭一类的配菜，可以左手握叉平放碟上，叉尖向上，再以刀子将豆类或饭轻拨到叉子上