语言学总复习（课堂PPT）

语言学总复习,1,Chapter1Invitationstolinguistics,1.thedefinitionandthedesignfeaturesoflanguage语言的定义与特征2.theoriginandthefunctionoflanguage语言的起源和功能3.mainbranchesoflinguisticsstudy语言学研究的范围和内容4.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学的一些重要概念的区分,2,Definitionoflanguage,Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.,3,Designfeaturesoflanguage,1.arbitrariness任意性2.duality二重性3.creativity创造性4.displacement不受时空限制性/移位性,4,Originoflanguage,Divine-origintheory神授说Bow-wowtheory汪汪理论摹声说Pooh-poohtheory噗噗理论感叹说Yo-he-hotheory呦嘿吼理论劳动叫喊说,5,Functionsoflanguage,1.informativefunction信息功能2.interpersonalfunction人际功能3.performativefunction施为功能4.emotivefunction感情功能5.phaticcommunion寒暄交谈6.recreationalfunction娱乐功能7.metalingualfunction元语言功能,6,Definitionoflinguistics,Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.语言学是对语言的科学研究。,7,Mainbranchesoflinguistics,1.phonetics语音学2.phonology音系学3.morphology形态学4.syntax句法学5.semantics语义学6.pragmatics语用学,8,Macrolinguistics,1.psycholinguistics心理语言学2.sociolinguistics社会语言学3.anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学putationallinguistics计算机语言学,9,Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics,1.prescriptive&descriptive规定式和描写式2.synchronic&diachronic共时研究与历时研究3.langue&parole语言与言语petence&performance语言能力与语言运用,10,Chapter2Speechsounds,1.speechorgans发音器官2.distinction,classificationandthecriteriaofdescriptionbetweenconsonantsandvowels辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3.coarticulationandphonetictranscriptions协同发音和语音转写,11,4.phonmesandallophones音位和音位变体5.phonologicalprocess,phonologicalrulesanddistinctivefeatures音系过程、音系规则和区别特征6.syllablestructure,stressandintonation音节结构重音和语调,12,Majorbranchesofphonetics,Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学Acousticphonetics声学语音学Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学,13,Speechorgans,Thelungs（肺），thetracheatrek(气管),thethroat（咽喉）,thenoseandthemouthThemouth:thetongue,thepalateplt(颚)Thethroat:pharynxfrks(upper)(咽),larynxlrks(lower)(喉头)Thevocaltract(声道):thepharynx,mouth,andnoseThemouth:theoralcavity(口腔)Thenose:thenasalcavity(鼻腔),14,15,16,Table2.1AchartofEnglishconsonants,17,18,Englishvowels(RP),19,Fourbasicrequirementsforthedescriptionofvowels1)theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low)2)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)3)thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short)4)lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded),20,Coarticulation协同发音,anticipatorycoarticulation(先期协同发音).lambitisperseverativecoarticulation(后滞协同发音).map,21,Phonetictranscription标音,Narrowtranscription严式标音Broadtranscription宽式标音,22,Phonemesandallophones音位与音位变体,1.minimalpairs最小对立体2.phoneme音位3.allophones音位变体plementarydistribution互补分布5.freevariation自由变体,23,Assimilationrule同化规则,Progressiveassimilation顺同化mapRegressiveassimilation逆同化lamb,24,Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征,Syllable音节Stress重音Tone声调Intonation语调,25,Thesyllablestructure,音节Onset节首Rime韵基Nucleus节核Coda节尾krkt,26,Chapter3Frommorphemetophrase,1.theformationofword词的构成2.theclassificationofword词的分类3.wordformation（1）：frommorphemetoword构词法1：从词素到词4.wordformation（2）：lexicalchange构词法2：词汇的变化,27,Theformationofword词的构成,1.morpheme词素2.freemorpheme自由词素3.boundmorpheme黏着词素4.root词根5.stem词干6.affix词缀7.inflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix屈折词缀与派生词缀,28,Theclassificationofword词的分类,1variableandinvariablewords可变词与不变词2grammatical(functional)andlexical(content)words词汇词和语法词3closed-classandopen-classwords封闭类词和开放类词4wordclass词类,29,Wordformation(1):frommorphemetoword构词法1：从词素到词,1.inflectionalmorphology屈折构词2.derivationalmorphology(root+affix)派生构词（其中包含compounding(word+word)）,30,Wordformation(2):lexicalchange构词法2：词汇的变化,1.Invention新创词语2.Blending混拼词3.abbreviation(clipping)缩写词4.Acronym首字母缩写词5.Back-formation逆构词法6.Analogicalcreation类推构词7.classshift词性变换8.Borrowing外来词,31,Chapter4FromWordtoText,1.Syntacticrelations句法关系2.Grammaticalconstructionanditsconstituents语法结构与成分3.Syntacticfunction句法功能4.Category范畴5.Phrase,clauseandsentence6.Recursiveness递归性7.Beyondthesentence,32,Definitionofsyntax,Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.句法就是研究语言不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。,33,Syntacticrelations句法关系,1.positionalrelation位置关系2.relationofsubstitutability替代关系3.relationofco-occurrence同现关系注意每种关系的不同名称及举例,34,Functionalapproach功能学派,IdentificationofSubject,Predicate,(predicator)Object.,35,Thestructuralapproach结构主义学派(Saussure),ICAnalysis:ImmediateConstituentAnalysis直接成分分析法Treediagram树形图Endocentricandexocentricconstructions向心结构与离心结构（有无head）Coordinationandsubordination并列与从属（有几个head）,36,Traditionalapproach传统学派,Number数(singular,plural,dualetc.)Gender性(masculine,feminine,neuter)Case格(accusative宾格,nominative,主格dative与格etc.)Agreement一致性(anaphoric前照应,headanditsdependent与中心词的一致,verbandsubject主谓一致),37,Phrase,clauseandsentence,Phrase&wordgroupClause(finite&non-finite,coordinateandsubordinateclause)Sentence,38,Recursiveness递归性,Conjoining并列Embedding从属,39,Beyondthesentence,Sententialconnection句子Cohesion衔接Cohesionisaconcepttodowithdiscourseortextratherthanwithsyntax.Itreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext,anddefinesitasatext.,40,Cohesivedevices衔接手段,conjunction连接词ellipsis省略lexicalcollocation词汇搭配lexicalrepetition词汇重复reference所指substitution,替换etc.,41,Chapter5Meaning,1.Leechsseventypesofmeaning2.referentialtheory指称论3.senserelations涵义关系4.senserelationsbetweensentences句子之间的涵义关系ponentialanalysis语义成分分析法6.sentencemeaning,42,Leechsseventypesofmeaning,1.conceptualmeaning概念意义2.connotativemeaning内涵意义3.socialmeaning社会意义4.affectivemeaning情感意义5.reflectedmeaning反射意义6.collocativemeaning搭配意义7.thematicmeaning主位意义,43,Referentialtheory指称论,1.definitionThetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.将词的意义和它所指或所代表的事物联系起来的意义理论叫做指称论。,44,Semantictriangle语义三角Senseandreference涵义和所指,45,Senserelations涵义关系,1.synonymy同义关系2.antonymy反义关系3.hyponymy上下义关系4.polysemy一词多义5.homonymy同音/同形异义关系,46,Senserelationsbetweensentences,1.synonymy同义关系2.inconsistency不一致关系3.entailment蕴含关系4.presupposition预设关系5.contradiction自相矛盾6.semanticanomalynmli语义异常,47,Componentialanalysis语义成分分析法,Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Thisapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatmeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticcomponents,semanticfeaturesorsemes.,48,father:PARENT(x,y)&MALE(x)xisaparentofy,andxismale.take:CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x,y)xcausesxtohavey.give:CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x,y)xcausesxnottohavey.die:BECOME(x,(ALIVE(x)xbecomesnotalive.Howabout“Kill”?kill:CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(ALIVE(y)xcausesytobecomenotalive.,49,Sentencemeaning,Anintegratedtheory综合理论Logicalsemantics逻辑语义学（propositionallogic命题逻辑）（predicatelogic谓词逻辑）,50,Chapter8Languageinuse,1.sentencemeaningandutterancemeaning2.speechacttheory言语行为理论3.conversationalimplicature会话含义理论,51,SpeechActTheory言语行为理论,Performativesandconstatives施为句和叙事句Theoryofillocutionaryact行事行为理论Locutionaryact发话行为Illocutionaryact行事行为/言外之意Perlocution