Western-TaboosPPT课件

.,1,ChapterSix,WesternTaboosandSuperstition,.,2,Originoftaboo,TheuseoftabooinEnglishdatesbackto1777whenEnglishexplorer,CaptainJamesCook,visitedTonga.Tonga,officiallytheKingdomofTonga,isastateandanarchipelagointheSouthPacificOceanandisknownastheFriendlyIslandsTaboocomesfromtheTonganwordtabu,meaningunderprohibition,notallowed,orforbidden,.,3,Whatisataboo?,Atabooisastrongsocialprohibition(orban)againstwords,objects,actions,orpeoplethatareconsideredundesirable(eithertoosacredortooaccursed)byagroup,culture,orsociety.VerbaltaboosBehavioraltaboosBreakingthetabooisusuallyconsideredobjectionableorabhorrent.,.,4,SomespecificbehavioraltaboosinChina,1)Dontsaytheword“die”orevenavoidsayingwordswiththesamepronunciationtoanybody.2)Dontgiveotherspears,orumbrellasasagift,becausetheydenote“parting”.3)DontsendaclocktoChinesepeople,especiallyanoldman,itcarriesafuneralconnotation.4)Dontpatanadultonthehead;itsinsulting.,.,5,5)Nevercallyoursuperiorbytheirfirstname,especiallywhentheyaremucholderthanyou.6)DontbringfoodtoaChinesefamilywhenyougoforameal.Theywillbeunhappysincetheythinkyoulookdownuponthembybringingthemfood.,.,6,7)Astoeatingmanners,Chinesepeopleneverbeattheemptybowlwithchopsticks,forthisbehaviormakestheonelooklikeabeggar.8)ForChinesepeople,puttinganemptybowlupsidedownonthetablebeforedinnermeansacurseofillness.,.,7,9)DuringSpringFestival,peopleshouldtakecarenottobreaksomeartifacts.Ifthishappensbyaccident,theywillimmediatelysay“岁岁平安”.10)DuringSpringFestival,onthefirstdayoffirstmonthpeopleshouldneverdumptheirrubbish,becauseitssaidthatitwillcleanoutthefortuneandgoodlucktogether.,.,8,中国传统婚嫁禁忌,1，安床后到新婚前夜，要找一个未成年的男童和新郎一起睡在床上.2，结婚当天，到晚上就寝前，所有的人尽量远离新床，尤其新绝对不可碰到床边，会不吉利。3，婚礼当日，忌让人坐在新床。4，婚礼当日，新娘不可任意躺在床上，否则长病在床。5，婚嫁忌生肖虎的人观礼。6，结婚之日新娘出门时姑姑嫂嫂不能相送。7，成亲日新娘离开娘家时，哭得愈厉害愈好，因为。8，新娘的衣服忌有囗袋，以免带走娘家财运9，结婚后第三天，新婚夫妇携礼回娘家，即为归宁。但切记当天需在天黑前赶回夫家，不能在娘家过夜。10，结婚后的四个月内，新娘不可叁加任何婚丧喜庆的仪式，以免冲喜。11，新娘的镜子也忌借给他人。12，新婚四个月内，除非必要（如蜜月旅行），新娘也忌在外过夜,.,9,中国传统过年的禁忌,要说好话，忌骂孩子：传统认为孩子初一若挨了骂，就要挨一整年的骂。尤其要求初一这天要说好话，不能说粗口不雅之言，有些地区万一小孩说溜了嘴，大人会马上跟着说：“孩童之言，百无禁忌”；若是不小心摔破了东西，就会说“打发打发”（发财之意）。忌打扫，忌将垃圾扫出门外：过年前要拜“灶王爷”，送走后“灶王爷”，年三十夜以前要打扫完毕，叫“扫扬尘”，有除旧迎的意思，到过年那几天则忌打扫。初一至初五忌倒垃圾，也不能将垃圾扫出门外或往外倒污水，恐将家中的财气扫掉。初一、初二忌洗衣：水神的生日在初一、初二，因此忌讳在这两天洗衣服。初一忌催人起床：年初一的上午不要催人起床，认为这样会让对方整年都会被人催促着做事。已婚女子忌初一、四、五回娘家：过年期间，嫁出去的女子和女婿只能在初二或者初三回女方娘家，据说这样才不会把娘家吃穷。忌跟还在睡觉的人拜年：年初一忌跟还在睡梦中人拜年，须等到对方起床后再拜年，否则会让对方一整年都在病床上。忌吃鱼头、鱼尾:过年期间鱼是必备菜，曰“有余”。吃鱼时，应将头尾留下不吃，这样就表示来年不仅有吃穿，还有剩余。忌讨债：传统认为，过年期间不管是被人要债还是向人要债的人这一整年都会很倒霉，因此忌讳向人讨债。,.,10,Somespecificbehavioraltaboosinwesterncountries,1)IfyougaveanAmericanalilyatanytimeotherthanEaster,hemightbesurprised,becauseinAmericanculturealilyisregardedasasymbolofdeath.2)DontgivethirteenofanythingtoaBritishoranAmerican,becauseintheUnitedStatesandBritain,itisthe“badluck”number.3)Flowerscarryallkindsofsymbolism:purpleflowersaretheflowersofdeathinMexicoandBrazil;WhitechrysanthemumsaretheflowerofdeathinmanyEuropeancountries.4)Also,itisconsideredbadluckinmanyEuropeancountriestopresentanevennumberofflowers.Therefore,theyalwayspresentanoddnumber(exceptfor13,ofcourse).,.,11,Verbaltaboos,CertainpartsofthebodyandsexualintercoursearetaboosinbothEnglishandChinese.Godsaretreatedwithfearandrespect.Peopleareforbiddentospeakofthemdirectly.Swear-words,profane（orobsceneoathsorwords,aretabooineitherEnglishorChinese.,.,12,InEnglishculture,anythingrelatedtoprivacyorconsideredpersonalaretaboo.Forexample,peoplesage,income,weight,marriagepoliticalandreligiousbeliefs,etc.arenormallyconsideredtoopersonaltotalkabout.,.,13,euphemism,Whatisaneuphemism?theuseofawordwhichisthoughttobelessoffensiveorunpleasantthananotherword.,Anindirectwordorphrasethatpeopleoftenusetorefertosth.embarrassingorunpleasant,sometimestomakeitseemmoreacceptablethanitreallyis.,.,14,euphemismcomesfromGreek.eugoodpheme-意思是speech言语euphemism:wordsofgoodomenorgoodspeech意思是优雅动听的说法,委婉语,.,15,“misinform”for“lie”Thegentlemanismisinformed.“remains”fora“corpse”“visitingthenecessary”for“goingtothetoilet”,etc.,Euphemism,.,16,aslowstudentastudentworkingathisownlevel/whocandobetterworkwithhelp.alazystudentunderachiever,Thestudentwhocheatsintheexamsdependsonotherstodohis/herwork,.,17,1.Fearandadesiretoplacatethemysteriousforcesthatruletheuniversewereprobablytheoriginalreasonsforeuphemizing.,Speakofthedevilandheappears.,ReasonsforEuphemizing,.,18,早期被禁忌的内容主要局限于一些自然现象和宗教领域。在基督教盛行的西方社会，上帝有着崇高、神圣的地位。对上帝的敬畏使得人们在上帝面前战战兢兢。,.,19,2.Wearesubjecttoothervarietiesoffearaswell.,Afraidtofloutsocialandmoralconventions,werefertoourloversascompanions,thusdisguisingtheunconventionalorsociallyunacceptablenatureoftherelationship.,gay:homosexual,.,20,3.Ourfearofspecificdiseaseshasledustocoinalexiconofeuphemismsforinsanityandretardation,epilepsy(癫痫),venerealdisease,cancer,heartdiseaseandstroke.,e.g.Hehaslong(terminal)illness./HehasgotthebigC.hardofhearing.耳朵背socialdisease:-AIDSlungtrouble-tuberculosis肺结核oldmansfriend-pneumonia肺炎alittleconfused-mad,.,21,4.Wealsosufferfromageneralizedterrorofeverysortofdisability-theworditselfisaeuphemism-and,whilewefeartheseconditions,weareequallyafraidofthesocialrejectionthatmightattachtousifwehadthem.,physicallyhandicapped,.,22,5.Anothermotiveforcontemporaryeuphemizingisourstrongdesiretoavoidoffendingothers.,译:这个学生爱打架.Thisstudentistoofreewithfists.Or:Thisstudentresortstophysicalmeansofwinninghispointorattractattention.,.,23,“IusedtothinkIwaspoor,”shewrote.“ThentheytoldmeIwasntpoor;Iwasneedy.Thensaiditwasself-defendingtothinkofmyselfasneedy,thatIwasculturallydeprived.Thentheytoldmedeprivedwasasbadimages,thatIwasunderprivileged.Theytoldmethatunderprivilegedwasoverused,thatIwasdisadvantaged.Istilldonthaveadime$,butIhaveagreatvocabulary.,CaseAnalysis,.,24,god,EuphemismsforGodandJesus,suchasgoshandgee,areusedbyChristianstoavoidtakingthenameofGodinavainoath,whichwouldviolateoneoftheTenCommandments.,.,25,Death,togotosleeptobenomoretocloseoneseyestolaydownoneslifetoexpiretopassawaytoendonesday,长眠没了,不在了闭眼献身逝世去世与世长辞寿终正寝,.,26,tobreatheoneslasttogowesttopaythedebtofnaturedepartfromhislifetogotooneslasthometorestinpeacetogotoheaventobecalledtoGod,咽气归西天了结尘缘离开尘世撒手人寰回老家安息升天仙逝进天堂去见上帝,.,27,Translation,SomeservantsfromtheEasternMansioncamerushingupfrantically.“TheoldmastersascendedtoHeaven!”theyannounced.Everybodywasconsternated.“Hewasntevenill,howcouldhepassawaysosuddenly?”theyexclaimed.Theservantexplained,“HisLordshiptookelixirseveryday;nowhemusthaveachievedhisaimandbecomeanimmortal.,.,28,忽见东府里几个人，惶惶张张跑来说“老爷升天了！”众人一听，吓了一跳，忙都说“好好的并无疾病，怎么就没了，家人说，老爷天天修炼，定是功成圆满，升仙去了。,.,29,Onthe14thofMarchataquartertothreeintheafternoonthegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.Hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutesandwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair,peacefullygonetosleepbutforever.,.,30,Theoldmanlaytakinghisrestafteralifeofbitterhardship.,Translation,这个老人含辛茹苦了一辈子,现在安息了.,.,31,Disabilityandhandicap,铁拐李/腿脚不方便，耳朵背/耳朵有点不好使，眼睛不太好,lamecrippledhandicappeddisabledphysicallychallengeddifferentlyabled“themobilityimpaired,thehearingimpaired/hardofhearing,visuallyimpaired,partiallysighted/peoplewithlowvision”madalittleconfusedAIDSsocialdisease,.,32,age,“老师傅”,“老板”,“老总”,“金秋年华”,“古稀之年”“老成持重”,“老当益壮”,“老骥伏枥”,“老马识途”,“老谋深算”,“姜还是老的辣”“seasoned”(老练的),“wellpreserved”(保养非常好的),“seniorcitizens”whoareenjoyingtheir“goldenyears”“sunsetyears”and“twilightyears”elderlyadvancedinage,.,33,Excretion,“出恭”“更衣”“起夜”“解手”“去去就来”,“方便方便”,“有事”,“去洗手”“去打个电话”,gotothemens/ladiesroom,gototherestroom,towashoneshands,torelieveoneself,“wherecanIpowdermynose?”or“Wheretofreshenup?”,.,34,pregnancy,有喜,身怀六甲Sheisinsdelicatecondition.NowsheiseatingfortwoNowsheisaladyin-waitingSheisinafamilyway.,.,35,appearance,fat“round”,“plump”,“stout”,“full”,“fullbodied”,“kingsized”/queen-sizedskinnyslim,slenderuglyplain-looking,.,36,poverty,poorneedy;underprivileged;disadvantagedpoorpeoplelow-incomegroupslumsold,morecrowdedareasdepressionrecession,.,37,performance,poor;evenlazystudentschildrenwithuntappedpotential;belowaveragestudentscheatinclassdependonotherstodohisorherwork,.,38,warfare,pacificationpoliceactionhumanitarianintervention,.,39,jobtitles,sanitationengineerjanitor/garbagemantransparent-wallmaintenanceofficerwindowcleaner,utensilmaintenancedishwashermeattechnologistbutchercosmetologisthair-dresserpavementprincessprostitute,.,40,Doublespeak,downsizingorrightsizingforfiringofmanyemployees;wetworkforassassinationtakeoutfordestroy.,.,41,TranslatethefollowingEnglishsentenceintoChinese,1.Heneedsaguidanceindevelopinggoodhabitofhygiene.他很脏。2.Youareputtingonweight.你发福了。3.Hehascredibilitygap.他是一个骗子。,.,42,Whatissuperstition?,Abelief,practice,orriteirrationallymaintainedbyignoranceofthelawsofnatureorbyfaithinmagicorchance.,.,43,Fridaythe13th,Friday13thisunluckyforsome.Theriskofhospitaladmissionasaresultofatransportaccidentmaybeincreasedbyasmuchas52percent.Stayingathomeisrecommended.,.,44,Fridaythe13th,Number13LastSupper:TherewerethirteenandJudaswasregardedasthe13th.FridayCrucifixionhappenedonFriday.,.,45,LastSupper,.,46,13superstition,.,47,FridayandFreya,NorseGoddessofmusic:FreyaBeginningjourneysonherdayisconsideredrudetoFreyaandwouldoffendher.,.,48,Fridaythe13th,Avoidhaving13attableorinapartyAbedchangedonFridaywillbringbaddreams.AnyshipthatsailsonFridaywillhavebadluck.YoushouldneverstartatriponFridayoryouwillmeetmisfortune.,.,49,BlackCat,Havingablackcatcrossyourpathisconsideredbymanytobeanomenofdoom;notonlyisitbadluck,itisVERYbadluck.,.,50,CatandWitch,Blackcatisconnectedwithwitches.theoldwomanownedademonintheshapeofananimal,mostcommonlyatoadandacat.Slynessandshrewdness,Reason,.,51,BlackCatinDifferentCountries,IntheUSAandmanyEuropeancountries,ablackcatcrossingyourpathisunlucky.InEnglandandmanyAsiancountrieslikeJapan,itisgoodluck.InScotlandastrangeblackcatappearingonyourporchisangoodomen.Itmeansthatprosperityisontheway.IfyouhearacatsneezeinItalythenyouareinforastreakofgoodluck,asyouareifyoudreamofawhitecatinAmerica.CatsarenotallowedintheroomiffamilyishavingaprivatetalkintheNetherlands-thefearisthatthecatwillspreadgossipallovertown,andthefamilysecretswillbeout.DontbetoohardonthecatinIreland,however-killingacattherebrings17yearsofbadluck.,.,52,WalkingunderaLadder,Tomanywalkingunderaladderisbadluck,whiletoothersitissimplyunsafe.,.,53,LadderandTrinity,LinkedtothefearofenteringtheTrinityHolysonHolyspritHolyfatherTowalkthroughthistriangle(bywalkingundertheladder)wasseenasbreakingtheTrinity.,Reason1,.,54,WalkingunderaLadder,Aleaningladderwasthoughttoresemblethegallowsandsobywalkingunderneathaladder,youareplayingoutyourownexecution.,Reason2,.,55,Howtowardoffthebadluck?,Youspit.Eitheryouspitthreetimesthroughtherungsoftheladder,oryouspitonyourshoe.Makesureyoudontlookatyourshoeuntilthespithasdried,however.Failingthesetactics,crossyourfingersuntilyoufindadog,orsimplybackoutthewayyoucameinandmakeawish!,.,56,OpeninganUmbrellaindoors,bringdowntherain.Reason1:violatestherightorderofthings,thusbeseenasachallengeofthesupernaturalpowers.Reason2:insultingtoGod-whointendedtheumbrellatobeemployedoutdoors-tothespiritoftheumbrellaitself,ortothespiritofthehousehold,whomightbeannoyedattheimplicationthattheirprotectionmustbesupplementedbyanoverheadshield.,.,57,BreakingMirrors,Breakingamirrorissupposedtobringwithitbadluck;andnotjustregularoldbadluck,butthekindthatpersistsforsevenyears.,.,58,Breakingamirror,Mirrorsseemedtopossesapowerbeyondthenatural,areflectionofthetruth,andsobecameahandyrepositoryformanymysticalandsupernaturalideas.Mirrorshavebeenusedinfortune-telling.TheRomanbelievedthemirrorreflectedthehealthoftheviewers.Mirrorsalsowerebelievedtoreflectthepersonssoul.Accordingtomanystoriesaboutthenocturnalbloodsuckers(e.g.vampires),theycannotcastareflectioninamirror.Theotheroriginwassimplyasascaretactic.Inoldentimesthosemirrorscameatadearprice.Thewaystoavoidthecursetotakeallthepiecesofthemirrorandburytheminthemoonlight.Tosecretlyreverseacoininonespocketonafull-moonnight,.,59,SpillingSalt,Itisconsideredbadlucktospillsalt.Inordertopreventthebadluckfromsettlingonthesaltspiller,thepersonwhodidthepillingisrequiredtotosssomeofthespilledsaltoverhisleftshoulder.Thisveryspecificactionissupposedtoactasashield,butmustbedoneimmediatelyforitsbenefitstotakehold.,.,60,SpillingSalt,awaytostopthecarelessfromwastingapreciousspice:Inancienttimessaltwasanexpensivecommodity,andonethathadmanyusefulpurposes.Judasknockedoverthesaltcellar.Butwhatofthrowingthesaltovertheshoulder-andwhytheleftshouldersospecifically?InsomeChristianbeliefstheDevilhangsaboutovertheleftsideofthebody,lookingforanopportunitytoinvade.tossingsomesaltovertheleftshoulderputsitinthedevilsface,justasheisontheattack.,Reason,.,61,Horseshoes,thehorseshoeisusuallyplacedabovedoorwaysforgoodluckemblemsthenewmoon.Theywardoffwitches.JesusChristwasborninastable,.,62,Sneezing,Whenyousneeze,inmanyculturesthetraditionalresponse-deliveredinmostcasesbyreflexiseither“Godblessyou”or“Gesunheit”(meaning“betterhealth”).,.,63,Afterall,inthosedayssomeonewhowassneezingbecauseofillnessusuallydiddie,thankstothelackofadvancedmedicalcare.Sowhensomeonesneezeditwasasifpeoplewereputonalert-“thispersonmightdie.”IntheOldTestament,itissaidthatGodbreathedlifeintoAdam“throughhisnostrils”,andtraditionsuggeststhatlifeleavesthebodythesamewayitcamein.Thisideawaslatteraddedontowiththeideathatademonordevilwasabletoenterthebodyrightafterasneeze.Acoveringofthemouthwouldservetobothkeepthesoulinplaceandblockanydemonblitz,andtheblessingsofthosenearbywereaddedinforgoodmeasure.,Reason,.,64,“BreakaLeg”,Itistypicallysaidtoactorsandmusiciansbeforetheygoonstagetoperform.Amonghighlysuperstitionstheaterpeople,itisthoughtthatifpeoplewishforgoodluck,somethingwillinevitablygowrong.,.,65,BurningorItchyEars,Ifyourrightearitches,someoneisspeakingwellofyou.Ifyourleftearitches,someoneisspeakingillofyou.,.,66,KnockingonWood,Totouchwoodorknockonwoodisasuperstitionactiontowardoffanyevilconsequencesorbadluck,perhapsbecauseofsomerecentactionyouvetakenoruntimelyboastingaboutyourgoodfortune(“Iveneverbeenindangerofdrowning,touchwood”);itcanalsobeacharmtobringgoodluck.Morerecently,simplysayingthephrase“knockonwood”or“touchwood”intheUKhasreplacedactuallyknocking.,.,67,KnockingonWood,Pre-ChristianritualsinvolvingthespiritsofsacredtreesItwasbelievedthatgoodspiritslivedintrees,andthatbyknockingonanythingmadefromwood.Wecouldcalluponthesespiritsforprotectionagainstmisfortune.,.,68,FingersCrossed,ahandgesturecommonlyusedtoimploreGodforprotection,aswellastowishforgoodluck.ThegestureisreferredtobythecommonexpressionkeepingonesfingerscrossedorjustfingerscrossedSomepeople,mostlychildren,alsousethegesturetoexcusetheirtellingofawhitelie.ThismayhaveitsrootsinthebeliefthatthepoweroftheChristiancrossmightsaveonefrombeingsenttohellfortellingalie.,.,69,origin,InthetimeoftheearlyChurch,ChristianswouldcrosstheirfingersinordertoinvokethepowerassociatedwiththeChristiancrossforprotection,whenfacedwithevil.Moreover,Christians,whenpersecutedbytheRomans,usedthesymbolofcrossedfingers,inordertorecognizeoneanotherandassembleforworshipservices.In16thcenturyEngland,peoplecontinuedtocrossfingersormakethesignofthecrossinordertowardoffevil,aswellaswhenpeoplecoughedorsneezed,.,70,Horseshoe,Ahorseshoe,hungabovethedoorway,willbringgoodlucktoahome.InmostofEuropeprotectivehorseshoesareplacedinadownwardfacingposition,butinsomepartsofIrelandandBritainpeoplebelievethattheshoesmustbeturnedupwardortheluckwillrunout.Ahorseshoehunginthebedroomwillkeepnightmaresaway.,.,71,Owls,Ifanowllooksinyourwindoworifyouseeoneinthedaylight,badluckanddeathwillbestowyou.,.,72,Thefour-leafclover,Cloverisbelievedtoprotecthumansandanimalsfromevilspellsandisthoughttobegoodlucktofindafourleafclover,particularlyfortheIrish.,Oneleafisforhope,andoneisforfaith,Andoneisforlove,youknow,AndGodputanotherinforluck.,.,73,Wishbones,Tohaveawishcometr