机械手臂外文翻译

外文出处：ManufacturingEngineeringandTechnologyMachining附件1：外文原文ManipulatorRobotdevelopedinrecentdecadesashigh-techautomatedproductionequipment.Industrialrobotisanimportantbranchofindustrialrobots.Itfeaturescanbeprogrammedtoperformtasksinavarietyofexpectations,inbothstructureandperformanceadvantagesoftheirownpeopleandmachines,inparticular,reflectsthepeoplesintelligenceandadaptability.Theaccuracyofrobotoperationsandavarietyofenvironmentstheabilitytocompletetheworkinthefieldofnationaleconomyandtherearebroadprospectsfordevelopment.Withthedevelopmentofindustrialautomation,therehasbeenCNCmachiningcenter,itisinreducinglaborintensity,whilegreatlyimprovedlaborproductivity.However,theupperandlowercommoninCNCmachiningprocessesmaterial,usuallystillusemanualortraditionalrelay-controlledsemi-automaticdevice.Theformertime-consumingandlaborintensive,inefficient;thelatterduetodesigncomplexity,requiremorerelays,wiringcomplexity,vulnerabilitytobodyvibrationinterference,whiletheexistenceofpoorreliability,faultmoremaintenanceproblemsandotherissues.ProgrammableLogicControllerPLC-controlledrobotcontrolsystemformaterialsupanddownmovementissimple,circuitdesignisreasonable,withastronganti-jammingcapability,ensuringthesystemsreliability,reducedmaintenancerate,andimproveworkefficiency.Robottechnologyrelatedtomechanics,mechanics,electricalhydraulictechnology,automaticcontroltechnology,sensortechnologyandcomputertechnologyandotherfieldsofscience,isacross-disciplinaryintegratedtechnology.First,anoverviewofindustrialmanipulatorRobotisakindofpositioningcontrolcanbeautomatedandcanbere-programmedtochangeinmulti-functionalmachine,whichhasmultipledegreesoffreedomcanbeusedtocarryanobjectinordertocompletetheworkindifferentenvironments.LowwagesinChina,plasticproductsindustry,althoughstillalabor-intensive,mechanicalhandusehasbecomeincreasinglypopular.ElectronicsandautomotiveindustriesthatEuropeandtheUnitedStatesmultinationalcompaniesveryearlyintheirfactoriesinChina,theintroductionofautomatedproduction.Butnowthechangesarethosefoundinindustrial-intensiveSouthChina,EastChinascoastalareas,localplasticprocessingplantshavealsoemergedinmechanicalwatchesbegantobecomeincreasinglyinterestedin,becausetheyhavetofaceahighturnoverrateofworkers,aswellasfortheworkerstopaywork-relatedinjuriesfeechallenges.WiththerapiddevelopmentofChinasindustrialproduction,especiallythereformandopeningupaftertherapidincreaseinthedegreeofautomationtoachievetheworkpiecehandling,steering,transmissionoroperationofbrazing,spraygun,wrenchesandothertoolsforprocessingandassemblyoperationssince,whichhasmoreandmoreattractedourattention.Robotistoimitatethemanualpartoftheaction,accordingtoagivenprogram,trackandrequirementsforautomaticcapture,handlingoroperationoftheautomaticmechanicaldevices.Inreallife,youwillfindthisaproblem.Inthemachineshop,theprocessingofpartsloadingtimeisnotannoying,andlaborproductivityisnothigh,thecostofproductionmajor,andsometimesman-madeincidentswilloccur,resultinginprocessingwereinjured.Thinkaboutwhatcouldreplaceitwiththeprocessingtimeofatouraslongasthereareafewpeople,andcanoperate24hourssaturatedhumanright?Theanswerisyes,buttherobotcancometoreplaceit.Productionofmechanicalhandcanincreasetheautomationlevelofproductionandlaborproductivity;canreducelaborintensity,ensuringproductquality,toachievesafeproduction;particularlyinthehigh-temperature,highpressure,lowtemperature,lowpressure,dust,explosive,toxicandradioactivegasessuchaspoorenvironmentcanreplacethenormalworkingpeople.HereIwouldliketothinkofdesigningarobottobeusedinactualproduction.Whywouldarobotdesignedtoprovideapneumaticpower:pneumaticrobotreferstothecompressedairaspowersource-drivenrobot.Withpressure-drivenandotherenergy-drivencomparisonhavethefollowingadvantages:1.Airinexhaustible,usedlaterdischargedintotheatmosphere,doesnotrequirerecyclinganddisposal,donotpollutetheenvironment.(Conceptofenvironmentalprotection)2.Airstickissmall,thepipelinepressurelossissmall(typicallylessthanasphaltgaspathpressuredropofone-thousandth),tofacilitatelong-distancetransport.3.Compressedairoftheworkingpressureislow(usually4to8kg/persquarecentimeter),andthereforemovingthematerialcomponentsandmanufacturingaccuracyrequirementscanbelowered.4.Withthehydraulictransmission,comparedtoitsfasteractionandreaction,whichisoneoftheadvantagespneumaticoutstanding.5.Theaircleanermedia,itwillnotdegenerate,noteasytoplugthepipeline.Buttherearealsoplaceswhereitflyintheointment:1.Asthecompressibilityofair,resultinginpooraerodynamicstabilityofthework,resultingintheimplementingagenciesastheprecisionofthevelocityandnoteasilycontrolled.2.Astheuseoflowatmosphericpressure,theoutputpowercannotbetoolarge;inordertoincreasetheoutputpowerisboundtothestructureoftheentirepneumaticsystemsizeincreased.Withpneumaticdriveandcomparewithotherenergysourcesdrivehasthefollowingadvantages:Airinexhaustible,usedlaterdischargedintotheatmosphere,withoutrecyclinganddisposal,donotpollutetheenvironment.Accidentalorasmallamountofleakagewouldnotbeaseriousimpactonproduction.Viscosityofairissmall,thepipelinepressurelossalsoisverysmall,easylong-distancetransport.Thelowerworkingpressureofcompressedair,pneumaticcomponentsandthereforethematerialandmanufacturingaccuracyrequirementscanbelowered.Ingeneral,reciprocatingthrustin1to2tonspneumaticeconomyisbetter.Comparedwiththehydraulictransmission,anditsfasteractionandreaction,whichisoneoftheoutstandingmeritsofpneumatic.Cleanairmedium,itwillnotdegenerate,noteasytoplugthepipeline.Itcanbesafelyusedinflammable,explosiveandthedustbigoccasions.Alsoeasytorealizeautomaticoverloadprotection.Second,thecomposition,mechanicalhandRobotintheformofavarietyofforms,somerelativelysimple,somemorecomplicated,butthebasicformisthesameasthecompositionofthe,Usuallybytheimplementingagencies,transmissionsystems,controlsystemsandauxiliarydevicescomposed.1. ImplementingagenciesManipulatorexecutingagencybythehands,wrists,arms,pillars.Handsarecrawlinginstitutions,isusedtoclampandreleasetheworkpiece,andsimilartohumanfingers,tocompletethestaffingofsimilaractions.Wristandfingersandthearmconnectingthecomponentscanbeupanddown,left,androtarymovement.Asimplemechanicalhandcannotwrist.Pillarsusedtosupportthearmcanalsobemademobileasneeded.2.TransmissionTheactuatortobeachievedbythetransmissionsystem.Sub-transmissionsystemcommonlyusedmanipulatormechanicaltransmission,hydraulictransmission,pneumaticandelectricpowertransmissionandotherdriveseveralforms.3.ControlSystemManipulatorcontrolsystemsmainroleistocontroltherobotaccordingtocertainprocedures,direction,position,speedofaction,asimplemechanicalhandisgenerallynotsetupadedicatedcontrolsystem,usingonlytripswitches,relays,controlvalvesandcircuitscanbeachieveddynamicdrivesystemcontrol,sothatimplementingagenciesaccordingtotherequirementsofaction.Actionwillhavetousecomplexprogrammablerobotcontroller,themicro-computercontrol.Three,mechanicalhandclassificationandcharacteristicsRobotsaregenerallydividedintothreecategories:thefirstisthegeneralmachinerydoesnotrequiremanualhand.Itisanindependentnotaffiliatedwithaparticularhostdevice.Itcanbeprogrammedaccordingtotheneedsofthetasktocompletetheoperationoftheprovisions.Itischaracterizedwithordinarymechanicalperformance,alsohasgeneralmachinery,memory,intelligenceternarymachinery.Thesecondcategoryistheneedtomanuallydoit,calledtheoperationofaircraft.Itoriginatedintheatom,militaryindustry,firstthroughtheoperationofmachinestocompleteaparticularjob,andlaterdevelopedtooperateusingradiosignalstocarryoutdetectingmachinessuchastheMoon.Usedinindustrialmanipulatoralsofallintothiscategory.Thethirdcategoryisdedicatedmanipulator,themainsubsidiaryoftheautomaticmachinesorautomaticlines,tosolvethemachineupanddowntheworkpiecematerialanddelivery.ThismechanicalhandinforeigncountriesknownastheMechanicalHand,whichisthehostofservices,fromthehost-driven;exceptionofafewoutsidetheworkingproceduresaregenerallyfixed,andthereforespecial.Mainfeatures:First,mechanicalhand(theupperandlowermaterialrobot,assemblyrobot,handlingrobot,stackingrobot,helprobot,vacuumhandlingmachines,vacuumsuctioncrane,labor-savingspreader,pneumaticbalancer,etc.).Second,cantilevercranes(cantilevercrane,electricchainhoistcrane,airbalancethehanging,etc.)Third,rail-typetransportsystem(hangingrail,lightrail,singlegirdercranes,double-beamcrane)Four,industrialmachinery,applicationofhandManipulatorinthemechanizationandautomationoftheproductionprocessdevelopedanewtypeofdevice.Inrecentyears,aselectronictechnology,especiallycomputerextensiveuseofrobotdevelopmentandproductionofhigh-techfieldshasbecomearapidlydevelopedanewtechnology,whichfurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofrobot,allowingrobottobetterachievedwiththecombinationofmechanizationandautomation.Althoughtherobotisnotasflexibleasstaff,butithastothecontinuousduplicationofworkandlabor,Idonotknowfatigue,notafraidofdanger,thepowersnatchweightcharacteristicswhencomparedwithmanuallarge,therefore,mechanicalhandhasbeenofgreatimportancetomanysectors,andincreasinglyhasbeenappliedwidely,forexample:(1)Machiningtheworkpieceloadingandunloading,especiallyintheautomaticlathe,combinationmachinetooluseismorecommon.(2)Intheassemblyoperationsarewidelyusedintheelectronicsindustry,itcanbeusedtoassembleprintedcircuitboards,inthemachineryindustryItcanbeusedtoassemblepartsandcomponents.(3)Theworkingconditionsmaybepoor,monotonous,repetitiveeasytosub-fatigueworkingenvironmenttoreplacehumanlabor.(4)Maybeindangeroussituations,suchasmilitarygoodshandling,dangerousgoodsandhazardousmaterialsremovalandsoon.(5)Universeandoceandevelopment.(6),militaryengineeringandbiomedicalresearchandtesting.Helpmechanicalhands:alsoknownasthebalancer,balancesuspended,labor-savingspreader,manualTransfermachineisakindofweightlessnessofmanualloadsystem,anovel,time-savingtechnologyformaterialhandlingoperationsboosterequipment,belongingtokindsofnon-standarddesignofseriesproducts.Customerapplicationneeds,creatingcustomizedcases.Manualoperationofasimulationoftheautomaticmachinery,itcanbeafixedprogramdrawshandlingobjectsorperformhouseholdtoolstoaccomplishcertainspecificactions.Applicationofrobotcanreplacethepeopleengagedinmonotonousrepetitiveorheavymanuallabor,themechanizationandautomationofproduction,insteadofpeopleinhazardousenvironmentsmanualoperation,improvingworkingconditionsandensurepersonalsafety.Thelate20thcentury,40,theUnitedStatesatomicenergyexperiments,thefirstuseofradioactivematerialhandlingrobot,humanrobotinasaferoomtomanipulatevariousoperationsandexperimentation.50yearslater,manipulatorandgraduallyextendedtoindustrialproductionsector,forthetemperatures,pollutedareas,andloadingandunloadingtotakeplacetheworkpiecematerial,butalsoasanauxiliarydeviceinautomaticmachinetools,machinetools,automaticproductionlinesandprocessingcenterapplications,thecompletionoftheupperandlowermaterial,orFromthelibrarytakeplaceknifeknifeandsoonaccordingtofixedproceduresforthereplacementoperation.Robotbodymainlybythehandandsportsinstitutions.Agencieswiththeuseofhandsandoperationofobjectsofdifferentoccasions,oftenthereareclampingsupportandadsorptiontypeofcare.Movementorgansaregenerallyhydraulicpneumaticelectricaldevicedrivers.Manipulatorcanbeachievedindependentlyretractablerotationandliftingmovements,generally2to3degreesoffreedom.Robotsarewidelyusedinmetallurgicalindustry,machinerymanufacture,lightindustryandatomicenergysectors.Canmimicsomeofthestaffandarmmotorfunction,afixdprocedureforthecapture,handlingobjectsoroperatingtools,automaticoperationdevice.Itcanreplacehumanlaborinordertoachievetheproductionofheavymechanizationandautomationthatcanoperateinhazardousenvironmentstoprotectthepersonalsafety,whichiswidelyusedinmachinerymanufacturing,metallurgy,electronics,lightindustryandnuclearpowersectors.Mechanicalhandtoolsorotherequipmentcommonlyusedforadditionaldevices,suchastheautomaticmachinesorautomaticproductionlinehandlingandtransmissionoftheworkpiece,thereplacementofcuttingtoolsinmachiningcenters,etc.generallydonothaveaseparatecontroldevice.Someoperatingdevicesrequiredirectmanipulationbyhumans;suchastheatomicenergysectorperformshouseholdhazardousmaterialsusedinthemaster-slavemanipulatorisalsooftenreferredtoasmechanicalhand.Manipulatormainlybyhandandsportsinstitutions.Taskofhandisholdingtheworkpiece(ortool)components,accordingtograspingobjectsbyshape,size,weight,materialandoperationalrequirementsofavarietyofstructuralforms,suchasclamptype,typeandadsorption-basedcaresuchasholding.Sportsorganizations,sothatthecompletionofavarietyofhandrotation(swing),mobileorcompoundmovementstoachievetherequiredaction,tochangethelocationofobjectsbygraspingandposture.Robotistheautomatedproductionofakindusedintheprocessofcrawlingandmovingpiecefeaturesautomaticdevice,whichismechanizedandautomatedproductionprocessdevelopedanewtypeofdevice.Inrecentyears,aselectronictechnology,especiallycomputerextensiveuseofrobotdevelopmentandproductionofhigh-techfieldshasbecomearapidlydevelopedanewtechnology,whichfurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofrobot,allowingrobottobetterachievedwiththecombinationofmechanizationandautomation.Robotcanreplacehumanscompletedtheriskofduplicationofboringwork,toreducehumanlaborintensityandimprovelaborproductivity.Manipulatorhasbeenappliedmoreandmorewidely,inthemachineryindustry,itcanbeusedforpartsassembly,workpiecehandling,loadingandunloading,particularlyintheautomationofCNCmachinetools,modularmachinetoolsmorecommonlyused.Atpresent,therobothasdevelopedintoaFMSflexiblemanufacturingsystemsandflexiblemanufacturingcellinanimportantcomponentoftheFMC.Themachinetoolequipmentandmachineryinhandtogetherconstituteaflexiblemanufacturingsystemoraflexiblemanufacturingcell,itwasadaptedtosmallandmediumvolumeproduction,youcansaveahugeamountoftheworkpiececonveyordevice,compact,andadaptable.Whentheworkpiecechanges,flexibleproductionsystemisveryeasytochangewillhelpenterprisestocontinuouslyupdatethemarketablevariety,improveproductquality,andbetteradapttomarketcompetition.Atpresent,Chinasindustrialrobottechnologyanditsengineeringapplicationlevelandcomparabletoforeigncountriesthereisacertaindistance,applicationandindustrializationofthesizeofthelowlevelofrobotresearchanddevelopmentofadirectimpactonraisingthelevelofautomationinChina,fromtheeconomy,technicalconsiderationsareverynecessary.Therefore,thestudyofmechanicalhanddesignisverymeaningful.附件1：外文资料翻译译文机械手机械手是近几十年发展起来的一种高科技自动化生产设备。工业机械手是工业机器人的一个重要分支。它的特点是可通过编程来完成各种预期的作业任务，在构造和性能上兼有人和机器各自的优点，尤其体现了人的智能和适应性。机械手作业的准确性和各种环境中完成作业的能力，在国民经济各领域有着广阔的发展前景。随着工业自动化的发展,出现了数控加工中心,它在减轻工人的劳动强度的同时,大大提高了劳动生产率。但数控加工中常见的上下料工序,通常仍采用人工操作或传统继电器控制的半自动化装置。前者费时费工、效率低;后者因设计复杂,需较多继电器,接线繁杂,易受车体振动干扰,而存在可靠性差、故障多、维修困难等问题。可编程序控制器PLC控制的上下料机械手控制系统动作简便、线路设计合理、具有较强的抗干扰能力,保证了系统运行的可靠性,降低了维修率,提高了工作效率。机械手技术涉及到力学、机械学、电气液压技术、自动控制技术、传感器技术和计算机技术等科学领域，是一门跨学科综合技术。1工业机械手的概述机械手是一种能自动化定位控制并可重新编程序以变动的多功能机器，它有多个自由度，可用来搬运物体以完成在各个不同环境中工作。在工资水平较低的中国，塑料制品行业尽管仍属于劳动力密集型，机械手的使用已经越来越普及。那些电子和汽车业的欧美跨国公司很早就在它们设在中国的工厂中引进了自动化生产。但现在的变化是那些分布在工业密集的华南、华东沿海地区的中国本土塑料加工厂也开始对机械手表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣，因为他们要面对工人流失率高，以及为工人交工伤费带来的挑战。随着我国工业生产的飞跃发展，特别是改革开发以后，自动化程度的迅速提高，实现工件的装卸、转向、输送或操作钎焊、喷枪、扳手等工具进行加工、装配等作业自化，已愈来愈引起我们重视。机械手是模仿着人手的部分动作，按给定的程序、轨迹和要求实现自动抓取、搬运或操作的自动机械装置。在现实生活中，你是否会发现这样一个问题。在机械工厂里，加工零件装料的时候是不是很烦的，劳动生产率不高，生产成本大，有时候还会发生一些人为事故，导致加工者受伤。想想看用什么可以来代替呢，加工的时候只要有几个人巡视一下，且可以二十四个小时饱和运作，人行吗？回答是肯定的，但是机械手可以来代替它。生产中应用机械手可以提高生产的自动化水平和劳动生产率;可以减轻劳动强度、保证产品质量、实现安全生产；尤其是在高温、高压、低温、低压、粉尘、易爆、有毒气体和放射性等恶劣的环境中能够代替人进行正常的工作。想到这里我就很想设计一个机械手，来用于生产实际中。为什么选着设计机械手用气动来提供动力：气动机械手是指以压缩空气为动力源驱动的机械手。用气压驱动与其他能源驱动比较有以下优点：1.空气取之不竭，用过之后排入大气，不需要回收和处理，不污染环境。（环保的概念）2.空气的沾性很小，管路中压力损失也很小（一般气路阻力损失不到油路的千分之一），便于远距离输送。3.压缩空气的工作压力较低(一般为48公斤/每平方厘米)，因此对动元件的材质和制造精度要求可以降低。4.与液压传动相比，它的动作和反应都快，这是气动突出的优点之一。5.空气介质清洁，亦不会变质，管路不易堵塞。但是也有它美中不足的地方