左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory(多元系统理论)英文版 教育学习

Chapter5,PolysystemTheory,1,优选内容,IntroductionofItamarEven-Zohar,ProfessorEmeritusofCultureResearch,ofUniversityofTelAviv,Culturaltheorist,notatranslationtheorist.Oneofforerunnersoftranslationstudies,ItamarEven-Zohar(Picturetaken1993,SantiagodeCompostela),Commandaworkingknowledgeof:Hebrew(mothertongue),Arabic,English,French,Swedish,Spanish,Norwegian,Danish,Italian,Russian,German,Icelandic,andafewotherlanguages.,2,优选内容,SystemPolysystem,System:ThisconceptisintroducedbyTynjanov.Elements,Tynjanovargued,donotexistinisolation,butalwaysinaninterrelationshipwithotherelementsofothersystems.,systems,LiterarystructureSemi-literarystructureExtraliterarystructure,interrelated,deciding,Specificelementfunction,3,优选内容,SystemPolysystem,Even-ZoharadoptedTynjanovsconceptofsystem.HedevelopedthepolysystemhypothesiswhileworkingonamodelforIsraeliHebrewliterature.Inaseriesofpaperswrittenfrom1970to1977andcollectedin1978as“PapersinHistoricalPoetics”历史诗学论文集,hefirstintroducedtheterm“polysystem”torefertotheentirenetworkofcorrelatedsystemwithinsociety.Thusitisaglobaltermcoveringalloftheliterarysystem,bothmajorandminorexistinginagivenculture.,4,优选内容,Polysystem,LiterarySystem,ExtraliterarySystem,Canonizedform,Non-canonizedform,esteemeddiscoursesandgenres:Poetry,lessworthygenres:ChildrensliteraturePopularfiction,PatronageSocialconditionsEconomicsInstitutionalmanipulation,5,优选内容,Heisnotspecificallyatranslationtheorist,butaculturaltheorist.Buthispioneeringworkcontinuestoexertconsiderableinfluenceontranslation,particularlywhenstudyingtranslationinemergingculturesorculturesincrisis.Histhinkingabouttranslationsledhimtosomeofthemostprovocativehypothesesaboutliterarysystem.,6,优选内容,Polysytemwithtranslationtheories,“Itisnecessarytoincludetranslatedliteratureinthepolysystem.Thisisrarelydone,butnoobserverofthehistoryofanyliteraturecanavoidrecognizingasanimportantfacttheimpactoftranslationsandtheirroleinthesynchronyanddiachronyofacertainliterature”.(Even-Zohar,1978),7,优选内容,JustasthephilosopherChomskyuseslinguisticstostudyhowthehumanbrainfunctioninhisphilosophy,Even-Zoharregardstranslatedliteratureasaneffectivewaytostudyhowthepolysystemposeeffectontranslatedliterature.Hebelievesthroughtheanalysisoftherelationshipoftranslatedtooriginalliteraryworks,hecouldarriveatabetterunderstandingofthenatureofpolysystem.,Polysytemwithtranslationtheories,8,优选内容,Polysystemtheory,Even-Zoharincorporatedthedatacollectedfromhisobservationsonhowtranslationsfunctioninvarioussocieties.Hedevelopedanapproach”Polysystemtheory”toexplainthefunctionofallkindsofwritingwithinagivenculture.Hisdatashowedthattranslatedliteraturefunctionsdifferentlydependingupontheage,strength,andstabilityoftheparticularliterarypolysystem.,Polysystemdeterminesthepolysystemtheory,9,优选内容,Even-Zoharexploredtherelationshipbetweenthetranslatedtextsandtheliterarypolysysteminthreeaspects:,Reclassificationsofthepositionoftranslationwithinvaryingculturalsystems.Howtextstobetranslatedareselectedbythereceivingculture.Howtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystem.,10,优选内容,Reclassification,Previousclassification:Allthetranslationswereinvariablyclassifiedassecondarysystem.Theliterarytranslationwasconsideredsecondaryactivity,mechanical,ratherthancreative,neitherworthyofseriouscriticalattention.Even-Zoharargued:Itdepends!Notallpolysystemsarethesame.Suchclassificationwasinaccurate.,11,优选内容,Polysystemsoflarger,oldercultures,Anglo-AmericanCzechin19th；我国清末明初Translationfulfillstheneedofayoungliteraturetouseitsnewlanguageforasmanydifferentkindsofwritingaspossible.Sinceitcannotcreateallformsandgenres,translatedtextsmayserveasthemostimportantforacertainamounttime.,15,优选内容,Threecircumstances:Maintainingaprimaryposition,2.Whenaliteratureis“peropheral”,or“weak”orboth.,i.e.Israel;theLowCountries；我国文革期间Theycannotproduceallthekindsofwritingastronger,largersystemcanthusitsinabilitytoproduceinnovationsandsubsequentdependencyupontranslationtointroduceprecedent-settingtexts.Insuchcircumstances,translatedtextsservenotonlyasamediumthroughwhichnewideascanbeimported,butalsoastheformofwritingmostfrequentlyimitatedby“creative”writersinthenativelanguage.,16,优选内容,Threecircumstances:Maintainingaprimaryposition,3.Whenaliteratureisexperiencinga“crisis”,orturningpoint.,i.e.NorthAmericaninthe60s;五四前后,文革后Establishedliterarymodelsnolongerstimulatethenewgenerationofwriterswhothenturnelsewhereforideasandforms.,17,优选内容,WhyIsraelattachessomuchimportancetotranslatedliterature?,Geographicalcrossroad,Israel,Intellectualcontacts,Socialforce,multilingualism,religion,economy,Westernculture,Diplomaticforce,Majorliterature,exiles,“ThirdWorld”culture,Canonliterary,Socialcrossroad,Historicalforce,18,优选内容,Globalizationof“Israelissituation”,TheabovesituationisnotonlytheIsraelwasin,butalsoallthenationsontheeartharein.Astheglobalizationsincommerce,cultureandotheraspects,nonationisanisland.Allthecountriesareatthecrossroads,allarethecenter,andallareexposedtothepoly-interactions.Sohighlighttheimportanceoftranslationiscrucial.,19,优选内容,Thefutureoftheworldmaydependupontheaccuratetranslationofoneword.-PallEngleTounderstandonespast,onesidentity,anunderstandingoftranslationinandofitselfiscrucial;translationceasestobeaneliteintellectual“game”,afootnotetoliteraryscholarship,butbecomesfundamentaltothelivesandlivelihoodofeveryoneintheentireregion(andmaybetheworld).-EdwinGentzler,20,优选内容,我国学者张南峰先生对“多元系统理论”在翻译学的建立方面所产生的影响也给予了极高的评价，认为：“在西方，令翻译研究取得学科地位并走到学术研究系统中心的，是多元系统理论以及其他文化学派的翻译理论和研究模式”。,21,优选内容,Insummary,Even-Zoharrecognizedboththe“primary”(creatingnewitemsandmodels)aswell“secondary”(reinforcingitemsandmodels)importanceoftranslatedliteratureinliteraryhistory.,Classificationofthepositionoftranslationwithincaringculturalsystems,22,优选内容,Howtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystems.（翻译规范行为策略都是如何受其他相关系统影响的）,translatedliteratureisitselfasystemwithprimaryandsecondarypositionsoccupiedbydifferenttexts.Translationstrategiesdependonthepositionoftranslatedliteraturewithinthepolysystem.,23,优选内容,Translatedliteratureresumes:,Aprimaryposition:,Function:Tointroduce“new”tothereceivingcultureResults:1.translatorsfeelfreertobreaktheliteratureconventionsofthereceivinglanguage;2.Translatedtextscloselyreproducetheoriginaltextsformsandtextualrelations.Translatedtextisoftenamore“adequate”matchofthesourcetextwhichmayinturnleadtoinnovationstotherecievingculture.译本更接近原著,24,优选内容,Translatedliteratureresumes:,Asecondposition:,Function:Tofindready-mademodelsinthereceivingculture.Results:1.translatorswillsticktoreceivingculturesconventionalmodelsandtheywillconfromtheoriginalforminthesourcetextstopre-establishednormsinthereceivingculture.2.Translatedtextsmayreviseorchangetheoriginaltextsformsandtextualrelations.Translatedtextwillshowlowerdegreeofadequacyofthesourcetext.译本与原著差异较大,25,优选内容,Thepositionoftranslationinfluenceontranslationnorms,26,优选内容,CommentsonPolysystem,Advantages:Even-Zoharspolysystemtheorydemonstratesanadvanceinthedevelopmentoftranslationstudiesspecificallyandtranslationtheoryingeneral.Itistheintegrationthestudyofliteraturewiththestudyofsocialandeconomicforcesofhistory.,27,优选内容,CommentsonPolysystem,Advantages:1.Hisattentionandthoughtgiventotheroleoftranslationwithinaliterarysystem,istraditionallyignoredbyliterarytheorists.2.Byexpandingfrequentlyonlinguisticmodelsorundevelopedliterarytheories,andembeddingtranslatedliteratureintoalargerculturalcontext.3.Even-Zoharopenedthewayfortranslationtheorytoadvancebeyondprescriptiveaesthetics.,28,优选内容,CommentsonPolysystem,Problems:1.Hisworkandhypnosesfocusedprimarilyupontheliterary,theextraliterarywassignificantlyabsentfromhisanalysis.2.Histendencytoovergeneralizeandestablishuniversallawsbasedonverylittleevidencewhichneedsmoreanalysis.literarytheories,andembeddingtranslatedlitera