论文写作与国际发表 Unit1~2

.,.,AcademicreportResearchpaperCoursepaperThesis/Dissertationetc.,.,AcademicReport,Oftenusedtodisplaytheresultofanexperiment,investigation,orinquiry.Thewritermaynotgivehisorherownopinionontheissue,norevaluatethefindings,butmerelypresentstheminasensiblesequence.IMRAD：Introduction,Methods,Result,Discussion.,.,ResearchReport,alsocalledascholarlypaper,whichreportsempiricalortheoreticalworkwithinanacademicfield,isusuallypublishedinacademicjournalsandcontainsoriginalresearchresultsorreviewsexistingstudies.,.,CoursePaper,AcoursepaperisusuallywrittenbyundergraduateorpostgraduatestudentsAcoursepapermainlyreferstothepaperwritteneitherduringaspecificcourse,orattheendofasemester.,.,Thesis/Dissertation,Athesis/dissertationisusuallyapapersubmittedinsupportofacandidateforadegreeoracademicqualification,presentingthewritersresearchandfinding.Thethesis/dissertationshouldbeindependentlycompleted,underthesupervisorsguidance,reflectingthecandidatesownresearchwork.,.,StepOne:SearchingforGoodandOriginalIdeasStepTwo:FindingtheTopicStepThree:ResearchingtheTopicStepFour:ConsideringReadersandPurposesStepFive:BrainstormingStepSix:DraftingStepSeven:EditingandRefining,.,Theword“style”mayalsorefertothestyleguideinwritingthatisrecommendbyassociationsorpublications.,SocialsciencesjournaltendtofollowtheAPAstyle（AmericanPsychologicalAssociation）TheChicagoManualofStyleisusedinsomesocialsciencespublicationsandmosthistoricaljournalsMLA（ModernLanguageAssociationofAmerica）anacademicstyleguidewidelyusedintheUS,Canada，andothercountries,providesguidelinesforwritinganddocumentationofresearchinhumanities.,.,MoreFormalExpressions,.,.,MoreObjectiveExpressions,Dontusethefirst-andsecond-personpronouns(“I”“you”),takemore“we”instead.,Passivevoicegivesthepaperasenseofimpartialityandobjectivity,Nominalstructures(名词性结构),.,MoreAcademicExpressions,AcademicEnglishhasitsownvocabularyandgrammaticalpatterns.Towritemoreeffectiveacademicpapers,itisveryimportanttohaveanoverviewoftheirlinguisticfeatures.,.,Althoughdifferentlanguageandculturehavedifferent“rules”fororganizingideasinwriting,itisnecessarytofollowthegeneralstructureinordertomeettherequirementsinwriting.,.,.,.,GeneralFunctions,(1)SummarizingtheMainText(2)AttractingtheReader(3)FacilitatingtheRetrieval(检索),.,(1)UsingaPhraseInsteadofaSentence(2)UsingMoreNouns,NounPhrases,andGerunds,LinguisticFeatures,.,WritingRequirements,(1)BeBriefandConcise(2)BeSpecific,.,(3)AvoidQuestions(4)BeUnified(5)BeStandard,.,.,GeneralFunctions,(1)BearingAuthorsResponsibility(2)FacilitatingRetrievalandCorrespondence(3)HeighteningAcademicLevel,.,LinguisticFeatures,.,WritingRequirements,(1)Format(2)NumberofAuthors(3)AuthorsTitleOmitted,.,(4)Address,.,GeneralFunctions,(1)EasinessofHighlighting(2)EasinessofRetrieval,.,LinguisticFeatures,(1)MoreNouns(2)LimitedNumbers,.,WritingRequi