高级英语The_Trial_that_Rocked_the_World.ppt

LessonTen,TheTrialThatRockedtheWorld,I.AdditionalBackgroundInformation,1.TheauthorJohnScopes,ahighschoolscienceteacherinDayton,Tennesseewho,byteachingevolution,wasaccusedofbreakingthelaw.Hewasthedefendantinthecase.Asthelastsurvivingprincipalinthistrial,hedecidedtowriteastorydescribingthehighlightsofthetrial.ThenameofJohnScopesbecamesynonymouswiththistrial,whichispopularlyknownasthe“monkeytrial”.Afilm,called“InherittheWind”,wasmadeofthetrial,withmuchofthedialoguecomingdirectlyfromthetranscriptsofthecourtproceedings.Thisstoryalsodrawsontheactualtranscripts.JohnScopesdiedin1979.,JohnThomasScopes,2.HenryLouisMencken(18801956),H.L.MenckenwasanAmericanjournalist,editor,critic,andphilologist.Inthe20s,Mencken,withacaustic(bitter,unpleasant,nasty)pen,derided(madefunofasofnovalue)thesmugnessofAmericanmiddle-classbusinessman,thenarrownessofAmericanculturallife,andtheharshnessofAmericanPuritanism.Hisoutstandingpieceofjournalism,widelysyndicated,concernedtheScopestrialof1925Tennessee,inwhichahighschoolscienceinstructorwasprosecutedforteachingevolution,contrarytoastatelaw.,3.WilliamJenningsBryan(18601925),W.J.BryanwasborninSalem,Illinois.Inhismiddle-classfamily,greatemphasiswasplacedonreligionandmorality,notonlyinonespersonallife,butinpublicsandintheconductofnationalaffairs.AftergraduatingfromIllinoisCollegeofLawinChicago,heopenedalawofficeinJacksonville.In1887,BryanmovedtoLincoln,Nebraska,practicinglawandsimultaneouslyturningtowardpolitics.HewonaseatinCongressin1890andwasreelectedin1892.HewastheDemocraticPartyspresidentialnomineethreetimes(1896,1900,1908).In1912hehelpedtosecurethenominationofWoodrowWilsonforthepresidency,andWilsonnamedhimsecretaryofstatein1913.,InWorldWarIheadvocatedapolicyofneutrality,hopingthattheU.S.mightplaytheroleofarbitratorbetweentheopposingsides.Wilson,however,didnotfollowhisadviceandheresignedinJune1915.Duringhistimeheadvancedprogressivecausessuchaswomenssuffrageandspokeonbehalfofthecommonpeople,particularlythefarmers,introducingmeasureswhichwouldgivethemmoreofavoiceingovernment.Butallthatheadvocatedhadafundamentalistbasis,i.e.,hewasmotivatedbyastrongreligiousbeliefanddidthingsinthenameofreligion.Hisold-fashionedfundamentalismmadehimpopularamongsomeofthecommonpeople.,Duringthelasttenyearsofhislife,hebecamemoreandmorefanatical.HerefusedtocondemntheKuKluxKlanbecausetheyconductedtheiraffairsinthenameofChristianity.In1925heappearedfortheprosecutionintheScopestrialinTennesseeopposingtheteachingoftheoriesofevolutioninpublicschools.The“naivete”andnarrownessofhisthinkingemergedclearlyinthistrial,whichwasBryanslastappearanceinpublicbeforehisdeathin1925.,4.ClarenceSewardDarrow(18571938),C.S.DarrowwasborninFarmdale,Ohio.In1894,Darrowbeganwhatwouldbehisprimarycareerforthenext20years-laborlaw.Duringtheseyears,hehaddefendedEugeneV.Debs,“BigBill”Haywoodandotherlaborleaders.Butin1911disasterstruckasDarrow,defendingtheMcnamarabrothersagainstachargeofblowinguptheLosAngelesTimesBuilding,wassuddenlyfacedwithhisclientsreversingtheirpreviouspleaofinnocencetooneofguilt.Inturn,Darrowwasindictedformisconductbutwasnotconvicted.Withthishiscareerasalaborlawyercametoanend.Thenheembarkedonanewmajorcareerasacriminallawyer.,Heviewedcriminalsaspeopleledbycircumstanceintocommittingantisocialactsratherthanasfree-willingmonsters.Forthisreasonhewasabitteropponentofcapitalpunishment,viewingitasabarbaricpractice.Darrowsmostfamouscriminaltrialwasthe1924Leopold-Leobcase,inwhichtwoChicagoboyshadwantonlymurderedayoungster.FortheonlytimeinhiscareerDarrowinsistedthathisclientsclaimguilty,thenturnedhisattentiontosavingthemfromthedeathpenalty.Hewassuccessfulinthis,partlybecausehewasabletointroduceagreatdealofpsychiatrictestimonysupportinghistheoriesoftheinfluencesuponindividualacts.IntheScopestrial,Darrowsdefense,andparticularlyhiscross-examinationofWilliamJ.Bryan,whospokeforthebiblical,antiscientific,fundamentalistside,servedtodiscreditreligiousfundamentalismandwonnationalattention.,5.UnitedStatesLaw,ThelegalsystemintheU.S.originatedfromtheEnglishsystemofcommonlaw,unwrittenlawinwhichprecedentplaysanimportantrole.However,astheU.S.developed,itsownsystemofwrittenstatutesandcodesevolved.Americanlawisnowbasedonablendofwrittenlegaldecisionsandoflegislation.,TherearetwotypesofAmericanlaw:civillawandcriminallaw.a.Civil/civiclaw(民法)coverssuitsbetweenindividuals(companiesaswellaspeopleare“individuals”).Insuranceclaims,divorces,andbusinessmalpracticesareexamplesofmattershandledundercivillaw.b.Criminallaw(刑法)coverscasesbroughtbythestateagainstindividuals;criminaloffensesrangefromtrafficticketstomajorcrimeslikehijackingandmurder.,6.AmericanCourts:StateCourtsvsFederalcourts,a.Statecourts(州法院)：localtrialcourts(ormagistratescourts)(minorcases);generaltrialcourts;statesupremecourtb.Federalcourts(联邦法院):ThejurisdictionofthefederalcourtsisbasicallylimitedbytheConstitutiontocasesbasedonfederallawandtocontroversiesbetweencitizensofdifferentstates.Thenationisdividedgeographicallyintomorethan90areas,ineachofwhichisa“limitedStatesDistrictCourt”.Abovethemare11limitedStatescourtsofappeal,thentheSupremeCourt,consistingof9judges.,Allfederaljudges,onthedistrictcourtofappealsandsupremecourtlevelareappointedbythePresidentwiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate.TheAmericangovernmentismadeupofthreebranches:thelegislativebranch(立法部门)thatenactslaws,theexecutivebranch(行政部门)thatenforcesthelaws,andthejudicialbranch(司法部门)thatinterpretsthelaws.,7.Religions,God:theDeity,theDivinity,HolyOne,Jehovah,theLord,Providence,theAlmighty,theCreatorandetc.ThereisonlyoneGodinheaven.ButthebeliefinGodhasdevelopedthreereligioussections:Christianity,JudaismandIslam.Christianity:RomanCatholicProtestantOrthodoxEasternChurchTrinity:theHolyFather,theHolySonandtheHolySpirit/Ghost,withJesusChristasitsincarnation.,Bible:NameoftheChristianScriptures,theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.OldTestament:ChristiannamefortheHebrewBible,thefirstportionoftheChristianBibleGenesis:firstbookoftheOldTestamentwhichtellstheoriginoftheworldandofmanNewTestament:thedistinctiveChristianportionoftheBibleGospel:Greekwordforgoodnews.thefirstfourbooksoftheNewTestament.Fundamentalism:conservativereligiousmovement.ItsaimistomaintainwordforwordinterpretationsoftheBible.Nowadaysthiswordcanapplytootherreligions.,II.Certainlegalterms,1.trialn.:examinationinacourtoflawbeforeajudge(orjudgeandjury)审判e.g.Hewasontrialfortheft.他因盗窃罪而受审tobringsbtotrial/tobringsbupfortrial/toputsbontrial=totryhim/herinacourtoflaw审讯某人tostandonestrial=tobetried受审2.thejurytrial:Theprosecutorandthedefensecounselpresenttheircasesbyexaminingandcross-examiningwitnesseswhohavebeensubpoenaed(票传,传审)toappearincourtsothattheycantestify.Thejudgepresidesandactsasareferee,butthejuryisabsolutelysilent.Whenbothlawyershavefinishedpresentingtheircases,thejurorsdeliberateandpasstheverdict.陪审（指有陪审团参加的审判）,3.grandjury:Formajorinvestigationandcrimestheprosecutingattorneymeetswithapanelofcitizens(全体陪审团员)orgrandjury(大陪审团)topresenthisevidence;ifthepanelfeelsthatthereissufficientevidenceofacrime,itvotestoindictthedefendant.大陪审团(由1223人组成)(grandjuror/juryman:大陪审员，大陪审团中的一员）4.theverdict:Whenthejuryhasreachedadecision,theforemanofthejuryannouncestheverdict.Ifthemembersofthejurycannotagree,thejuryiscalledahungjury(由于意见严重分歧而无法作出评继的陪审团)andthejudgedeclaresamistrial(错误审判；不合法审判);inthatcase,thedefendantmaybetriedagainbyanotherjury.裁决，裁定，（陪审员的）评决e.g.verdictfortheplaintiff有利于原告的裁决（即裁定有罪）adverseverdict不利的裁决,5.sentencing:Iftheverdictis“guilty”,thepersonisthenconvicted,orcausedtobecertainthathehasdonewrong,andthejudgesentenceshim.Ifthedefendanthasbeenfoundinnocent,heisacquitted.判决e.g.Heissentencedto5yearsinprison.他被判刑五年。6.acquittaln.:settingfree(ofanaccusedperson)byaverdictofnotguilty无罪开释/performanceofduty尽职责/paymentofdebt偿还债务e.g.sentenceofacquittal无罪开释的判决acquitv.t.:togivealegaldecisionthat(sb)isnotguilty(ofanoffence)宣告（某人）无罪e.g.Hewasacquittedofthecrime.他被宣告无罪Hewasacquittedontwoofthecharges.他有两项罪状被宣告无罪,7.convictv.1)cause(sb)tobecertainthathehasdonewrongormadeamistake使（某人）确信其所犯之罪或错e.g.toconvictsbofhiserrors2)(ofajuryorajudge)todeclareinalaw-courtthat(sb)isguilty(ofacrime)判决有罪e.g.Hewasconvictedofmurder.他被法院判决有谋杀罪convict/conn.:被宣布有罪之人，罪人，囚犯convictionn.:定罪；宣告有罪e.g.Therewere5acquittalsand6convictions.有五人宣判无罪，六人宣判有罪。8.indictv.t.:(legal)toaccusesb(forriot,asarioter,onachargeofrioting,etc.)控诉，控告（某人以暴乱罪等）e.g.indictableoffences:offencesthatmaybetriedbyjury刑事罪indictmentn.:控诉，控告,9.prosecutev.t.:tostartlegalproceedingsagainst(sb)告发，检举，起诉（某人）e.g.tobeprosecutedforexceedingthespeedlimit因行车超速而被检举prosecutorn.:告发者，检举人，起诉方prosecutionn.:告发，检举，起诉e.g.tomakeoneselfliabletoprosecution使自己可能遭受检举tostartaprosecutionagainstsb.检举某人theDirectorofPublicProsecutions检察官PublicProsecutor检察官attorney-general检察长，首席检察官,10.chargen.:anaccusationofawrongoroffense,asapreliminarystepintheprosecutionofacrime.Inthissenseitmeansaformalcomplaint,informationorindictmentfiledagainsttheaccused控告chargev.t.:控告e.g.Hewaschargedwithmurder.=Hewasaccusedofmurder.他被控犯谋杀罪Hechargedmewithneglectingmyduty.他指控我疏忽职守11.cross-examination:Theexaminationofawitnessduringatrialbytheattorneyoftheadverseparty,totesttheaccuracyofthetestimonygivenbythewitnessondirectexamination.Thepurposeistodiscloseomissioninanswerspreviouslymadeandtorevealpossiblebiasorprejudiceofthewitness.反质，诘问（指本讯问终了后，对方对证人所作的讯问）,12.witnessn.:onewhotestifiesorgivesevidenceunderoathinacourtoflaw,basedoninformationthatisknowntohim(InAmericancourts,whenwitnessessweartotellthetruth,theyareaskedtoplaceonehandontheBible.)证人e.g.Threewitnessesappearedincourttotestifytohisinnocence.三位证人出庭作证以证实其清白13.objectionn.:ameansusedduringatrialtoopposetheintroductionofcertaintestimony,ortocalltheattentionofthecourtallegedimproperactionoftheotherparty.Thepurposeistoobtainarulingofthecourtfortherecord,andtoregisteranexceptiontoitifitisadverse,sothatanappealcanbetakenbasedonerrorcommittedduringthetrial.反对，异议，抗辩,14.counseln.:oneormorelawyersactingforsb.inacourtoflaw律师e.g.counselfortheprosecution=abarristerwhowilltrytoprovetheaccusedpersonsguilt为原告辩护的律师counselforthedefense=abarristerwhowilldefendtheaccused为被告辩护的律师被告辩护人:defenseattorney;defendantsagent;advocate被告代理人:defendantsagent被告方面证人:witnessforthedefense被告抗辩:pleainthebar被告口供:testimonyoftheaccused被告人权利:rightsoftheaccused*Barristersarelawyerswhopresentandpleadcasesinlawcourt.,thesmalltownDayton,amapofDayton,Daytonsceneduringthetrial,festiveatmosphereinDayton,Inthesummerof1925,historywasmadeinthesmalltownofDayton,Tennessee.TheissueathandwastheButlerLaw,whichforbidtheteachingofevolutioninpublicschools.,PUBLICACTSOFTHESTATEOFTENNESSEEPASSEDBYTHESIXTY-FOURTHGENERALASSEMBLY1925CHAPTERNO.27HouseBillNo.185(ByMr.Butler),SynopsisoftheText,Tennesseelegislaturehadenactedalaw(theButlerAct)in1924makingitacrimetoteachthetheoryofevolutioninpublicschoolsbecauseitcontradictedtheaccountofcreationintheBible.Thefollowingyear,ahighschoolbiologyteacherinDayton,JohnThomasScopes(1900-1970),decidedtotestthelaw.Heexplainedthetheorytohisclassandwasarrestedandprosecuted.,JohnThomasScopes,ThefledglingAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionwantedtochallengethelawsconstitutionalityandchosetotestitwiththetrialofJohnScopes,ayounghigh-schoolmathandgymteacherwhobrieflytaughtDarwinismasasubstitutebiologyteacher.Thequietproceduralmatterexplodedintoamediacarnivalwhentwogreatlawyersarrivedtoarguethecase.,(JohnScopes),Religiousdebate,Themostcontentiousdebatesoverevolutionhaveinvolvedreligion.FromDarwinsdaytothepresent,membersofsomereligiousfaithshaveperceivedthescientifictheoryofevolutiontobeindirectandobjectionableconflictwithreligiousdoctrineregardingthecreationoftheworld.,ChristianFundamentalists(【宗】原教旨主义者(相信圣经所记载的传统的基督教信仰,反对较为近代的教义)andotherswhobelieveliterallyinthebiblicalstoryofcreationchoosetorejectevolutionarytheorybecauseitcontradictsthebookofGenesis,whichdescribeshowGodcreatedtheworldandallitsplantsandanimallifeinsixdays.ManysuchpeoplemaintainthattheEarthisrelativelyyoungperhaps6,000to8,000yearsoldandthathumansandalltheworldsspecieshaveremainedunchangedsincetheirrecentcreationbyadivinehand.,Genesis圣经创世纪,1stday:Dayenter(bringin)alawsuitagainstsb对起诉lodgeacomplaint提起诉讼；提起申诉Instituteproceedings,进行诉讼civillaw:suitsbetweenindividuals:insuranceclaims,divorces,businessmalpracticescriminallaw:rangingfromtrafficticketstohighjacking,murder,treason,arsonsuefordivorce申请离婚,crime,homicideattemptedmurderinfanticideassaultandbatterykidnapping,abductionhighjackingpiracyrape,杀人罪谋杀未遂杀婴殴打，侵犯人身罪诱拐，拐骗劫持（飞机）海盗罪，盗版强奸罪,Detailedstudyofthetext,1.Thetitle:*Whydidthetrialrocktheworld?rock:ThePresidentsmurderrockedthenation.Anotherfinancialblow(storm)hasrockedtheindustry.Thetheoryrockedthefoundationsofsocialandmorallife.,2.Para1-2:Anintroductiontothetrial:timeandplace;whowereinvolved;lawyerscomingforthedefendantandfortheprosecution;howitbegan.Para1:thesetting1)timeandplace2)introductionofpeopleonbothsides-counselforthedefense;counselfortheprosecution,Descriptionofthecourt:a)terriblycrowdedb)uncomfortablyhotc)noisywhentheauthortookhisdefendantsseat(thedock).sweltering:veryhot,causingunpleasantness,3.Counsel:advice;oneormorelawyersactingforsb.inacourtoflaw.e.g.Theyrefusedtolistentotheoldmanscounsel.Thecounselareagreed.Thejudgeaskedthecounselforthedefensetoexplainhispoint.take/holdcounselforadvice:asksb.foradvice,Cf.council:agroupofpeopleappointedorelectedtomakelaws,rules,ordecisions,foratown,etc.,ortogiveadvice.thestatecouncil国务院theCouncilofMinisters内阁theUNSecurityCouncil安理会Officialmeetingsofthetowncouncil(镇政会)arealwaysheldinthecouncilchamber(会议室).,4.silver-tonguedorator:persuasiveeloquentpublicspeakere.g.Sometimeswedogetfooledbyallthatbeautifullypackaged,silver-tonguedhype（宣传）oftherecordcompanies.Everycloudhasasilverlining.黑暗之中总有光明。Speechissilver,butsilenceisgolden.SilverState:informalnameforNevadaandColoradosilvermedal;silverwedding,5.nominatetosuggestornamesb.officiallyforelectiontoaposition,office,honor,etc.IwishtonominateJaneMorrisonforpresidentoftheclub.nominee:apersonwhohasbeennominated.nominatorNominationaNobelPrizenominee/apresidentialnominee,6.thefundamentalistmovement:amilitantlyconservativeandfanaticallyreligiousAmericanProtestantmovementthatbeganintheearly20thcentury;itholdsthattheBibleisaverballyaccuraterecordingofthewordofGod,andwasstronginpartsoftheU.S.,especiallyintheSouth,atthattime.,Therevivaloffundamentalism,AfterWWI,religiousintoleranceswererampant.QuiteafewstatespassedlawsprohibitingtheteachingofDarwinistevolution.WhenJohnScopes,aschoolteacher,defiedthelawbyteachingevolution,hewasbroughtupfortrial.Thecourtdebatewasnotonlyareflectionofreligiousconflictsbutalsoasignificantstrugglebetweentheprogressiveandthereactionary.,thefundamentalistmovementthathadbroughtaboutthetrial:ThetrialwasbroughttocourtbyScopesandhislawyers.However,itwasthefundamentalistmovementwhichmadethetrialnecessary,becauseitwasthismovementthathadcreatedthereligiousatmospherethatwasresponsibleforthelawwhichprohibitedtheteachingofevolutionintheschools,anditwastheexistenceofthatlawwhichmadeitnecessarytoholdatrialtochallengethelaw.,7.testify(against,for,to):a.tomakeasolemnstatementofwhatistrue.Theteachertestifiedtothepupilsabilityandwillingnesstoworkhard.Canyoutestifythatyousawthedefendantatthesceneofthecrime?Onewitnesstestifiedthathedseentheprisonerrunoutofthebankafterithadbeenrobbed.b.toserveasproof:Herredfacetestifiedtoherguilt/thatshewasguilty.testimonial（品行，行为，资格等）证明书，推荐书8.distinguished：renowned；eminent,9.onhand:available,presentwithinreach:thedistanceonecanreachathand:nearintimeorplaceAlwayshaveyourdictionaryonhand/withinreach/athandwhenyoustudy.Pleasebeonhandat12sharp.Ihaveagreatdealofimportantworkonhand.AllhisoldfriendswillbeonhandtoseeJackreceivethemedalofhonour.Iwantyoutobeathandduringmyinterviewwiththebossofthecompany.Thepostofficeiscloseathand.,10.“Dontworry,son,aroundmyshoulder:son:anaffectionatetermusedbyanolderpersontoaboyoryoungmanshowthemafewtricks:todoafewthings/sth.tooutwittheprosecution,ortohavesomecleverandunexpectedtacticsandsurprisetheminthetrialreassuringarm:Obviouslythearmcantbereassuring;itmeansinareassuringmanner,afriendlygesturetoputJohnatease.Itisanexampleof“transferredepithet”.,11.erupt:toexplodeandpouroutfire(volcanoes,geysers,wars,emotions,etc.)Thevolcanoeruptedlava（火山岩）andashes.Heeruptedangrywords.Violenceeruptedinthecityafterthefootball.,crater/vent火山口,asheslavarockfragmentshotvaporgas,eruption,conical,earthscrust地壳,anactiveanextinctvolcanoadormant,12.thefundamentalistsandmodernists:Thesearetwoschoolsofthought.ThefundamentalistsarebelieversinorsupportersoftheolderteachingofChristianChurch,esp.concerningtheexacttruthofthewordsoftheBible,asopposedtomoremodernChristianthoughtwhichhasbeeninfluencedbyscientificknowledge.Themodernistsarebelieversinorsupportersofmodernviewsormethods(i.e.modernism).,13.OldTestament:thatpartoftheBiblethatreferstoeventsbeforethebirthofChrist.*Note:AllthewordsliketheBible,God(Lord,He,Him)andChrist(Savior)arecapitalized.14.adhereto:tofavorstrongly,stickfirmlytoThewallpaperwontadheretotheceiling.Theyadheretothecontract.Heresolutelyadheredtowhathehadsaidatthemeeting.adheretothefourcardinal/fundamentalprinciples,15.thestatelegislature:Theofficialbodyofpeoplewhopasses(determine,decide)laws.Eachofthe50statesintheU.S.hasalegislature.Thenationallegislatureiscalledthecongress.16.aim(at):pointordirecttowardssomeobject,esp.withtheintentionofhittingitCf.aim/direct/level/point/trainThecentralmeaningsharedbytheseverbsistoturnsomethinginthedirectionofanintendedgoalortarget.aimedthecameraattheguestsdirectinghereyesonthebookleveledcriticismattheadministrationpointingafingeratthesuspecttrainedthegunontheintruder,17.indict:(indictsb.foracrime)：chargesb.FormallyandofficiallyFivemenwerecaughtatthesceneandindicted.accuse,charge,prosecute,blameaccusesb.ofcheatingchargesb.withcheatingprosecutesb.fortheftblamessb.forthefailure,18.leastofall:lessthananyone/anythingelse（最不应该；尤其不）Nobodyoughttocomplain;heleastofallwhohasreceivedsomuchkindness.谁都不应抱怨，他尤其不应该，他已得到这么多恩惠。Ineverhidthetruth,leastofallfromyou.Helikedthatbookleastofall.notintheleast(notatall)tosaytheleast(ofit)(understatement)Hisperformancewasdisappointing,tosaytheleastofi