unit 4 Cloning and Ethics Passage A综合（课堂PPT）

CloningandEthics,UnitFour,1,Contents,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,DetailedReading,AfterReading,4,1,2,3,PassageANotNow,Dr.Miracle,2,BeforeReading,Talkinsmallgroups,Backgroundinformation,Lead-inListening,3,Talkinsmallgroups,Whatimagesdoeshumancloningconjureuptoyou?Howmuchdoyouknowaboutit?Doyouwantacloneofyourself?Explain.Doyouthinkweshouldpromotecloning?Explain.(Note:Sscantakenotesabouttheinterestingpointsintheirtalk.),ImageinformationinproductImage:Notetocustomers:ThisimagehasbeenlicensedtobeusedwithinthisPowerPointtemplateonly.Youmaynotextracttheimageforanyotheruse.,4,Backgroundinformation,Clone（克隆）IVFtreatment（试管受精治疗）Vatican（梵蒂冈，罗马教廷）Dolly（绵羊多利）SeverinoAntinoriInformationaboutclonearoundtheworldPublicopinionsonHumancloning,5,Backgroundinformation,Cloningistheprocessofcreatinganidenticalcopyofsomething.Inbiology,itcollectivelyreferstoprocessesusedtocreatecopiesofDNAfragments(molecularcloning),cells(cellcloning),ororganisms.Thetermalsoencompassessituations,wherebyorganismsreproduceasexually.Thetermcloneisderivedfrom,theGreekwordfortwig,referringtotheprocess,wherebyanewplantcanbecreatedfromatwig.Reference:/wiki/Cloning,6,IVFTreatment(InVitroFertilization试管受精),Invitroliterallymeansinglass.Thedictionaryexplainsitasaprocessmadetooccuroutsidethebiologicalbody,inanartificialenvironment.Thus,invitrofertilizationsimplymeansthefertilizationprocessthatoccursunderlabconditionsandnotinsidethemotherswomb(子宫）.Undernaturalconditions,forpregnancytotakeplace,thesperm（精子）fromthemalebodyuniteswiththeegginsidethefallopiantube（输卵管）ofthefemalebody.However,anumberoffactorscancontributetothisprocessnotoccurringnaturally.,7,Vatican,Anindependentpapal（教皇制度的）stateontheTiberRiverwithinRome,Italy.CreatedbytheLateranTreatysignedbyPope（罗马教皇）PiusXIandVictorEmmanuelIIIofItalyin1929,itissuesitsowncurrencyandpostagestampsandhasitsownnewspaperandbroadcastingfacilities.Thegovernmentisrunbyalaygovernorandcouncil,allresponsibletothepope.Population:932.,8,TourismattractionsinVatican,VaticanMuseums,9,TourismattractionsinVatican,PapalAudience,10,TourismattractionsinVatican,SistineChapel,11,TourismattractionsinVatican,VaticanGarden,12,Dolly,DollytheSheep,CloningSubjectBorn:5July1996Birthplace:Edinburgh,ScotlandDied:14February2003BestKnownAs:Thefirstclonedmammal,13,Dollywashistorysfirstclonedmammal.InFebruaryof1997itwasannouncedthatthebiotechnologyfirmPPLTherapeuticsandtheRoslinInstituteofEdinburgh,Scotlandhadsuccessfullyclonedasheep,underthedirectionofDr.IanWilmut.Cellsfromtheudder（牛、羊的乳房）ofapregnantsixyear-oldsheepwereinsertedintotheuterus（子宫）ofanothersheeptodevelop,andDollywasborninJulyof1996.(HernamewasaslynodtosingerDollyParton.)DollyhadtheDNAofhersource,makingherthefirstmammalsuccessfullyclonedusingadultcells.Dollywasputtosleepin2003afterdoctorsdetectedprogressivelungdisease,thoughshehadonlyreachedhalfthelifespanofatypicalsheep.,14,SEVERINOANTINORI,SeverinoAntinori(born1945)isanItaliangynecologistandembryologist.Hehaspubliclytakencontroversialpositionsoverinvitrofertilisation(IVF)andhumancloning.Hebeganhiscareerinterestedinveterinarybiology.HesetuphisownclinicinRomein1982.In1986hepioneeredtheuseoftheICSI(intracytoplasmicsperminjection)processinItaly.From1989heextendedIVFtowomenwhohadpassedthemenopause.In1994heassistedRosanaDellaCortes,aged63,inbecomingpregnant,shebecameoneoftheoldestwomeninhistorytogivebirth.,15,InformationaboutclonearoundtheworldIn1996scientistsusedaprocedurecalledsomaticcellnucleartransfer（体细胞核移植）toproducethesheepDollyfromclonedcells.Dollysbirthrepresentedanadvanceoverpreviouscloningexperimentsbecauseitprovedthatanimalscouldbeclonedfromthecellsofanadultanimal.Likeothereffortsincloning,however,thisworkdemandedperseveranceittook277triesatsomaticcellnucleartransfertocreateDolly.,16,PublicopinionsonHumancloningAntinoriclaimsthathumancloningisthegreathumanexperimentofourageandsimplyacontinuationofthebattletocombatinfertility(不孕症).Manyfellowscientistsdontagree,however,andcondemnhiswork.OneoftheseisLanWilmut,creatorofDollythesheep.Hecallshumanreproductive（繁殖）cloning“dangerousandirresponsible”.ReligiousorganizationsarealsoconcernedandtheVaticanhasdescribedAntinorisworkas“grotesque”(荒唐的)and“evil”.,17,FranceandGermanyhaveproposedatwo-stepapproachthatwouldfirstbanreproductivecloning（生殖性克隆-而对于生殖性克隆，即通常所说的克隆人，由于它在总体上违背了生命伦理原则，所以，科学家的主流意见是坚决反对的-）-producingaclonedbabyandthendebatewhethertobantherapeuticcloning（治疗性克隆-利用胚胎干细胞克隆人体器官，供医学研究、解决器官移植供体不足问题，这是国际科学界和伦理学界都支持的）.Thisformofcloninginvolvescreatingearlyembryosforuseinmedicalresearchandtreatment.ButtheUSwantsaone-stepblanketbanonallformsofcloningandclaimstoleadagroupofabout30mainlyCatholiccountriessharingthatview.,18,Lead-inListening,Listentothefollowingpassageaboutcloningandtrytofillthemissingwordsintheblanks.Youwillhearthepassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsoriginalidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.,19,ThenewsthatasheepinScotlandhasbeensuccessfullycloned1)_.Whatgoodwoulditbetoclonehumans?WhatwouldIdowithacloneofmyself?Then2)_thatIcouldhavemyclonegointoworkformewhileIwentouthiking,biking,skiing,etc.!Ireallycouldbeintwoplacesatonce.Butwaitaminute.IfthatswhatIwoulddowithmyclone,howdoIknowthatImnotaclonemyself?Whatifthe3)_hadhimselfclonedandsenttheclone(thatis,me)intodohisworkforhim?Thisexplainsalot:allthosemysteriouschecksIfindinmy4)_everymonth(withmysignature)butdontrememberwriting,Firsttime,whymywifedoesntseemtonoticewhenIvebeenoutoftown,allthosetrafficticketsIhavetopaybutswearIneverreceivedinthefirstplace,whymyfriendssaythingslike,“IthoughtIsawyououtskiinglastweek,”whenIknowIwasatwork,whyIkeepgettingfinesfor5)_atthelibrary,whenIonlycheckoutCDs,the6)_tomycreditcard(theonewithmypictureonit)fromLondon,Paris,NewYork.Icanonlyhopetheoriginalmenevergetssentencedtoprison.,2ndtime,20,ThenewsthatasheepinScotlandhasbeensuccessfullycloned1)_.Whatgoodwoulditbetoclonehumans?WhatwouldIdowithacloneofmyself?Then2)_thatIcouldhavemyclonegointoworkformewhileIwentouthiking,biking,skiing,etc.!Ireallycouldbeintwoplacesatonce.Butwaitaminute.IfthatswhatIwoulddowithmyclone,howdoIknowthatImnotaclonemyself?Whatifthe3)_hadhimselfclonedandsenttheclone(thatis,me)intodohisworkforhim?Thisexplainsalot:allthosemysteriouschecksIfindinmy4)_everymonth(withmysignature)butdontrememberwriting,Thirdtime,whymywifedoesntseemtonoticewhenIvebeenoutoftown,allthosetrafficticketsIhavetopaybutswearIneverreceivedinthefirstplace,whymyfriendssaythingslike,“IthoughtIsawyououtskiinglastweek,”whenIknowIwasatwork,whyIkeepgettingfinesfor5)_atthelibrary,whenIonlycheckoutCDs,the6)_tomycreditcard(theonewithmypictureonit)fromLondon,Paris,NewYork.Icanonlyhopetheoriginalmenevergetssentencedtoprison.,Checkup,21,ThenewsthatasheepinScotlandhasbeensuccessfullycloned1)_.Whatgoodwoulditbetoclonehumans?WhatwouldIdowithacloneofmyself?Then2)_thatIcouldhavemyclonegointoworkformewhileIwentouthiking,biking,skiing,etc.!Ireallycouldbeintwoplacesatonce.Butwaitaminute.IfthatswhatIwoulddowithmyclone,howdoIknowthatImnotaclonemyself?Whatifthe3)_hadhimselfclonedandsenttheclone(thatis,me)intodohisworkforhim?Thisexplainsalot:allthosemysteriouschecksIfindinmy4)_everymonth(withmysignature)butdontrememberwriting,gotmewondering,ithitme,originalme,bankstatement,22,whymywifedoesntseemtonoticewhenIvebeenoutoftown,allthosetrafficticketsIhavetopaybutswearIneverreceivedinthefirstplace,whymyfriendssaythingslike,“IthoughtIsawyououtskiinglastweek,”whenIknowIwasatwork,whyIkeepgettingfinesfor5)_atthelibrary,whenIonlycheckoutCDs,the6)_tomycreditcard(theonewithmypictureonit)fromLondon,Paris,NewYork.Icanonlyhopetheoriginalmenevergetssentencedtoprison.,overduebooks,unexplainedcharges,23,GlobalReading,24,GlobalReadingActivity1,HeadingMatchingDirection:PassageAhas11paragraphs.Choosethemostsuitableheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Paragraph1hasbeendoneforyouasanexample.,25,ListofHeadings,A.Usingreproductivecloningtocombatinfertility.B.TheRaelianssupportsreproductivecloning.C.Antinoribelievesthatreproductivecloningwillbeacceptedeventually.D.Topicraising:Dr.Miracleisofferingtoclonehispatients.E.Antinori,theItaliandoctor.F.Antinoriisnoordinaryscientist.,26,G.Successcanonlybeachievedatanunacceptablyhighprice.H.Regulateitorprohibitit?I.DividedviewsexpressedonDr.Miraclesoffer.J.Dr.Miracleistakingagraveriskbystartingreproductivecloningtooearly.K.Thescienceisnotreadyforhumancloning.L.Clonedbabieswillneverbeaccepted.M.Antinoriandhisteamhavemadeconsiderableprogressinreproductivecloning.,27,ExamplePar.1E.Antinori,theItaliandoctor.NB:Therearemoreheadingsthanparagraphssoyouwillnotuseallofthem.,28,KeystoHeadingMatching,E.Antinori,theItaliandoctor.,Para.1,29,KeystoHeadingMatching,D.Topicraising:Dr.Miracleisofferingtoclonehispatients.,Para.2,30,KeystoHeadingMatching,I.Dividedviewsexpressedonthisoffer.,Para.3,31,KeystoHeadingMatching,F.Antinoriisnoordinaryscientist.,Para.4,32,KeystoHeadingMatching,A.Usingreproductivecloningtocombatinfertility.,Para.5,33,KeystoHeadingMatching,K.Thescienceisnotreadyforhumancloning.,Para.6,34,KeystoHeadingMatching,G.Successcanonlybeachievedatanunacceptablyhighprice.,Para.7,35,KeystoHeadingMatching,B.TheRaelians,areligiousgroupsupportsreproductivecloning.,Para.8,36,KeystoHeadingMatching,H.Regulateitorprohibitit?,Para.9,37,KeystoHeadingMatching,C.Antinoribelievesthatreproductivecloningwillbeacceptedeventually.,Para.10,38,KeystoHeadingMatching,J.Dr.Miracleistakingagraveriskbystartingreproductivecloningtooearly.,Para.11,39,GlobalReadingActivity2,Readtheheadingofeachparagraphagainandthinkaboutthestructureofthispassage.Howmanypartscanwedividethispassageinto?,40,PartDivision,1-4,5-8,9-11,3parts,PartI,PartII,PartIII,41,PartI(1-4),1.WhoisDr.Miracle?Dr.MiracleisarichItaliandoctorcalledSeverinoAntinori.2.Whatdidhedointhepast?Sevenyearsago,hehelpedgrandmothersgivingbirthusingdonoreggs;Laterheusedmicetonurturethespermofmenwithpoorfertility.Inshort,hehaspushedreproductivebiologytothelimitsandhasalreadyofferedeveryIVFtreatmentundertheSun.,42,3.Whatisheofferingtodonow?Heisofferingtoclonehispatientstocreatethebabiestheywant.4.Howdopeoplerespondtohisoffering?Itcreatedquiteastir.Like-mindedscientistsfromtheUShavejoinedhiminhisadventure;Otherscientistsroundedonhim;Religiousleaderslineuptoattackhisplan.,43,Dr.Antinoriisacontroversialdoctorwhopushesreproductivebiologytothelimits.,FunctionandSummary,44,PartII(5-8),1.Whyistheideaofusingcloningtocombatinfertilitynotasmadasitsounds?Becauseforsomecouples,itstheonlyhopeforhavingtheirownchild.ifwewanttobeimmortal,thatsthekeytoachievingimmortality.,45,2.Whenwillwechangeourmindandallowreproductivecloninginspecialcircumstances?Onlywhenthescienceisready.3.Isthescienceready?No,notreadyyet.,46,4.Whatisthecurrentsituationofreproductivecloningtechnology?FiveyearsonfromDolly,thescienceofcloningisstillstuckinthedarkages.Thefailurerateisashocking97%anddeformedbabiesfrequentlyoccur.Evenwhencloningworks,nobodyunderstandswhy.,47,5.CanAntinorisucceedincombatinginfertilitywithcloning?Ifhesucceeds,itismorelikelythathewillmakeitatanunacceptablyhighprice,withhundredsofeggsandembryoswastedandlotsofwomengoingthroughdifficultpregnancies.,48,ThethinkingonDr.Antinorisideaofusingcloningtocombatinfertility.,FunctionandSummary,49,PartIII(9-11),1.Whatshouldwedo?Shouldweprohibithumancloningorshouldweregulateit?Prohibitionismorelikelytodriveitundergroundandsecrecyisaseriousproblem.Soonerorlater,wehavetodecidewhichissafer,prohibitionorregulation.,50,2.IsDr.Miraclesofferingadeliberatedecision?No.Heistakingahellofrisk,althoughhebelievesthatoncetheclonedbabyisborntheworldwillembraceitandpeoplewillacceptreproductivecloningasanotherIVFtechnique.Ifhedoesntsucceed,orifhemakesitatagreatprice,cloningcouldberejectedbypeoplecompletely.Andthecurrentsituationisthatthescienceofcloningisnotready.,51,Itstooearlytostartfertilityresearchthroughcloning.,FunctionandSummary,52,GlobalReadingActivity3,GroupDiscussionDiscussthefollowingquestionsandtrytoreachanagreementabouteachone.Choosearepresentativetovoiceyouropinion.,53,1.WhyisAntinoricalledDr.Miracle?Whatarehismainachievements?Byusingthemostadvancedreproductivebiologicaltechniquestotreathispatients,hehasworkedalotofmiraclessuchashelpinga63-year-oldladygivebirthusingdonoreggsandpioneeringtheuseofmicetonurtureinfertilesperm.Nowworkingoncloning,heischallengingthebiologicallimitsandstrivingforanothermiracle.,54,2.Howdoyouunderstandtheauthorsstatementthat“Dr.Miracleandhiscolleaguesaretakingonehellofarisk”?Thissentenceactuallymeansthatwithsocialandtechnicalproblemsunsettled,theoddsareagainstAntinoriandhiscolleagues.Iftheyfail,peoplemaylosetheirconfidenceincloning,andeveninscienceasawhole,whichwillberathercatastrophic.,55,3.Withsomanyproblemsunsolved,shouldthetechnologyofhumancloningbeprohibitedbythegovernmentaccordingtothepassage?Why?No.Thewriterthinksprohibitingcloninghumanswilljustdriveitundergroundinsteadofputtinganendtoit.Thisisevenmoredangerous.Thushebelievesthatregulatingproductivecloningispossiblyabetterchoice.,56,4.WhatdoesthewriterthinkoftheofferingofDr.Miracleandhiscolleagues?Hebelievesthattheyarejumpingthegunandtakingagraverisk.Thescienceisreadyforit.,57,5.Whatstheauthorsattitudetowardproductivecloning?Hebelievesthatitshouldbeallowedinsomespecialcasesasafertilitytreatmentbutthescienceisnotreadyofitandtheresearchshouldberegulated.,58,GlobalReadingActivity4,SummaryCompletionCompletethesummaryofthispassageonPage80.,59,DetailedReading,TermsforReproductiveBiology,WordshavenoresultAllmyhardworkwentfornothing.goinfortotakepartin;enterSeveralpeoplewentinforthecompetition.,79,DetailedReading,Itsonlyamatteroftimebefore(Line44)Itsonlyamatteroftimebeforetheyobtaindriverslicenses.Injumpingthegun,DrMiracleandhiscolleaguesaretakingonehellofarisk(line48-49)jumpthegun:totakeactiontoosoonorbeforethepropertimeIknowhesasuspect,butisntitjumpingthegunabittoarresthimimmediately?Theyjumpedthegunbyrushingoutoftheclassroombeforepermissionhadbeengiven.,80,AfterReading,Blank-filling,Usefulexpressions,Sentencetranslation,ResearchProject,4,1,2,3,81,BlankFilling,Fillintheblankswithappropriatewordsorexpressionsfromthepassage:TheItaliandoctorAntinorihasannouncedplanstooffer(1)_facilitiesinhisprivate(2)_clinics.Heisalreadyfamousforprevious(3)_suchashelping(4)_tohavebabies.Yetthistimeheisnotaloneinpromotingtheideaof(5)_.USscientistsareworkingwithhimonthisproject,anda(6)_grouptheRalianshavealsoannouncedtheir(7)_tooffertheservice.Withsomanycouples(8)_forachildyetunabletoconceivethroughtraditionalIVFtreatment,thereisnoshortageof(9)_.Itwouldprobablynotworktryingtokeepthecloners(10)_,82,Blank-filling,thussomeformof(11)_isalmostinevitable.Atthemoment,thescienceofcloningisstill(12)_inthedarkages.Cloningtechniquesarefarfrom(13)_.Mostattemptstocloneanimalsendupin(14)_.,83,Blank-filling,TheItaliandoctorAntinorihasannouncedplanstooffer_facilitiesinhisprivate_clinics.Heisalreadyfamousforprevious_suchashelping_tohavebabies.Yetthistimeheisnotaloneinpromotingtheideaof_USscientistsareworkingwithhimonthisproject,anda_grouptheRalianshavealsoannouncedtheir_tooffertheservice.Withsomanycouples_forachildyetunabletoconceivethroughtraditionalIVFtreatment,thereisnoshortageof_.Itwouldprobablynotworktryingtokeepthecloners_,84,Blank-filling,TheItaliandoctorAntinorihasannouncedplanstooffer_facilitiesinhisprivate_clinics.Heisalreadyfamousforprevious_suchashelping_tohavebabies.Yetthistimeheisnotaloneinpromotingtheideaof_USscientistsareworkingwithhimonthisproject,anda_grouptheRalianshavealsoannouncedtheir_tooffertheservice.Withsomanycouples_forachildyetunabletoconceivethroughtraditionalIVFtreatment,thereisnoshortageof_.Itwouldprobablynotworktryingtokeepthecloners_,humancloning,fertility,controversies,grandmothers,humancloning,religious,intention,desperate,volunteers,atbay,85,Blank-filling,thussomeformof_isalmostinevitable.Atthemoment,thescienceofcloningisstill_inthedarkages.Cloningtechniquesarefarfrom_.Mostattemptstocloneanimalsendupin_.,regulation,stuck,perfect,failure,86,Usefulexpressions,一连串私人诊所(他们)迫切想要的孩子引起轩然大波群起而攻击对人类尊严的侮辱志趣相投的科学家靠争议而成名得到一个携带自己基因的孩子难以理解的意义反对把克隆作为治疗不育症的手段,87,Usefulexpressions,11.简直就是浪费时间和精力12.这并不是说13.高得让人难以接受的代价14.无谓的损失15.似乎任何人都对几乎无能为力16.实现永生的关键17.严厉的法律18.不管人们喜欢与否19.这只是时间上的问题20.整个科学事业,88,Usefulexpressions(Key),astringofprivateclinicsbabiestheydesperatelywantcreatequiteastirlineuptoattackaninsulttohumandignitylike-mindedscientiststhriveoncontroversyhaveababycarryingtheirgeneshaveahardjobseeingthepointofoppositiontocloningasafertilitytreatment,89,Usefulexpressions(Key),11.(be)simplyawasteoftimeandenergy12.Thatisnottosay13.atanunacceptablyhighprice14.wastefullosses15.Thereseemstobelittleanyonecandoto16.thekeytoachievingimmortality17.toughlaws18.likeitornot19.itisonlyamatteroftime20.scienceasawhole,90,Sentencetranslation,1.他是一个传奇性人物，名下拥有中国最大的门户（gate）网站。Reference:HeisalegendwiththebiggestgatewebsiteinChinatohisname.2.二十世纪初，爱因斯坦发表了一系列关于相对论的文章，因而名声大震。Referen