cisco路由器学习资料PPT演示课件

UTA培通用课程之一,CISCO网络技术,课程内容,静态、动态路由的不同静态路由的配置识别距离矢量的路由协议：RIP和IGRP设置,调试RIP和IGRP,要实现路由路由器必须知道:目的地址源地址所有可能的路由路径最佳路由路径管理路由信息,什么是路由,172.16.1.0,10.120.2.0,什么是路由,NetworkProtocol,DestinationNetwork,ConnectedLearned,10.120.2.0172.16.1.0,ExitInterface,E0S0,可路由协议:IP,路由器必须知道未和其直接相连的目的地址,172.16.1.0,10.120.2.0,E0,S0,静态路由由网络管理员在路由器上手工添加路由信息以实现路由目的,动态路由根据网络结构或流量的变化，路由协议会自动调整路由信息以实现路由,静态路由和动态路由,课程内容,静态、动态路由的不同静态路由的配置识别距离矢量的路由协议：RIP和IGRP设置,调试RIP和IGRP,172.16.2.1,SO,静态路由,172.16.1.0,B,172.16.2.2,Network,A,在小型网络中适宜设置静态路由。,B,StubNetwork,指定一条可以到达目标网络的路径,Router(config)#iproutenetworkmaskaddress|interfacedistancepermanent,静态路由的配置,StubNetwork,iproute172.16.1.0255.255.255.0172.16.2.1,172.16.2.1,SO,静态路由的例子,172.16.1.0,B,172.16.2.2,Network,A,B,这是一条单方向的路径，必须配置一条相反的路径。,StubNetwork,iproute0.0.0.00.0.0.0172.16.2.2,缺省路由,172.16.2.1,SO,172.16.1.0,B,172.16.2.2,Network,A,B,使用缺省路由后，StubNetwork可以到达路由器A以外的网络。,路由协议,路由协议用于路由器选择路径和管理路由表。一旦选择了一条路径后，路由器将路由可路由协议。,NetworkProtocol,DestinationNetwork,ConnectedRIPIGRP,10.120.2.0172.16.2.0172.17.3.0,ExitInterface,E0S0S1,可路由协议:IP路由协议:RIP,IGRP,172.17.3.0,172.16.1.0,10.120.2.0,E0,S0,自治系统100,自治系统200,IGPs:RIP,IGRP,EGPs:BGP,自治系统：内部和外部的路由协议,自治系统：使用相同的路由准则的网络的集合IGP在一个自治系统内运行。EGP连接不同的自治系统。,路由的不可信度,IGRPAdministrativeDistance=100,RouterD,RouterB,RouterA,RouterC,RIPAdministrativeDistance=120,E,IneedtosendapackettoNetworkE.BothrouterBandCwillgetitthere.Whichrouteisbest?,路由协议的分类,距离矢量,混合路由,链路状态,C,B,A,D,C,D,B,A,课程内容,静态、动态路由的不同静态路由的配置识别距离矢量的路由协议：RIP和IGRP设置,调试RIP和IGRP,距离矢量的路由协议,定期将路由表复制给相邻的路由器并且进行矢量堆加,C,D,B,A,C,B,A,D,RoutingTable,RoutingTable,RoutingTable,RoutingTable,DistanceHowfarVectorInwhichdirection,路由器从收集到的源信息中选择到达目标地址的最佳路径,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,RoutingTable,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,0,0,RoutingTable,10.3.0.0,S0,0,10.4.0.0,E0,0,RoutingTable,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,0,0,距离矢量源信息的获得,路由器从收集到的源信息中选择到达目标地址的最佳路径,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,RoutingTable,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,RoutingTable,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,10.1.0.0,0,0,1,1,RoutingTable,10.3.0.0,S0,0,10.4.0.0,E0,0,10.2.0.0,1,1,0,0,距离矢量源信息的获得,距离矢量源信息的获得,路由器从收集到的源信息中选择到达目标地址的最佳路径,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,RoutingTable,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,RoutingTable,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,10.1.0.0,0,0,1,1,RoutingTable,10.3.0.0,S0,0,10.4.0.0,E0,0,10.2.0.0,S0,10.1.0.0,1,2,1,2,0,0,距离矢量选择最佳路径,用于确定最佳路由路径的参数信息,56,T1,56,T1,Ticks,hopcount,B,A,Hopcount,IPX,RIP,IGRP,BandwidthDelayLoadReliabilityMTU,距离矢量管理路由信息,路由表的更新过程将通过路由器之间一步一步来完成,A,更新路由表,距离矢量管理路由信息,路由表的更新过程将通过路由器之间一步一步来完成,A,更新路由表,距离矢量管理路由信息,路由表的更新过程将通过路由器之间一步一步来完成,A,B,更新路由表,更新路由表,路由回环,每一个节点管理着与之相连的所有网络,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,RoutingTable,10.3.0.0,S0,E0,S0,S0,1,2,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.4.0.0,0,0,RoutingTable,10.1.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S0,1,2,10.4.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.2.0.0,0,0,RoutingTable,10.2.0.0,S0,S1,S1,S0,1,1,10.1.0.0,10.4.0.0,10.3.0.0,0,0,路由回环,缓慢的收敛容易造成路由信息的不一致,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,X,RoutingTable,10.3.0.0,S0,E0,S0,S0,1,2,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.4.0.0,0,Down,RoutingTable,10.1.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S0,1,2,10.4.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.2.0.0,0,0,RoutingTable,10.2.0.0,S0,S1,S1,S0,1,1,10.1.0.0,10.4.0.0,10.3.0.0,0,0,路由器C推断到达10.4.0.0网络的最好路径是通过路由器B,路由回环,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,X,路由器A根据错误的信息升级它的路由表,路由回环,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,X,RoutingTable,1,2,0,2,RoutingTable,1,4,0,0,RoutingTable,3,1,0,0,无限计数,10.4.0.0网络的数据将在路由器A,B,和C之间循环10.4.0.0网络的跳数将无限大,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,X,RoutingTable,10.3.0.0,1,2,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.4.0.0,0,4,RoutingTable,1,6,0,0,RoutingTable,5,1,0,0,解决方法：定义最大跳数,指定最大跳数来防止路由回环,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,X,解决方法：水平分割,不会接收到由自身传达出去的路由信息,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,X,X,X,解决方法：路由毒杀,路由器将该路由信息的跳数标记为无限大,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,X,解决方法：反转毒杀,反转毒杀可以超越水平分割,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,X,PoisonReverse,解决方法：Hold-Down计时,路由器在Hold-Down时间内将该条记录标记为possiblydown以使其它路由器能够重新计算网络结构的变化,Network10.4.0.0isdownthenbackupthenbackdown,Updateafterhold-downTime,Network10.4.0.0isunreachable,A,B,C,10.1.0.0,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,X,Updateafterhold-downTime,解决方法：触发更新,当路由表发生变化时路由器立即发送更新信息,A,B,C,10.2.0.0,10.3.0.0,10.4.0.0,E0,S0,S0,S1,S0,E0,X,Network10.4.0.0isunreachable,Network10.4.0.0isunreachable,Network10.4.0.0isunreachable,10.1.0.0,链路状态协议,传递最佳的路径信息给其它的路由器,LSP数据包,SPF运算,拓补结构数据,最佳路由信息,路由表,C,A,D,B,路由器配置选择路由协议指定网络或端口,Network160.89.0.0,Network172.30.0.0,IGRP,RIP,Network172.16.0.0,RIP,RIP,IGRP,IP路由的配置任务,指定IP路由协议,Router(config)#routerprotocolkeyword,指定与路由器直接相连的网络,Router(config-router)#networknetwork-number,动态路由配置,19.2kbps,T1,T1,T1,Hop计算路由器每隔30秒更新最多支持相同hop数的6条路径,RIP概述,激活RIP协议,Router(config)#routerrip,Router(config-router)#networknetwork-number,选择所能到达的网络必须是有效的网络,RIP配置,2.3.0.0,RIP配置举例,2.3.0.0,172.16.1.1,S2,E0,S3,192.168.1.1,10.1.1.1,10.2.2.2,10.1.1.2,S2,S3,10.2.2.3,172.16.1.0,A,B,C,192.168.1.0,E0,查看RIP信息,RouterA#shipprotocolsRoutingProtocolisripSendingupdatesevery30seconds,nextduein0secondsInvalidafter180seconds,holddown180,flushedafter240OutgoingupdatefilterlistforallinterfacesisIncomingupdatefilterlistforallinterfacesisRedistributing:ripDefaultversioncontrol:sendversion1,receiveanyversionInterfaceSendRecvKey-chainEthernet0112Serial2112RoutingforNetworks:10.0.0.0172.16.0.0RoutingInformationSources:GatewayDistanceLastUpdate10.1.1.212000:00:10Distance:(defaultis120),172.16.1.1,S2,E0,S3,192.168.1.1,10.1.1.1,10.2.2.2,10.1.1.2,S2,S3,10.2.2.3,172.16.1.0,A,B,C,192.168.1.0,E0,查看路由表,RouterA#shiprouteCodes:C-connected,S-static,I-IGRP,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-BGPD-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterareaN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2,E-EGPi-IS-IS,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2,*-candidatedefaultU-per-userstaticroute,o-ODRT-trafficengineeredrouteGatewayoflastresortisnotset172.16.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnetsC172.16.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Ethernet010.0.0.0/24issubnetted,2subnetsR10.2.2.0120/1via10.1.1.2,00:00:07,Serial2C10.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Serial2R192.168.1.0/24120/2via10.1.1.2,00:00:07,Serial2,172.16.1.1,S2,E0,S3,192.168.1.1,10.1.1.1,10.2.2.2,10.1.1.2,S2,S3,10.2.2.3,172.16.1.0,A,B,C,192.168.1.0,E0,debugiprip命令,RouterA#debugipripRIPprotocoldebuggingisonRouterA#00:06:24:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom10.1.1.2onSerial200:06:24:10.2.2.0in1hops00:06:24:192.168.1.0in2hops00:06:33:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaEthernet0(172.16.1.1)00:06:34:network10.0.0.0,metric100:06:34:network192.168.1.0,metric300:06:34:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255viaSerial2(10.1.1.1)00:06:34:network172.16.0.0,metric1,172.16.1.1,S2,E0,S3,192.168.1.1,10.1.1.1,10.2.2.2,10.1.1.2,S2,S3,10.2.2.3,172.16.1.0,A,B,C,192.168.1.0,E0,使用IGRP的网络较大缺省100hops，最大255hops支持多路径,IGRP介绍,IGRP,带宽延迟时间可靠性负载最大传输单元,19.2kbps,19.2kbps,IGRP路径选择,Source,Destination,最多六条路径下一次所要到达的路由器必须接近目的网络在允许的参数内选择路径,NewRoute,InitialRoute,Source,Destination,IGRP的不平衡路径,配置IGRP,Router(config-router)#networknetwork-number,指定可以到达的网络,Router(config)#routerigrpautonomous-system,指定IGRP为IP路由协议,routerigrp100network172.16.0.0network10.0.0.0,IGRP配置举例,routerigrp100network10.0.0.0,routerigrp100network192.168.1.0network10.0.0.0,AutonomousSystem=100,172.16.1.1,S2,E0,S3,192.168.1.1,10.1.1.1,10.2.2.2,10.1.1.2,S2,S3,10.2.2.3,172.16.1.0,A,B,C,192.168.1.0,E0,查看IGRP信息,RouterA#shipprotocolsRoutingProtocolisigrp100Sendingupdatesevery90seconds,nextduein21secondsInvalidafter270seconds,holddown280,flushedafter630OutgoingupdatefilterlistforallinterfacesisIncomingupdatefilterlistforallinterfacesisDefaultnetworksflaggedinoutgoingupdatesDefaultnetworksacceptedfromincomingupdatesIGRPmetricweightK1=1,K2=0,K3=1,K4=0,K5=0IGRPmaximumhopcount100IGRPmaximummetricvariance1Redistributing:igrp100RoutingforNetworks:10.0.0.0172.16.0.0RoutingInformationSources:GatewayDistanceLastUpdate10.1.1.210000:01:01Distance:(defaultis100),172.16.1.1,S2,E0,S3,192.168.1.1,10.1.1.1,10.2.2.2,10.1.1.2,S2,S3,10.2.2.3,172.16.1.0,A,B,C,192.168.1.0,E0,查看IP路由表,RouterA#shiprouteCodes:C-connected,S-static,I-IGRP,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-BGPD-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterareaN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2,E-EGPi-IS-IS,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2,*-candidatedefaultU-per-userstaticroute,o-ODRT-trafficengineeredrouteGatewayoflastresortisnotset172.16.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnetsC172.16.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Ethernet010.0.0.0/24issubnetted,2subnetsI10.2.2.0100/90956via10.1.1.2,00:00:23,Serial2C10.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Serial2I192.168.1.0/24100/91056via10.1.1.2,00:00:23,Serial2,172.16.1.1,S2,E0,S3,192.168.1.1,10.1.1.1,10.2.2.2,10.1.1.2,S2,S3,10.2.2.3,172.16.1.0,A,B,C,192.168.1.0,E0,OSPF协议概述,适应大规模网络路由变化收敛速度快无路由自环支持区域划分提供路由分级管理支持验证支持以组播地址发送协议报文,OSPF协议计算路由过程,(一）网络的拓朴结构,（四）每台路由器分别以自己为根节点计算最小生成树,（三）由链路状态数据库得到的带权有向图,C,A,B,D,1,2,3,5,RTC,RTD,3,2,1,5,RTB,RTA,OSPF划分区域,Area2,Area1,Area0,OSPF配置举例,CanAssignNetworkorInterfaceAddress.,BroadcastNetwork,Point-to-PointNetwork,E010.64.0.1,10.64.0.2E0,S010.2.1.2,10.2.1.1S1,A,B,C,interfaceEthernet0ipaddress10.64.0.1255.255.255.0!routerospf1network10.0.0.00.255.255.255area0,interfaceEthernet0ipaddress10.64.0.2255.255.255.0!interfaceSerial0ipaddress10.2.1.2255.255.255.0routerospf50network10.2.1.20.0.0.0area0network10.64.0.20.0.0.0area0,VerifyingOSPFOperation,DisplaysareaIDandadjacencyinformation,VerifiesthatOSPFisconfigured,Displaysalltherouteslearnedbytherouter,showipospfinterface,R2#shipospfinte0Ethernet0isup,lineprotocolisupInternetAddress192.168.0.12/24,Area0ProcessID1,RouterID192.168.0.12,NetworkTypeBROADCAST,Cost:10TransmitDelayis1sec,StateDROTHER,Priority1DesignatedRouter(ID)192.168.0.11,Interfaceaddress192.168.0.11BackupDesignatedrouter(ID)192.168.0.13,Interfaceaddress192.168.0.13Timerintervalsconfigured,Hello10,Dead40,Wait40,Retransmit5Helloduein00:00:04NeighborCountis3,Adjacentneighborcountis2Adjacentwithneighbor192.168.0.13(BackupDesignatedRouter)Adjacentwithneighbor192.168.0.11(DesignatedRouter)Suppresshellofor0neighbor(s),2000,CiscoSystems,Inc.,4-57,LabExercises,LabExercises,在路由器上启动OSPF协议声明相应网络进入OSPF路由进程查看OSPF路由信息Showiproute查看OSPF协议配置信息Showipprotocol查看OSPF邻居路由器信息Showipospfneighbor,本章总结,完成本章的学习后，你应该能够掌握：何时使用静态路由、何时使用动态路由在Cisco路由器上设置静态路由描述距离矢量的路由协议的工作原理在Cisco路由器上设置RIP和IGRP及OSPF路由协议利用showiproute、showipprotocols和其他的调试命查看路由信息,问题回顾,1.静态路由与动态路由比较，有什么优、缺点？2.OSPF协议比RIP协议有什么优点？3.要实现一个大型网络的IP路由，应该使用什么路由协议？,附录:IP地址,255,255,255,255,DottedDecimal,Maximum,Network,Host,32bits,IP地址,255,255,255,255,DottedDecimal,Maximum,Network,Host,1286432168421,11111111,11111111,11111111,11111111,Binary,32bits,1,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,1286432168421,1286432168421,1286432168421,IP地址,255,255,255,255,DottedDecimal,Maximum,Network,Host,1286432168421,11111111,11111111,11111111,11111111,10101100,00010000,01111010,11001100,Binary,32bits,172,16,122,204,ExampleDecimal,ExampleBinary,1,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,1286432168421,1286432168421,1286432168421,ClassA:ClassB:ClassC:ClassD:多址地址ClassE:科研用,IP地址分类,8bits,8bits,8bits,8bits,IP地址分类,1,ClassA:,Bits:,0NNNNNNN,Host,Host,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(1-126),1,ClassB:,Bits:,10NNNNNN,Network,Host,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(128-191),1,ClassC:,Bits:,110NNNNN,Network,Network,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(192-223),1,ClassD:,Bits:,1110MMMM,MulticastGroup,MulticastGroup,MulticastGroup,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(224-239),主机地址,172.16.2.1,172.16.3.10,172.16.12.12,10.1.1.1,10.250.8.11,10.180.30.118,E1,172.16,12,12,网络,主机,.,.,网络,端口,172.16.0.010.0.0.0,E0E1,路由表,172.16.2.1,10.6.24.2,E0,11111111,计算可用的主机地址,1721600,10101100,00010000,00000000,00000000,161514131211109,87654321,网络,主机,00000000,00000001,11111111,11111111,11111111,11111110,.,.,00000000,00000011,11111101,1,2,3,65534,65535,65536,-,.,2,65534,N,2N-2=216-2=65534,IP地址分类练习,地址,类别,网络,主机,10.2.1.1,128.63.2.100,201.222.5.64,192.6.141.2,130.113.64.16,256.241.201.10,网络172.16.0.0,172.16.0.0,不设子网的地址,172.16.0.1,172.16.0.2,172.16.0.3,.,172.16.255.253,172.16.255.254,网络172.16.0.0,设置子网的地址,172.16.1.0,172.16.2.0,172.16.3.0,172.16.4.0,子网地址,172.16.2.200,172.16.2.2,172.16.2.160,172.16.2.1,172.16.3.5,172.16.3.100,172.16.3.150,E0,172.16,网络,网络,端口,172.16.0.0172.16.0.0,E0E1,新路由表,2,160,主机,.,.,172.16.3.1,E1,子网地址,172.16.2.200,172.16.2.2,172.16.2.160,172.16.2.1,172.16.3.5,172.16.3.100,172.16.3.150,172.16.3.1,E0,E1,172.16,2,160,网络,主机,.,.,网络,端口,172.16.2.0172.16.3.0,E0E1,新路由表,子网,子网掩码,255,255,0,0,IPAddress,DefaultSubnetMask,8-bitSubnetMask,Network,Host,Network,Host,Network,Subnet,Host,“/16”表示子网掩码有16位.,“/24”表示子网掩码有24位.,11111111,11111111,00000000,00000000,16,网络,主机,172,0,0,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,00000000,00000000,10100000,00000000,00000000,缺省情况下子网未划分,00000010,缺省情况下的子网掩码,172.16.2.160,255.255.0.0,网络号,扩展了8位地址的网络,利用子网掩码划分子网,16,网络,主机,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.0,172,2,0,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,00000000,00000000,00000010,子网,网络号,128192224240248252254255,利用子网掩码划分子网,网络,主机,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,子网,扩展了10位地址的网络,16,172,2,128,网络好,128192224240248252254255,128192224240248252254255,子网掩码练习,地址,子网掩码,类别,子网,172.16.2.10,10.6.24.20,10.30.36.12,255.255.255.0,255.255.240.0,255.255.255.0,广播地址,172.16.1.0,172.16.2.0,172.16.3.0,172.16.4.0,172.16.3.255(Directedbroadcast),255.255.255.255(Localnetworkbroadcast),X,172.16.255.255(Allsubnetsbroadcast),地址汇总示例,16,172,2,160,10101100,00010000,10100000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,4,1,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,7,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,5,6,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,10000001,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,5,6,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,10000001,10111110,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,172.16.2.160,255.255.255.192,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100